Average Total Production Research Articles

Fungal sporocarp productivity and diversity shaped by weather conditions in Pinus uncinata stands

Pinus uncinata is a species frequently growing in the tree line limit of southwestern European subalpine ecosystems, hosting fungal communities that provide relevant ecosystem services. Despite the high importance of these forests for conservation, limited prior research has analysed the sporocarp fruiting patterns. This study aims at filling this gap in knowledge by describing interannual changes in sporocarp productivity, diversity, and community composition over 5 years and identifying possible relationships with the main weather and soil physicochemical characteristics. The studied P. uncinata stands had an average annual total sporocarp productivity of 21.60 kg ha-1yr−1 in dry weight, hosting a total of 255 species with productivity-dominant ectomycorrhizal families such as Russulaceae and Tricholomataceae that occurred mostly from mid-August to end September. In contrast, saprotrophs showed more stable productivity values from mid-August to end of November with average annual sporocarp productivity of 1.76 kg ha-1yr−1 in dry weight but exhibited higher fungal richness values from the start of October until the end of November. Fungal productivity and species richness were mostly influenced by weather conditions while soil physicochemical properties had implications in shaping the sporocarp community composition. This study quantifies the interannual fungal fruiting pattern of the understudied fungal communities and underlines the importance of climatic variables in shaping fungal fruiting patterns within a climate change context. In addition, this work is also of special relevance since P. uncinata ecosystems represent the tree line limit, which makes this species and its associated fungal communities especially sensitive to the potential impacts of global warming.

Some Economic Indicators of The Current Situation of Food Vegetable Oils in Egypt and Its Future Prospects

Vegetable oils are considered daily basic food commodities, and Egypt is considered one of the largest importing countries in general. The food gap of food vegetable oils increases in Egypt due to the population increase, as well as the increase in individual consumption rates of food oils, and the lack of cultivated areas with oil food crops. The research aimed to identify the oil food gap, and the study relied on the method of statistical and quantitative analysis represented in the equations of the general time trend and choosing the best of them according to economic and statistical logic. The research concluded that one of the most important dietary oil crops are crops (soybeans, cottonseeds, sunflower, maize oil, and other oils). By studying the total average production of these crops during the period (2000-2019), it amounted to about 107.2, 44.74, 16.89, 11.47, and 10.58 thousand tons, respectively. 9.01, 38.58 thousand tons, respectively. The research also dealt with the development of the consumption capacity of food vegetable oils during the period (2000-2019), as well as the development of individual consumption of food vegetable oils, the oil food gap, the development of the self-sufficiency rate of food vegetable oils, and some factors that lead to a reduction of the size of the oily food gap, By studying some indicators of food security for edible oils in Egypt, it became clear that the population of Egypt during the average period amounted to about 79.56 million people, and a statistically significant annual increase is increasing by about 1.77 million people. As for the total average production, it amounted to about 202.3 thousand tons, and it increases annually by about 2.03. thousand tons, while the average imports of edible vegetable oils amounted to about 968 thousand tons, and it increases annually by about 54.51 thousand tons, and this increase is statistically significant. As for the average size of the oil gap, it amounted to about 814.2 thousand tons, and it increases annually by about 32.79 thousand tons. This increase is statistically significant. The average of self-sufficiency rate reached about 23.21%, and the average per capita share of food vegetable oils reached about 14.42 (kg/year), while the development of the average per capita consumption of food vegetable oils (calories / day) at the level of the Republic reached about 324. 74 (calories /day) and it is increasing daily by about 8.32 (calories /day). As for the development of the average per capita consumption of food vegetable oil protein (grams/day) in Egypt, it amounted to about 35.20 (grams/day), and it is expected that the average of population, total production, imports, available for consumption, size of the oil gap, self-sufficiency rate, average per capita consumption during the average period (2023-2027) about 108.87 million people, 231.41 thousand tons, 1840.80 thousand tons, 2072.21 thousand tons, 1272.76 thousand tons , 15.75%, 20.07 (kg/year), 453.37 calories, 48.52 grams of fat, respectively.

Metal additives for boosting hydrogen production in anaerobic fermentation: Focus on the change of gene expression and cost analysis

Dark fermentation has emerged as a promising strategy for sustainable hydrogen production. However, the low hydrogen yield produced by anaerobic microbes continues to be a challenge. Although metal ion additives have been proposed to enhance hydrogen production, their entire impacts and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study aimed to examine the effects of Fe2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, and Mo6+ on dark fermentative hydrogen production, as well as their influences on microbial community analysis and gene expression in a batch system. The experiments were conducted under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C, utilizing 100 mM glucose as a substrate and an initial pH of 6.8. The results showed that Mo6+ at 0.015 mg-Mo6+/L significantly enhanced the hydrogen yield (2.21-fold increment) by upregulating nitrogenase gene expression (2.19-fold increment). Fe2+ at 50 mg-Fe2+/L was the second most effective metal ion, with a 1.81-fold increase in hydrogen yield and upregulation of ferredoxin (1.83-fold increment) and pyruvate formate-lyase gene (3.36-fold increment) expression. Mg2+ at 70 mg-Mg2+/L and Ni2+ at 25 mg-Ni2+/L also increased hydrogen yield by 1.51-fold and 1.31-fold, respectively, with upregulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1.02-fold and 1.81-fold increments, respectively) and ATP synthase (1.46-fold and 1.10-fold increments, respectively) expressions for both metal additives, pyruvate formate-lyase (2.77-fold increment) and pyruvate kinase (1.44-fold increment) gene expression for Mg2+. Regarding the mixed metal approach, it was observed that although certain combinations of mixed metals, such as Mg2++Mo6+, resulted in an enhancement of hydrogen yield by a factor of 1.37-fold, the increment was found to be lower than that of an individual metal. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that using a single metal would be more effective. Economic potential calculations further revealed that Mo6+ exhibited the highest economic feasibility, with the lowest expense of 2.02x10−5 $-metal/m3-H2, accounting for 0.002% of the average total production cost. This was followed by Mg2+, Fe2+, and Ni2+. Overall, our findings provide mechanistic insights into the use of metal ion additives for clean hydrogen production and offer a foundation for optimising their economic feasibility in large-scale hydrogen production.

Risk Analysis Of Chili Chili Farming In The Koli Transmigration Settlement Unit, Oba Sub-District, Tidore City Islands, North Maluku Province

The agricultural pattern for residents in the Transmigration Settlement area or known as trans koli already uses modern technology that produces maximum production. Cayenne pepper production risk is a loss to farmers caused by the emergence of a production process that cannot be handled. The purpose of this study was to analyze the costs, income and income of cayenne pepper farming and to analyze production risk, cost risk and risk of cayenne pepper farming income in the Koli Transmigration Settlement Unit, Oba District, Tidore City, North Maluku Islands Province. The analytical method used in this research is descriptive quantitative analysis to analyze farming and risk analysis. The results of this study are that the average total production costs incurred by farmers in the Trans Koli area during one planting season is IDR 1,464,198 and the average total income during one harvest season is IDR 4,062,293 and the average chili farming income earned farmer. for one harvest season IDR 2,599,094. This explains that the income of the respondent farmers in producing cayenne pepper is greater than the total production costs incurred by the cost risk with a coefficient of variation of 6.40, this is due to the high transportation costs. While the results of the lowest risk level with a coefficient of variation of 1.26. This is because of the selling price relative and stable production is indicated by a lower level of production risk with a coefficient of variation of 1.60 compared to cost risk.

Biofertilizer and reduction of water losses in soil cultivated with tomato irrigated with moderately saline water

In semi-arid regions, agricultural production is often limited due to scarcity and rainfall irregularities, and, therefore, the production system depends on irrigation. In this direction, the research aimed to evaluate the influence of the reduction of water losses in the soil through the coating of the lateral faces of the planting furrows with plastic film, by lateral infiltration of water and bovine biofertilizers for growth in height, production, and chlorophyll responses of tomato cv. Fascínio F1 irrigated with moderately saline water. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with 4 replicates and 21 plants per plot. Different conditions were used and compared with each other: the furrow had side coating or not, and the soil received a common biofertilizer (fresh lactating bovine manure), chemically enriched fertilizer (common biofertilizer, milk, molasses, and gypsum), or no fertilizer at all. The variables evaluated were soil moisture, plant height, a, b, and total chlorophyll content, number and average fruit mass, tomato production, and productivity. The enriched bovine biofertilizer associated with the lateral furrow coating increased the synthesis of chlorophyll pigments, the number of fruits per plant, and the productivity of tomato cv. Fascínio F1. Protecting the faces of the furrows against water losses from the root environment of plants keeps the soil moist, stimulates the synthesis of chlorophyll, and increases the average mass of the fruits. The common bovine biofertilizer promotes greater growth in plant height, and the chemically enriched biofertilizer increases the average weight of tomato fruits.

Efficiency Evaluation and the Impact Factors of Sustainable Forestry Development in China: Adoption of Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index Methods

Forestry is the underpinning of economic and environmental civilization for sustainable economic development. Forestry benefits ecosystems and local dwellings; thus, transforming and advancing forest products in a civilized society is critical to building a progressive community. This research aims to analyze the merits of forest products based on static, dynamic, and scale efficiency. It employed the super-efficient data envelopment analysis—Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes, and Malmquist index methods with an enhanced robustness check by applying the Stochastic Frontier Analysis. The results show that, first, from the perspective of static efficiency, the forestry industry’s operating performance is maintained at a relatively high level, with a minimal fluctuation range; however, the scale efficiency is observed at a deficient level. Limited by the scale efficiency results, the aggregate comprehensive technical efficiency was at a low standard. The average total factor productivity of dynamic efficiency for each company reached 1.029, indicating that the resource allocation of listed companies is relatively reasonable, operating efficiency is on the rise, and technical level changes are a substantial source of total factor productivity growth. Furthermore, the super efficiency DEA findings indicated that 11 of the most high-performance companies attained an efficiency value above criterion value one after re-ranking. The comprehensive efficiency value of Sun Paper reached 1.438 in 2019, Sophia 1.393, Hexing Packaging 1.383, Fujian Jinsen 1.326, Bunny 1.271, Meike Home Furnishing 1.235, Jingxing Paper 1.222, Zhongshun Jiezou 1.116, Meiying Sen 1.099, Chenming Paper 1.064, Da Ya Dekor 1.015. Second, the comprehensive efficiency value of Fujian Jinsen’s company has a more significant impact on the overall average efficiency of the forestry listed companies. After excluding Fujian Jinsen, the average comprehensive efficiency of 2018–2019 indicated an upward trend for the listed companies. This study suggests that policymakers should strengthen the forestry industry development plan and policy implementation regulations to focus on the forward-looking and guiding principles of industrial and technological innovation policies.

A comparative research of the fresh fruit bunch productivity between three-wheeler machine and buffalo assisted in-field collection in Muadzam, Pahang, Malaysia

Background: Malaysia's palm oil exports may experience a steady increase due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. Although the demand for palm oil is increasing, there is still a significant labor shortage in the plantation industry. As a result, the use of machinery has become a key component in Malaysia's oil palm plantation industries, particularly for in-field collection.
 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a three-wheeler machine and BAIC as a harvesting mechanization in the oil palm estate.
 Design/Methodology/Approach: This study involved a time and motion study to make a comparison between the performance of a three-wheeler machine and BAIC.
 Findings: The trials proved that the total average productivity for three-wheeler machines and BAIC is 12.81 mt/day and 4.55 mt/day, respectively. Additionally, the average productivity for each harvester that uses a three-wheeler machine is 3.2 MT/day/harvester, while for BAIC it is 2.27 MT/day/harvester. The cost-effectiveness of a three-wheeler machine is MYR 7.28/mt/harvester, while for BAIC it is MYR 1.41/mt/harvester (MYR = Malaysian Ringgit).
 Conclusion: The use of a three-wheeler machine has been proven to increase the productivity of FFBs. Although using a three-wheeler machine requires more caution, it really makes the in-field collection process for labour much easier for the laborers, ultimately improving productivity rates and increasing laborers’ pay.
 Research Limitations: It is quite difficult to find an estate that still uses buffalo for in-field collection because most of the estates have switched to machinery.
 Practical Implications: This research can be used as a reference and guidelines to improve estate management and ensures the sustainability of the oil palm industry around the world.
 Contribution to Literature: The literature on BAIC will be expanded by this study, particularly in the area of oil palm plantations.

Measuring the Economic Efficiency and Total Productivity of Effective Inputs for Wheat Farms in Nineveh Governorate for the Agricultural Season (2019-2020)

Wheat is the food of the era and every era that has passed and every era will come and the need for it increases and worsens annually with the high population growth rate in developing countries, including Iraq, so the research aims to study a comparative study of technical efficiency (TE) and economic efficiency (EE) of wheat in Nineveh governorate for the 2019-agricultural season. 2020) as well as achieving growth in the total productivity (TFP) of the effective inputs involved in the production process for a number of (60) farms, Both technical and specialized competence was estimated and then access to economic efficiency, where the estimation of these two efficiencies was made using the DEAP data envelope method with input directive assuming constant volume returns to the capacity of the CRS, and from which it was found that the average technical efficiency reached (0.735) and the average economic efficiency reached (0.575). And that the full technical efficiency has been achieved at a rate of 26.66% and the remaining 83.14% has been distributed between less than 100% and more than 20%, and this is a large percentage indicating the farmers’ negligence in using economic resources efficiently. Less than 100% and more than 20%, and this indicates that there is a waste in the resources used, As for economic efficiency, it has been achieved at a rate of 21.8% and the rest is 89.4% distributed between 100% and more than 20% and this percentage is large and the reason for this is the high production costs of the resources used because of the high prices, which led to a decrease in Allocative efficiency, which was reflected in the economic efficiency, as for the total productivity. (TFP) The analysis was done using the Malquist Productivity Index, and from it it was found that (TFP) lies between a maximum of (0.992) for farm No. (14) and a minimum of (0.301) for farm No. (42), while the average total productivity of a farmer reached (0.688). It is the result of the great effect of the change in technical efficiency (TEC), which reached (1,000) and the technical change that reached (0.688). Therefore, the research recommends increasing the unit area for this crop by using effective resources in the quantities recommended by specialists after carefully studying the properties of the soil and the extent of its needs for those resources.

Productivity of Rural Banks in Central Java

This study aimed to analyze the level of productivity, the factors that influence it, the potential for improvement needed, and a comparison of the productivity of Rural Banks (BPR) and Islamic Rural Banks (BPRS) in Central Java. This research also looks at the productivity of BPR and BPRS during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research period used in this study is from 2016-2021, with a research sample of 9 BPR and 7 BPRS in Central Java. The analytical method used is a non-parametric approach, namely the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI), with secondary data sources derived from BPR and BPRS financial reports on the Financial Services Authority (OJK) website. The results of the study show that during the COVID-19 pandemic, BPR and BPRS experienced an increase in productivity in general, where BPRS showed better performance with higher technology adoption and higher average Total Factor Productivity Changes (TFPCH) values, while the change in efficiency (EFFCH) tends to decrease; As a result, BPRS occupy a better position in quadrants 1 and 2 in the division of the four types of BPR and BPRS based on the level of technology and efficiency. This research also provides recommendations to BPR and BPRS practitioners, management, and regulators.

Do ecological protection approaches affect total factor productivity change of cropland production in Sweden?

Ecological protection approaches are important in achieving sustainable productivity growth in agriculture. Based on an unbalanced panel dataset for 2010–2016, we used stochastic frontier analysis-based Malmquist total factor productivity index to estimate total factor productivity change of Swedish crop production and its components (efficiency change, technical change, scale change). We then examined the effect of ecological protection approaches on total factor productivity change. The empirical results demonstrated that ecological protection approaches such as organic farming, mixed cropping or integrated farming could hamper total factor productivity growth. The results also indicated that average total factor productivity change in the study period was positive and average technical efficiency of the Swedish crop production was 71%. Among the components of total factor productivity change, average scale change was positive. Average technical efficiency change and average technical change were both negative. If technical efficiency and technological progress can be improved, that would increase the positive change in total factor productivity. This suggests that policies on compensation or insurance against productivity loss are required to encourage mainstreaming of ecological protection approaches among farmers.

Analisis Usahatani dan Nilai Tambah Bunga Melati Putih (Jasminum sambac) di Kecamatan Kandeman Kabupaten Batang

In order to increase the bargaining power of farmers and gain profits, it is necessary to shorten the trading chain and cultivate white jasmine flowers produced by the "Barokah" farmer group, Depok Village, Kandeman District. Processing of agricultural commodities is carried out to add value to agricultural products. The research objectives include: (1) knowing the costs, revenues, and profits of white jasmine farming and processing white jasmine flowers into flower ronce, (2) analyzing the added value generated from processing white jasmine flowers into flower ronce. Not all members of the population have the opportunity to be sampled in research. The sample is determined through non-probability sampling method. Sampling of farmers was carried out by purposive sampling while determining the sample of ronce craftsmen using the snowball sampling technique. The average total cost of producing jasmine flowers from the research results is Rp. 6,120,406/month. The average revenue is Rp. 1,138,333/month. White jasmine flower farmers suffered a loss of Rp. 4,992,072/month. The average income earned by ronce craftsmen is Rp.37,166,667/month, the average total production cost for ronce white jasmine flowers is Rp. 22,461,836/month, so that ronce jasmine craftsmen earn a profit of Rp. 14,704,831/month. The processing of white jasmine flowers into ronce jasmine flowers by flower ronce craftsmen also has an added value, namely Rp. 1,563,996.

Exploring the Coupling Coordination of Green Transformation of Industry and Novel Infrastructure in the Context of Low-Carbon Economy

In response to the huge economic impact of the new pneumonia epidemic, the “new infrastructure” has become an important hedge against the downward pressure of the economy. We believe that we should take this opportunity to ensure that the “new infrastructure” projects can strongly support the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy, so whether the new infrastructure can promote the green transformation of the industry has become the focus of academic circles, whereas the existing literature has ignored the coupling and coordination between the green transformation of the sports industry (GTSI) and the novel infrastructure in the context of a low-carbon economy. This study uses data of 31 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2020, and a linked coordination degree model is selected to assess the relationship between novel infrastructure and GTSI. The conclusions are as follows. (1) China’s comprehensive index of “novel infrastructure” was 0.228 from 2013 to 2020, comprised of 0.705 convergence infrastructure, 0.227 information infrastructure, and 0.200 innovation infrastructure. (2) The sports industry’s average green total factor productivity is 1.223, with an annual growth rate of 11.2%. The yearly growth rates for green technology efficiency, green pure technology efficiency, and green scale efficiency are correspondingly 10.5%, 6.8%, and 4.5%. 83.6% of provinces and cities are in the growing return to size phase. (3) The mean coupling coordination value between novel infrastructure and GTSI is 0.449. Except for Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, the majority of provinces and cities led in the development of novel infrastructure but lagged in GTSI. From 2013 to 2020, the coupling coordination degree of novel infrastructure and its three subsystems in specific provinces and cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, and GTSI show an upward trend, while the overall trend displays a downward trend. (4) Novel infrastructure and GTSI have mutual promoting effect; Government intervention negatively affects the coupling and coordination level; Consumption structure, industrial structure and foreign investment also have a certain positive impact on the two.

Development status of coal mining in China

Coal mining in China is facing the transition from output to quality. Based on the total mining capacity and average production, the current situation of coal mining at mine, city, and province levels is analysed, and data in support for the layout of sustainable mining development and the optimization of output provided. The results show that 87% of China's coal is mined by underground methods, with an average production capacity of 0.93 Mt/a per mine. Open pit mining accounts for 13%, with an average mine production capacity of 5.73 Mt/a. The average mining capacity of coal mines in China is 1.05 Mt/a, with 1181 coal mines with an average capacity less than 0.3 Mt/a, accounting for 35% of the total coal mines but contributing only 4.51% to output. They are distributed in about 48 cities in six provinces, seriously restricting the transition to green coal mining. The coal industry should speed up the closure of small coal mines in key provinces and cities, eliminate outdated production capacity in the central region, increase the speed and proportion of coal resources moving westward, and promote high-quality development of coal mining.

Galbut Virus Infection Minimally Influences Drosophila melanogaster Fitness Traits in a Strain and Sex-Dependent Manner.

Galbut virus (family Partitiviridae) infects Drosophila melanogaster and can be transmitted vertically from infected mothers or infected fathers with near perfect efficiency. This form of super-Mendelian inheritance should drive infection to 100% prevalence, and indeed, galbut virus is ubiquitous in wild D. melanogaster populations. However, on average, only about 60% of individual flies are infected. One possible explanation for this is that a subset of flies are resistant to infection. Although galbut virus-infected flies appear healthy, infection may be sufficiently costly to drive selection for resistant hosts, thereby decreasing overall prevalence. To test this hypothesis, we quantified a variety of fitness-related traits in galbut virus-infected flies from two lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). Galbut virus-infected flies had no difference in average lifespan and total offspring production compared to their uninfected counterparts. Galbut virus-infected DGRP-517 flies pupated and eclosed faster than their uninfected counterparts. Some galbut virus-infected flies exhibited altered sensitivity to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. The microbiome composition of flies was not measurably perturbed by galbut virus infection. Differences in phenotype attributable to galbut virus infection varied as a function of fly sex and DGRP strain, and differences attributable to infection status were dwarfed by larger differences attributable to strain and sex. Thus, galbut virus infection does produce measurable phenotypic changes, with changes being minor, offsetting, and possibly net-negative.

Cluster Analysis of Indonesian Provinces Based On Harvest Area And Rice Productivity Using Single Linkage Method

In this article, a cluster analysis will be conducted for provinces in Indonesia based on the harvest area (ha) and rice productivity (ku/ha) of 34 provinces in Indonesia. Clustering is done using a hierarchical method, namely single linkage. The distance used as the basis for clustering is the euclidian distance. Based on the results of clustering using single linkage, 3 large clusters were obtained. In this article, a cluster analysis will be conducted for provinces in Indonesia based on the harvest area (ha) and rice productivity (ku/ha) of 34 provinces in Indonesia. clustering is done using a hierarchical method, namely single linkage. The distance used as the basis for clustering is the euclidian distance. Based on the results of clustering using single linkage, 3 large clusters were obtained. Cluster consists of 3 provinces, cluster 2 consists of 1 province and cluster 3 consists of 30 provinces. Cluster 1 is a province with high rice production with an average total rice production of 9,628,788 tons. Cluster 2 with an average total rice production of 5,341,021 tons. While cluster 3 with an average rice production of 863,995.34 tons. Furthermore, based on cluster validation using the anova test, the significance value is 0.00>0.05, which means that there is a significant difference between clusters. Thus it can be stated that the division of 34 Indonesian provinces in terms of land area and rice productivity into 3 large clusters using the single linkage method is valid.

Effect of Different Irrigation Patterns on Oat-Vetch Mixed Forage Production System in Rasuwa, Mid Hills of Nepal

Abstract: The scarcity of forage resources, particularly in Nepal's midhills, poses a challenge to the sustainable development of livestock production. In order to address issues, an experiment was carried out in 2020 at Kalika Municipality in Rasuwa District, Nepal, to determine the best forage combinations in terms of total dry matter productivity. With irrigation as a main plot effect, a 4*3 factorial RCB design was used with four replications. Crop species included oat (Avena sativa, Kamdhenu), common vetch (Vicia sativa), and combinations of oat and vetch within a sub plot. Irrigation treatments included none, once per month (30-day interval), twice per month (15-day interval), and three times per month (10-day interval). Temperature and precipitation data from nearby stations were taken from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. The first harvest was taken after 65 days of sowing (DAS), with consecutive harvests after 35 days of the initial harvest. The experimental findings revealed that the first, second, and total dry matter production were altogether found highest in the three times irrigated plot (2.47±0.25, 1.38±0.21, 3.85±0.46 respectively) and lowest in the rainfed condition (1.37±0.22, 0.69±0.12, 2.07±0.33 ton/ha respectively) with statistically highly significant result (p<0.001). The oat and vetch mixed cropping pattern had statistically higher dry matter production in the first (2.66 0.14 ton/ha), second (1.5 0.13 ton/ha), and overall average total production of (4.16 0.25 ton/ha), among the subplot effect (species). Additionally, among the subplot effects, the oat and vetch mixed cropping had the highest dry matter production in terms of first harvest yield, regrowth, and overall yield (p<0.01). Oat sole cropping could be replaced with mixed cropping of oat and vetch at a ratio of 50:50 (50:10 kg ha-1) because it produced the highest yield advantage, including forage quality. These findings provide scientific support for common vetch-oat intercropping as a sustainable approach to increase forage production with 10-day irrigation interval. These mixtures appear promising for the development of sustainable crop production with low external input and higher economic yield, and they can be used as a viable option by farmers in rainfed mid-hills of Nepal

Perancangan mesin pengiris singkong dengan menngunakan metode phal beitz

Currently, Indonesia is the 4th largest cassava producing country in the world with an average total production of 19-20 million tons. Most of the areas in Indonesia that produce cassava products are only used for daily staples, and actually cassava can also be processed as snacks, for example cassava chips. This study aims to produce a cassava slicing machine design, which can assist in the processing of cassava into snacks, namely cassava chips. The method used in this study is the Pahl Beitz method consisting of 4 types, namely, planning and task explanations are compiling product technical specifications which are the basis forproduct design that can meet the needs of the community, both product concept designs are sought for several product concepts that can meet the requirements in the specification it is usually in the form of a simple sketch or schematic drawing and contains all the existing elements and components, the three design forms at this stage the result of the product concept in the form of a sketch or schematic drawing must be shaped in such a way that the elements together compiling the shape of the product, the four detailed designs, namely the arrangement of product elements, shapes, dimensions, surface smoothness, materials of each product element are determined

Does fiscal expenditure promote green agricultural productivity gains: An investigation on corn production

Promoting green and low-carbon development in agriculture is the key to achieving high-quality development, in which financial expenditure on agriculture is an essential means to support its green development. This study first estimates the green productivity of twenty corn-growing provinces by the by-production model with Luenberger total factor productivity indicator in China from 2004 to 2018. Then the impact of fiscal spending on its green productivity growth and its mechanism are investigated by the econometric models. The results show that the average green total factor productivity indicator of China's twenty corn-growing provinces from 2004 to 2018 is 2.54%. The share of fiscal expenditure stock in agricultural output has a positive but insignificant direct impact on green productivity, whereas it significantly influences corn GTFP mainly through enhancing rural infrastructure. The share of fiscal expenditure stock has a larger effect on the green productivity in small corn-growing provinces. The findings suggest that the government should provide financial support suitable for local agricultural development.

The north–south gap and spillover effect of Chinese service industry green development

Taking the Qinling-Huaihe River as the boundary, this paper divides the Chinese service industry into north and south regions. The current study calculates the green total factor productivity of the Chinese service industry from 2003 to 2019 by using the DEA-Malmquist productivity index method. The influencing factors of the service industry in the north and south of China are tested by the Moran index and the spatial Durbin model. The results show that the green total factor productivity of the Chinese service industry shows great regional heterogeneity. The average green total factor productivity of northern China is 1.4 percentage points lower than that of southern China. The leading factor for the growth of green total factor productivity in southern China is technological progress, while TFP in northern China mainly depends on technical efficiency improvement. The results of spatial econometric regression show that the intensive level of producer services plays a significant role in promoting the green development of the service industry. The transportation infrastructure can significantly promote the green development level of the service industry. Finally, some suggestions are provided to narrow the gap between the north and south of the Chinese service industry.

Measuring Productivity and Relative Efficiency of Public Tertiary Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospitals in Hubei, China.

Improving the productivity and relative efficiency of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) hospitals is pivotal for hospital managers and policymakers to optimize the utilization of TCM resources in China. This study aimed to measure the productivity and relative efficiency of public tertiary TCM hospitals in Hubei Province. The input and output indicators data were extracted from the Health Commission of Hubei Province (HCHP) from 2019 to 2021. The Bootstrap-Malmquist-DEA model was employed to measure the productivity and relative efficiency of the hospitals. The statistical significance was set at P < .05. The numbers of total diagnostic patients and discharged patients declined by 23.44% and 28.34% from 2019 to 2020, and then increased by 25.76% and 20.44% respectively from 2020 to 2021. The average bias-corrected technical efficiency (TE) scores of the TCM hospitals from 2019 to 2021 were 0.8391, 0.8048, and 0.8559, indicating good efficiency. The average total factor productivity (TFP) in 2020 and 2021 decreased compared to that in 2019, with scores of 0.7479 and 0.8996, respectively. Between 2019 and 2020, the TFP changes among 19 out of 21 (90.48%) TCM hospitals and the technological changes (TC) among 20 out of 21 (95.24%) were less than 1.0000 (P < .05). The TFP changes of 17 out of 21 (80.95%) TCM hospitals and the TC of 20 out of 21 (95.24%) were less than 1.0000 (P < .05) between 2019 and 2021. COVID-19 might have constrained the provision of healthcare services by the public tertiary TCM hospitals in Hubei Province. Priority should be given to the utilization of healthcare resources, performance evaluation, information system strengthening, and internal hospital management to boost technical efficiency. TCM hospitals need to focus further on technology innovation to improve their technological progress.