Total Area Of Agricultural Land Research Articles

Certification and labeling of organic products in European countries: experience for Ukraine

EU countries are currently one of the leading centers of development of the world market of organic agriculture products. The European countries with the largest sales markets for organic food products are Germany, France (EUR 9.1 billion), Italy (EUR 3.5 billion), Switzerland (EUR 2.7 billion). This activity is regulated in detail by the EU legislation: uniform standards are established in the field of production and processing of organic products, the rules for its marking, and the procedure for certification in this field. As rightly noted in the scientific literature, the detailed legal procedure of organic production is a guarantee of consumer rights protection from unscrupulous producers. In addition, almost every EU country has a fairly extensive system of private certification bodies, as well as its own standards, often stricter than the European ones. All this indicates the prestige of the consumption of organic products by the population and, accordingly, quite significant competition among its producers, who do not just try to comply with EU standards, but constantly improve them by obtaining appropriate national certificates. Unfortunately, in Ukraine, and in pre- war times, such production was not particularly popular. As of December 31, 2021. according to the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the Ministry of Agrarian Policy), the total area of agricultural land used for organic production and the transition period was 422,299 hectares (1% of the total area of such land in Ukraine), including the area of agricultural land with organic status is 370,110 hectares, the area of the corresponding land in the transition period is 52,189 hectares. The total number of operators was 528, including 418 agricultural producers. But, taking into account the important role of organic farming, especially in the process of greening agriculture, ensuring soil fertility, protecting the environment, its role, especially in the post-war period, should grow. Therefore, the study of the legal regulation of the certification procedure in this area, on the example of the leading European countries, is particularly relevant.

Оценка потенциала земельных ресурсов сельскохозяйственного предприятия

The article presents an analysis of the qualitative state of the lands within the boundaries of the collective farm “Nadezhda” of the Zavitinsky municipal district of the Amur region. The total area of agricultural land of the enterprise is 3765 hectares. On the territory of the collective farm, the most common brown forest and meadow soils are 2642.4 hectares, or 70.2 % of the total area of the farm. The indicator of soil fertility of the land resources of the collective farm “Nadezhda” was 0.57 units. Significant areas of the farm belong to highly acidic (1620.4 ha) and medium acidic soils (990.7 ha). The largest area of 2000 hectares, or 70.5 %, is reserved for soybean cultivation, and 335 hectares are occupied by couples. The analysis of the spatial structure of the land use territory based on the calculated coefficients of compactness, remoteness, straightness, as well as the dismemberment of the ravine-beam system allowed us to conclude that, in general, the land resources of the economy are located compactly, have a favorable configuration of land.

GIS-remote sensing-based village-level hydrological balance approach for agricultural water planning

Ensuring food security through the increase in food production can be realised by converting agricultural fallow lands into cultivable ones and assuring irrigations in three crop seasons in all agricultural lands. That can be done through a village (i.e., mouza) level water management planning through rainwater harvesting. This needs step by step procedures based on hydrologic balance for providing the best way of management of water resources to secure precious agricultural lands from man-made degradation. This study was conducted at a mouza Gohalura in the Red and Laterite Zone of West Bengal, India. In that village major crops grown were ‘Aman’ rice (A practices of Rice cultivation by transplanting in rainy season and harvested in early winter season) during the rainy (i.e., monsoon) season; Groundnut during Rabi under both rainfed and irrigated farming situations and ‘Boro’ rice (a practice of rice cultivation by transplanting in late winter and harvesting in early summer) in summer. The major problems in crop production in that village were some rainfed agricultural lands with erratic and uncertain rainfall of which about 26 percent (i.e., 464 mm) received during non-monsoon period (15 October to 7 June), and a high infiltration rate of soil. Shortfall in annual water balance of 248.13 mm could be managed through existing river lift irrigation from the adjoining river Dulung, a tributary of the Subarnarekha River. Application of GIS and remote sensing were useful in land use land cover classification, creation of a digital elevation model of the village and calculation of areas under individual classes of land. Creating and renovating water harvesting ponds in the mouza would facilitate multipurpose benefits for the farming community including agriculture in three crop seasons in all cultivable lands through such rational water management planning in that village. Following such village-wise water balance approach another 16.37 ha (i.e., agricultural fallow out of the total agricultural land area of 40.23 ha) i.e., about 69 per cent increase in irrigated area could be made possible. Such methodologies could be projected for other areas, and that could be followed in other areas also.

Analysis of Ecological Agriculture from the Perspective of Maintaining the Biodiversity of Agricultural Lands

Abstract The intensification of agriculture, the specialization of production and the use of a wide range of agrochemicals has led to the loss of biodiversity on agricultural land, namely the cultivation of a small number of high-yielding varieties and short crop rotation. The loss of biodiversity and the homogenization of crops directly affects the productivity of agroecosystems and implicitly the sustainability of food systems. In this context, the article proposes an analysis of the evolution of ecological agriculture from the perspective of the need for a change in the structure and operation of agriculture to restore the biodiversity of agricultural land. The analysis is oriented towards the economic, social and environmental aspects given the fact that, often, ecological agriculture is proposed as a solution to ensure the food security of the world’s population. The analysis of data on global organic agriculture indicates that, in 2021, the total area of agricultural land cultivated in the organic system represented approximately 1.6% of the total agricultural land, the number of producers registered in organic agriculture reached approximately 3.7 million and the global market for organic products reached 125 billion euros. With regard to organic agriculture in Romania, in 2021, the total area cultivated in an ecological system was 578.7 thousand ha (3.2% of agricultural land cultivated organically in the EU), and the number of economic operators was 12,231. Given that the productions obtained in the ecological system are 20-40% lower than those in conventional agriculture, the integration of ecological practices in agriculture has the potential to increase the productions obtained and maintain biodiversity on agricultural land.

Agricultural Land Involvement into Economic Circulation: Problems and Solutions

One of the important reserves for further growth of agricultural production in Russia is the economic development of currently unused agricultural land, the area of which is about 33 million hectares (16,7% of the total area of agricultural land in the country), including 18 million hectares of arable land. The measures taken by the government to stimulate the introduction of agricultural land into economic circulation are considered. The conclusion is made about the need for the development of small and medium-sized businesses as an important direction for improving the efficiency of land use. Proposals have been formulated to improve land policy in agriculture, including the adjustment of legislative legislation.

АНАЛІЗ РИНКУ ОРГАНІЧНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines the essence of the concepts of «organic products», «organic production», and «organic products market». In particular, the market of organic products in Ukraine and the Lviv region was analyzed. The state and dynamics of organic production in Ukraine are outlined: areas of organic agricultural land, operators of the organic products market, and volumes of finished organic products on the domestic market. The central geographical position, a large area of agricultural land, fertile soils, favorable climatic conditions and forest resources, low prices for land rent, growing demand of the population for organic food products, etc. contributed to the fact that Ukraine and Lviv region, in particular, is considered one of the essential suppliers of organic products. It was found that the structure of Ukrainian organic products is dominated by raw materials for the production of the final product (grains, legumes, oil crops), organic crop production is actively developing - the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, berries, and their processing (there are already Ukrainian certified cereals, jams, juices, syrups, dried fruits, teas, meat, and dairy products, etc.). The dynamics of the total area of organic agricultural land in Ukraine were analyzed. Over the past 20 years, the total area of agricultural land occupied under organic production and the transition period has increased by 257,850 hectares or by 61%. The dynamics of the number of organic operators in Ukraine are outlined. The volume of sales of finished organic products in the domestic market of Ukraine in 2021 was analyzed. Organic production is one of the priorities of the Lviv regional strategy. There are 28 operators of the organic products market in Lviv region, 6 of them are in the field of crop production, 8 are in the field of berry growing / horticulture, 12 harvest organic objects of the plant world (collection of wild plants) and process them, and 2 produce plant protection products (fertilizers). «Organic» departments have been opened in the following supermarket chains: «Silpo», «Ashan», «Metro», «Arsen», «Blyzenko», «Dva Kroky Vid Khaty». Annually on the main avenue of Ivan Franko Park the «Fair of Organic and Natural Products» is held in Lviv.

Ecologization of production as an innovative direction for the development of domestic business entities

The necessity of compliance with environmental standards in the process of production activities of agricultural business entities in order to ensure their successful functioning is substantiated. It has been studied that the approach to the production of environmental products, is innovative due to the application of measures that cause minimal damage to the environment. Ecologization of agricultural production involves restoring the agro-resource potential of land, preserving the environment and growing quality and safe food. It was found out that ecologization of production in the agricultural sector is formalized in the concept of organic production, which embodies the idea of a healthy lifestyle and nutrition. It is highlighted that organic production ensures the manufacture and sale of organic products that are obtained as a result of certified production within the legally established procedures. It is substantiated that ecologically oriented management is an important direction of innovative development of the agricultural sector enterprises and it is closely related to the environmental aspects of the use of their lands. The study of the indicators of the development of organic production in Ukraine showed the distribution of operators of certified subjects of the organic market of the country by their number and the total area of agricultural land in 2021. The factors that constrain the development of organic production of domestic business entities are shown. It is noted that the production of organic products brings much higher profits to agricultural producers compared to the traditional one and the reasons for the profitability of such ecological systems are described. To ensure the effective ecologization of production, domestic business entities should search for innovative forms of economic and organizational cooperation among themselves. Such interaction will be a priority area for innovative development of agricultural sector enterprises, which will allow to realize ecological balance in agro-ecosystems. The aspects of stimulating the ecologization of production within enterprises that have chosen an innovative way of development are described. These are organizational, managerial, environmental, geographical and economic and legal features of the development of ecologically-oriented business entities.

Post-Soviet Transformations in Russian Rural Areas: The Role of Institutions

This article examines the role played by institutions in the post-Soviet transformation of rural areas of Russia and the development of agriculture. It is shown that the main goal of transformations—the transition to market relations—has been achieved. The relevance of the article lies in the analysis of the process of incomplete institutional transfer, unique on a global scale: the transition from full state ownership and state regulation to market relations was replaced by the dominance of large forms of business organization with prevailing governmental control. The article aims to study the impact of institutional reforms on the structure and dynamics of market agents in rural areas of Russia from 1990 to 2020. Institutional, statistical and sociological methods were applied. Materials from 59 expert interviews were used. The informants represented the categories “public” and “business” of three different agricultural territories. Statistical data and official reports of agricultural holdings were analyzed. Changes in the structure of land ownership and other production factors were considered. The historical stages of the institutional dynamics of agriculture are shown. It is proved that the emergence of a class of owners in agriculture was the main result of institutional changes in Russia; the formation of many institutions for the support and development of agriculture and rural areas is also significant. The observed obstacles to the growth of the segment of small and medium-sized businesses are due to the incomplete legitimacy of the ongoing processes, the strong volatility of the regulatory framework and insufficient transparency of state support. In Russia, after 1990, the total area of agricultural land decreased and was consolidated by large owners—Agricultural holdings. By 2020, the estimated share of agricultural holdings in revenue was 31% for crop production, 37% for livestock, and 70% for meat. Experts noted the excessive dependence of market actors on state support and the deepening of social inequality.

Efficiency Analysis of Land Use and the Degree of Coupling Link between Population Growth and Global Built-Up Area in the Subregion of West Africa

The main challenge for land use efficiency is population growth. Using a coupling coordination model and the Sustainable Development Goal 11.3.1 (Land Consumption Rate to Population Growth Rate, LCRPGR), the present study unravels the evolution of land use types and efficiency of land use in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) from 2003 to 2019. We interpreted the temporal land use types based on the long-time series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MCD12Q1-V6) land use images in 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, and 2019. The World Bank data on population and socioeconomics were used to support the investigation on the coupled link. Our results showed that from 2003 to 2019, the total area of agricultural land decreased by −1.4%, while the built-up area expanded by 25.80%. Globally, the LCRPGR was 0.82, of which Cabo-Verdi and Niger had the highest (1.69) and lowest index (0.58), respectively. Correspondingly, the coupled coordination model indicated an overall value of 6.81, in which the highest and lowest value occurred in Liberia (29.78) and Niger (0.31), respectively. Furthermore, a rapidly growing population had become one of the most important factors causing inefficient land use in the study area. In summary, the ECOWAS was confronted with a lack of management to improve land use efficiency. Thus, future land use policies should pay more attention to balancing the coupled relationship between urban expansion and socio-economic interests.

ORGANIZING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT IN ALTAI KRAI: A GEO-ECOLOGICAL PROSPECT

In recent decades, the agriculture of Altai Krai has been considered an agro-industrial complex. The total land area is 17 million hectares, and more than 11.5 million hectares are classified as agricultural lands. The area of arable land amounts to 6.5 million hectares. More than 90% of total agricultural land area, to various extents, is subject to erosion and soil blowing; less than 10 kg of mineral fertilizers are required. According to expert estimates, agricultural crops experience an acute lack of nutrients in the soil, which deteriorates the quality of the crop. In this regard, contemporary agricultural land management in Altai Krai is highly volatile and unsustainable. One example is the Strategic Direction of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation and other long-term regulatory documents defining the development of agriculture in the next 10–15 years, which establish the transition of some agricultural organizations to an alternative, high-tech, and environmentally friendly organic agricultural sector. Organic farming is based on the management of organic agricultural land. In those territories that conform to certification requirements, organic land management in Altai Krai can partly become an alternative path to an agro-industrial one. However, to move to a high-tech level of organization of contemporary agricultural land management in Altai Krai, it is necessary to implement all measures related to the geo- and agro-ecological justification of the use of the territory. To be exact, it is crucial to conduct (1) retrospective analysis of land management (based on the materials of soil surveys and land management systems for collective and state farms developed in the last century); (2) assessment of the ecology of the structure of the agricultural landscape and the structure of acreage and crop rotation system; (3) modeling of the agricultural landscape and the ratio of land; (4) ecological and economic analysis of land-use models.

Ecological safety of organic land use as a condition for sustainable development

The study of the content of the legal mechanism of organic land use through the key goals of sustainable development of Ukraine and the global goals of sustainable development until 2030 is conducted in the article. The share of agricultural land under organic production in the total area of agricultural land in Ukraine is one of the indicators of the task of achieving the goals of sustainable development. Theoretical and normative-legal aspects of ensuring ecological safety of organic land use are studied. The climate change situation is the basis for special attention to the legal regulation of organic land use. Ensuring organic land use is identified as an important task in the context of the European Green Agenda.
 The concept of "organic land use" as a legal institution is studied. It is an integral part of organic agricultural production. The normative and legal bases of organic land use are outlined. It is determined that the peculiarities of organic land use activities determine the peculiarities of the legal regime of lands used for this purpose. In order to prevent and prevent the deterioration of the quality of the environment, products and agricultural land to be used in organic land use, an effective system of legal measures should be developed at the state level. conclusion. The implementation of these measures should ensure the environmental safety of agricultural production in general, as well as the production of organic agricultural products. Consolidation at the regulatory level of the definition of "land for organic land use" with a special legal regime, development and approval of criteria for assessing the suitability of land (soil) for the production of organic agricultural products, primarily of plant origin, is proposed. The study was carried out taking into account the need for real implementation of the basic norms and values that underlie the European Green Course.

ANALYSİS AND ASSESSMENT BASED ON THE GIS PROGRAM OF ANTHROPOGENİC LOAD İN SOME LANDSCAPE COMPLEXES OF THE LENGEBİZ RİDGE

Purpose. GIS program-based analysis and evaluation of anthropogenic load in some landscape complexes of the Lengebiz ridge. Methodology. The study was carried out in three stages: cameral preparatory, field laboratory, and final. At the final stage, a landscape map of the area at a scale of 1:100,000 was compiled. The boundaries of landscapes and contours of anthropogenic origin within them were calculated based on the GIS program. Conclusion. Within the object of study, the following types of landscape are identified: low-mountain forests; low-mountain forest shrubs (arid-sparsely wooded and shrub complexes); low-mountain steppes; xerophytic dry steppes of upland plains; low-mountain semi-deserts; dry steppes of accumulative plains; river-valley landscapes. The low-mountain forest landscape is represented by a mixture of oak and hornbeam oak. Among anthropogenic factors, settlements, communication routes, as well as agricultural land, especially arable land, have a significant impact on landscape complexes. the total area allocated for settlements, roads, etc., structures is 76.19 hectares, or 0.83% of the area of this landscape type. However, depending on individual types of landscapes, this indicator is 0.56% -1.09%. And the total area of agricultural land on the territory of the studied object is 2102.9 hectares, which is 22.96% of the landscape type area. Depending on individual landscapes, this indicator increases from 13.21% to 31.96%. Due to the great interest in arable land, their share in landscapes ranges from 0.31% to 3.04%, and hayfields and pastures - from 11.29% to 27.24%. 442.05 or 8.99% of the territory of this type of landscape is located on slopes with a slope of more than 400. 1871 thousand hectares or 38.05% of the area were subjected to anthropogenic load. However, this indicator has different values depending on the type of landscape: 23,63%-65,92 %. The total area occupied by settlements, roads, communication lines and man-made structures of the district was 100.5 hectares or 2.04%. The total area of agricultural land (arable land, hayfields, pastures) within this landscape amounted to 1771.3 hectares (36.01%) were subjected to anthropogenic influence. Scientific novelty. For the first time, based on the GIS program, the anthropogenic load in some landscape complexes of the Lengebiz range of Azerbaijan was analyzed and evaluated.

До питання перспектив і проблем органічного виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції в Україні

До питання перспектив і проблем органічного виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції в Україні

SPACIAL AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF LAND RESOURCES IN NORTH-EAST PART OF ZOLOCHIV DISTRICT UTC OF LVIV REGION

The article presents an ecological and geographical analysis of the current state of land resources. The structure of land resources in UTC (United Territorial Community) is dominated by lands of agricultural and forestry use. They occupy the largest areas - 67072.3 hectares, 40004.8 hectares and their share in the structure of the land fund is 57.8%, 34.4%, respectively.
 The structure of agricultural lands of the district is dominated by agricultural lands, namely arable land. Its area is 67072.3 hectares (97.3%)
 The largest area of agricultural land is concentrated within the central part of the district.
 The largest area in the structure of agricultural land is occupied by arable land - 2500 - 3570.8 hectares. In the eastern and south-eastern parts of the district the share of arable land in the structure of agricultural lands is the highest (more than 70%).
 The share of pastures and hayfields in the structure of agricultural lands is 18.2% and 16.8%, respectively. The smallest share in the structure of lands of perennial plantations (1.6%).
 The largest areas of hayfields and pastures in the northern and northeastern part of the district, which is due to the natural features of the territory.
 Peculiarities of forestry use of land resources on UTC area are analyzed.
 Lands covered with forest vegetation there are unevenly distributed and are mainly subordinated to Brody Forestry. The largest areas of forestry land in the northern and southern parts of the district.
 Forests in the northern part are located within Male Polissya. Here in the area there is the highest forest cover (45 - 67%). Forest cover in the southern part of the district is 45 - 67%.
 The structure of lands occupied by forest vegetation is dominated by forest areas (96.0%), including covered with forest crops (71.0%)
 On the basis of the defined indicators the analysis of ecological stability of lands in UTC is carried out, also the anthropogenic loading on agricultural lands of the area is defined. This figure depends on the area of land of different species.
 Using the method of Shyshchenko P. H. (1982) we have determined the anthropogenic load on the agricultural lands of the district. This figure depends on the area of the land of different species. Within the district there are spatial differences in this indicator. The greatest anthropogenic load on agricultural land is in the central part of the district. Here the anthropogenic load is more than 6.6 (strongly converted). In the north-western part of the district this indicator is the lowest: 5.2-5.3. On the territory of other village councils agricultural lands are moderately transformed (6.1 - 6.5)
 The results of the study of the ecological condition of the land resources of the district are presented. The level of plowing, agricultural development of the district is analyzed. The central and southern part of the district is characterized by an unbalanced structure of land use, as there is a fairly high rate of plowing of agricultural land. The share of arable land here is more than 70% of the total area of agricultural land. The average value of this indicator is around 57.7%. The highest agricultural development is in the central part of the district (except for Brody town territorial community), and in the southern part (more than 60%). The maximum indicators of agricultural development are - 86.8-91%.
 The ecological condition of the land resources of the district was assessed and five groups with different levels of this indicator were identified. The ecological condition of land resources varies from optimal to catastrophic, depending on the ratio of arable land (R) and the share of ecological and stabilizing lands (ESL). Optimal and satisfactory ecological condition of land resources in the region on the area of 40.6%, critical - 25.7%, crisis - 20.4%, catastrophic - 13.3%
 Land resources are one of the most important resources of the district. In modern conditions, productive agricultural lands should be involved in intensive agricultural cultivation, and the rest should remain in a natural state, which will ensure ecological sustainability and balanced nature management.
 Key words: land resources, agricultural lands, agricultural development, ecological condition, ecological stability.

Flood inundation modelling on agricultural land in Legonkulon Sub-district, Subang Regency, Indonesia

Flood has been an issue in many sectors, including agricultural land. The disaster has been severe to many places in Indonesia, including Subang Regency, and in particular Legonkulon Subdistrict, where the area was traversed by Cipunagara River. The study showed the flood inundation projections for various return periods and portrayed the significance of flood occurrences from Cipunagara River on agricultural lands within the area. The model was established using DEMNAS topographic data, where Lognormal Distribution was selected for the design rainfall based on goodness of fit tests. Afterwards, Snyder SUH Method was performed to estimate the peak discharge for Q2, Q10, Q50, and Q100, resulting 1,568.24 m3/sec, 2,228.89 m3/sec, 2,754.87 m3/sec, and 2,968.74 m3/sec, respectively. As for the inundation model, HEC-RAS 5.0.7 (one-dimensional Saint-Venant equation) was utilized to construct the model. Finally, the study showed that from a total agricultural land area of 2,385.45 Ha within the Legonkulon Sub-district, areas that were inundated by the overflow of Cipunagara River for Q2, Q10, Q50, and Q100 were 738.53 Ha, 792.33 Ha, 816.74 Ha, and 825.15 Ha, respectively. It was concluded that the agricultural land in Legonkulon Subdistrict was prone to the overflow of Cipunagara River even from low return period floods.

Проблеми збереження статусу землекористування наукових установ і підприємств НААН

Goal. To analyze the dynamics of land use of scientific institutions, enterprises and organizations of the Academy during the years of independence of Ukraine, as well as the legislative regulation of the use and protection of academic land, substantiation of directions and ways of legal protection, preservation, and improvement of the use of lands of NAAS. Methods. The dialectical method of scientific cognition — to study the state and development of an agro-industrial complex, preservation of the environment of the agrarian and industrial complex and development of domestic agrarian science; monographic — to study the scientific papers, regulatory framework, statistical information; abstract — to form conclusions and proposals for the preparation of legislation. Results. It is established that the proposed redistribution of land under the draft laws №№ 30121 and 30122 violates the current legislation on the transfer to private ownership of land of scientific and educational institutions, which have been in force since January 1992. Their rules may lead to the elimination of experimental and educational bases of agrarian scientific institutions and educational establishments. The right to a land share (share) can conditionally apply only to 20% of the total area of agricultural land, and not the entire area (100%), i.e. 80% of citizens have no relation to shares or units, and the essence of the law does not correspond to its name. The law violates the requirements of Art. 22 of the Constitution of Ukraine on the social right to work of 15 thousand employees of the research base of NAAS. Conclusions. It is proposed that the norms on land privatization of state institutions and enterprises of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and national branch academies of sciences should be removed from the bill.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AND REGIONAL ORIGINAL INCOME IN PURBALINGGA REGENCY

Purbalingga Regency is administratively included in Central Java Province which has a large enough agricultural land, namely 58,266 hectares. When viewed from the total area of Purbalingga Regency which reaches 77,764 hectares, the total area of agricultural land in Purbalingga Regency is 75 percent of the total area of Purbalingga Regency. The COVID -19 pandemic in Indonesia occurred in early 2020 this caused general panic for several levels of society and entrepreneurs.
 This study aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Agricultural Productivity, Unemployment Rates and Regional Original Income. With the result that the number of sub-districts in Purbalingga Regency is 18 sub-districts with the highest productivity value of 82.58 tons/ha, namely Kutasari District and the lowest productivity value of 12.14 tons/ha in Purbalingga District. The average value of agricultural productivity in each sub-district in Purbalingga Regency is 57.53 tons/ha from 18 sub-districts. Agricultural productivity has increased from 63.2 tons/ha to 80 tons/ha, which means that the COVID-19 pandemic has no effect on agricultural productivity. The number of unemployed in Purbalingga Regency in the pre-pandemic period was 22797 people and increased to 30513 people. There was a decrease in PAD Regional Original Income by 200 billion Rupiah.

النطاقات الملائمة للزراعة بأراضی الاستصلاح فی محافظة البحیرة باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافیة

مستخلص الدراسة باللغة العربية تهدف الدراسة إلى إلقاء الضوء على بعض جوانب التنمية الرأسية في أراض الاستصلاح الزراعي بمحافظة البحيرة، من خلال التعرف أوزان العوامل المؤثرة في زراعة النباتات الرئيسة المزروعة بالمنطقة، والنطاقات الملائمة لزراعة القمح، والذرة الشامية، والبطاطس، والعنب. واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وعلى المدخل الموضوعي بشکل رئيس، خاصة المحصولي، واستعانت بالأسلوبين: نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS برنامج Arc GIS 10.3 في قياس مستويات الملاءمة الموزونة Weighted Overlay للنباتات الرئيسة بالمنطقة، والاستشعار عن بعد Remote Sensing في حساب مؤشر الملوحة من المرئيات الفضائية. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج عدة، أهمها: - بناء نماذج Model لقياس الملاءمة المکانية للنباتات الرئيسة المزروعة في منطقة الدراسة باستخدام Weighted Overlay. - ترکز النطاق الملائم لزراعة القمح في شمال شرقي منطقة الدراسة بقسم غرب النوبارية، وبمقارنة قرى هذا النطاق بالقرى التي تستحوذ على النصيب الأکبر من المساحة المزروعة فعليا بالقمح تبين ترکز الجزء الأکبر من المساحة في أربع قرى تقع معظمها في شمال غرب المنطقة.. - استحوذ النطاق متوسط الملاءمة لزراعة الذرة الشامية على ما يزيد على خمسي جملة مساحة الأرض الزراعية بمنطقة الدراسة، حيث تترکز في خمس قرى هي: مصطفي إسماعيل، وحسين أبو اليسر، وسيدنا سليمان، والجعار، والشجاعة، والتي تنکمش فيها المساحة المزروعة فعليا. - انکماش مساحة النطاق الملائم لزراعة البطاطس في منطقة الدراسة؛ إذ لا تتجاوز نسبتها 11,7% من جملة مساحة الأرض الزراعية بالمنطقة، ويترکز بالأطراف الشمالية الغربية لمنطقة الدراسة، ويتوافق ذلک مع المساحات المزروعة فعليا بالبطاطس. - اقتصار توزيع النطاق الملائم لزراعة العنب على مساحة محدودة، لا تتجاوز نسبتها 14,3% من جملة مساحة الأرض الزراعية؛ حيث توزع على مساحة محدودة في قريتي کفر داود، وبنى سلامة بجنوبي منطقة الدراسة، ويتوافق ذلک مع المساحة المزروعة فعليا بهما. Abstract This study explores some aspects of vertical development in agricultural reclamation lands in Behaira Governorate, through identifying the weights of the factors affecting the cultivation of the main plants cultivated in the study area. The suitable Zones for the cultivation of wheat, maize, potatoes, and grapes. The study adopts the descriptive analytical method and follows topical approach, especially the Commodity. It relies on two methods, first, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using Arc GIS 10.3 program in measuring the weighted overlay levels of the main plants in the area. Second, Remote Sensing in calculating the salinity index from the satellite image. The results are summarized into five categories. First, building models to measure the spatial suitability of the main plants cultivated in the study area using Weighted Overlay. Second, the suitable zone for wheat cultivation was concentrated in the northeast of the study area in West Nubaria Kasim, comparing the villages of this zone with the villages that occupy the largest area actually cultivated with wheat, it is revealed that the largest part of the area is concentrated in four villages, most of which are located in the northwest of the region. Third, the area of ​​medium suitability for the cultivation of maize occupied a percentage about 21.3% of the total agricultural land area in the study area. Which concentrated in five villages: Mustafa Ismail, Hussein Abu Al Yusr, Sayedna Suleiman, Al Jaar, and Al Shuja, in which the actually cultivated area is shrinking. Fourth, shrinkage of the appropriate Zone area for planting potatoes in the study area, its percentage does not exceed 11.7% of the total agricultural land area in the region, it is also concentrated in the northwestern part of the study area, compatible with the areas actually planted with potatoes. Fifth, the limited distribution of the appropriate zone for planting grapes to a limited area, its percentage does not exceed 14.3% of the total agricultural land area, it was distributed over a limited area in the villages of Kafr Dawud and Bani Salameh in the south of the study area compatible with the area actually cultivated in them.

ASSESSMENT OF VULNERABILITY IN AGRICULTURAL LAND IN FLOOD PRONE AREAS AND APPLICATION OF MOBILE SMART PHONE IN PROVIDING FLOOD HAZARD INFORMATION IN LAM RIVER BASIN (VIETNAM)

Floods are considered to be one of the most costly natural hazards in the Lam river basin causing infrastructure damages as well as devastating the affected area and relatively high death toll. So prevention is necessary for shielding lives and properties. The flood management on the Lam River basin has been considering for many years to minimize damages caused by flooding. The flood hazard zoning map is one of the indispensable tools to provide information about hazard and risk levels in a particular area and to perform the necessary preventive and preparedness procedures. The multicriteria decision analysis based on geographic information systems is used to build a flood hazard map of the study area. The analytic hierarchy process is applied to extract the weights of six criteria affecting the areas where are prone to flooding hazards, including rainfall, slope, relative slope length, soil, land cover, and drainage density. The results showed in 91.32 % (20103.83 km2) of the basin located in the moderate hazard zones to very high hazard zones. Accordingly, this study also determined 4 vulnerability levels to agricultural land including low, medium, high, and very high. About 94% of the total area of agricultural land in the basin are classified into moderate to the very high hazard of flood vulnerability. The paper presents a method that allows flood risk areas in the Lam River basin to receive information about flood risks on a smartphone, making them more aware.

The state and the share of rural women on the agricultural entrepreneurship activities in the Slovak republic

The economic empowerment of rural women in the recent development of agriculture through entrepreneurship is considered an important challenge. Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include cultivation of crops, farming animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members, and maintaining their homes. The research aimed to collect up-to-date data on Slovak rural women dealing with business in the field of agriculture, women's role and status in society in rural areas, on the farm, women's participation in education, training, and agricultural services. The main focus is dedicated to their share on the management of agricultural entities, land cultivation, employment of rural women and men, and their deal on the selected entrepreneurial activities of Slovak agriculture. Women doing business in agriculture dispose of with considerable knowledge and experience in the agricultural and food sectors. The realized research showed that the scale of farms managed by women is 325 hectares. Rural women in the surveyed group are taking care of about 2.5% of the total area of agricultural land in Slovakia and they are employing 2.40% of the working forces in the agricultural sector in Slovakia. According to our survey, rural women are under-represented in managerial and ownership positions of agricultural entities.