Total Amylase Research Articles

Lacticaseibacillus casei in Diet of Juvenile Convict Cichlid Fish (Amatitlania nigrofasciata): Evaluating Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Immune Responses, and Stress Resistance.

In this study, growth performance, body composition, digestive enzymes activity, mucosal and immunological parameters, cultivable bacterial populations, and stress resistance were investigated in juvenile convict cichlid fish (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) that received a dietary supplement containing 0 (control), 5×106 (LC1), 5×107 (LC2), and 5×108CFUg-1 diet (LC3) Lacticaseibacillus casei PB-LC39. Two hundred and forty fish (2.44±0.04g) were assigned to twelve experimental aquariums and feed ad libitum three times a day for 8weeks. After final sampling, final body weight, percentage of weight gain (WG %), specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), and protein content of whole-body composition were significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed LC1 diet than other treatments. Total protease, amylase, and lipase activities were also significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed LC1 diet than other groups. Total protein from serum and mucus, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin (Ig), and serum globulin were significantly increased (P<0.05) in fish fed LC1 diet compared with other groups. Moreover, total counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fish gut were significantly higher (P<0.05) by different levels of L. casei PB-LC39 than the control group. Recovery rates of fish fed the probiotic cells, after an air-dive test, was significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with the control group. Therefore, the results showed that L. casei PB-LC39 resulted in improving growth, health status, and stress resistance of fish during the rearing of juvenile convict cichlid fish.

Digestive enzymes profile of the midgut gland of juvenile painted river prawn (Macrobrachium carcinus)

This study assessed the activity of the main digestive enzymes in juveniles of the painted river prawn Macrobrachium carcinus. Prawns reared in 24 m2 tanks at a density of 10 individuals. m−2 for 45 days were fed a commercial diet with 40 % crude protein. A sample of 21 prawns with 2.92 ± 0.60 g and 27.87 ± 1.50 mm had their midgut glands (MG) dissected. Assays prospecting total proteolytic activity, total amylase, α-amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, β-galactosidase, agarase and lipase in the MG were performed. The activities of several aminopeptidase (alanine, arginine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, proline and tyrosine aminopeptidase) were also evaluated. In addition, the effect of calcium (CaCl2) on trypsin activity was assessed. The following mean (± SD) activities were found: total proteolytic activity (8.00 ± 0.003 U.mg-1); total amylase (0.322 ± 0.002 U.mg-1); α-amylase (8.730 ± 0.008 U.mg-1); trypsin (12.7 ± 0.001 mU.mg-1); chymotrypsin (19.94 ± 0.0019 mU.mg-1); β-galactosidase (59.4 ± 0.18 U.mg-1); agarase (13.34 ± 0.15 U.mg-1) and lipase (0.019 ± 2.73 U.mg-1). Amongst aminopeptidases, only alanine, arginine, glycine and leucine aminopeptidase were found to be active. At concentrations from 5 to 90 mM, the activity of trypsin was not affected by CaCl2. Compared to other prawn species, M. carcinus has a wide range of digestive enzymes and a tendency towards greater use of animal protein. As studies on the digestive enzymes of juvenile prawns of the Macrobrachium genus are scarce, the present results represent basic data that may serve as a reference for future studies and also aid in the formulation of diets specific for this important group of crustaceans.

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance, immunity and glycometabolic enzyme activity ofRhynchocypris lagowskiiDybowski

We examined the effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance, digestive ability, immunity and glycometabolic enzyme activity of Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski. The fish were fed with glucose, sucrose, dextrin and corn starch for 8 weeks. Final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were positively related to the complexity of carbohydrates in diet as were the levels of total antioxidant capacity, complement 3, protease, glutathione peroxidase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Malondialdehyde content, hepatic glycogen, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content were negatively related to the complexity of carbohydrates in diet. Therefore, Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski fed with corn starch or dextrin showed positive effects in terms of growth, digestion and absorption, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, antioxidant capacity and immunity than those fed with glucose or sucrose.

ANALYSIS OF THE SALIVARY BIOCHEMISTRY OF TWO PATIENTS AFTER RADIOIODINE TREATMENT

Introduction: Salivary gland damage such as xerostomia and sialadenitis is one of the most frustrating complications after radioactive iodine (131I) therapy. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary composition in patients exposed to 131I. Study Design: Two patients diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma had total thyroidectomy and 131I exposure in 2013 and 2015, respectively, and were evaluated by unstimulated whole saliva (UWS). After collection, the sample was weighted and the salivary flow rate was calculated. The pH analysis was determined by means of Digimed 2-D portable pH meter, total protein concentration in the saliva was assessed by the Lowry method, and amylase was determined by the Bellavia method. Results: The doses of radioiodine were 118.8 mCi for patient 1 and 152.3 mCi for patient 2. Regarding salivary pH, patient 1 was at 6.9 and patient 2 at 6.2. Total protein and alpha amylase was (15 000 ug/mL and 2870 mg/mL ) in patient 1 and (10.78 ug/mL and 2377 mg/mL) in patient 2. When comparing healthy saliva to the saliva after 131I, a significant decrease was noted in all parameters. Patients exposed to 131I present with salivary alterations even after years of treatment, which has an effect on their quality of life. Introduction: Salivary gland damage such as xerostomia and sialadenitis is one of the most frustrating complications after radioactive iodine (131I) therapy. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary composition in patients exposed to 131I. Study Design: Two patients diagnosed with thyroid carcinoma had total thyroidectomy and 131I exposure in 2013 and 2015, respectively, and were evaluated by unstimulated whole saliva (UWS). After collection, the sample was weighted and the salivary flow rate was calculated. The pH analysis was determined by means of Digimed 2-D portable pH meter, total protein concentration in the saliva was assessed by the Lowry method, and amylase was determined by the Bellavia method. Results: The doses of radioiodine were 118.8 mCi for patient 1 and 152.3 mCi for patient 2. Regarding salivary pH, patient 1 was at 6.9 and patient 2 at 6.2. Total protein and alpha amylase was (15 000 ug/mL and 2870 mg/mL ) in patient 1 and (10.78 ug/mL and 2377 mg/mL) in patient 2. When comparing healthy saliva to the saliva after 131I, a significant decrease was noted in all parameters. Patients exposed to 131I present with salivary alterations even after years of treatment, which has an effect on their quality of life.

BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES RELATED TO ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS IN LIBYAN SUBJECTS

Acute cholecystitis and cholelithiasis are one of common health problems of Libyans. [1] Acute cholecystitis or bile gallbladder stones are one of the major surgical problems in the Libyan population and account for many hospital admissions and surgical interventions. This study was done to estimate causes and risk factors of AC among general population of Benghazi city in Libya. Reflux of pancreatic secretions into the biliary duct due to a defect in motility of gallbladder or biliary tree or spastic episodes of Sphincter Oddi may cause injury to gallbladder mucosa and biliary tract which may precipitate acute cholecystitis. Pancreatic biliary reflux (PBR) therefore may cause such reflux of pancreatic juice into gallbladder and biliary tract. This problem is probably related to obesity, cardiovascular disorders (CVD), metabolic syndrome, and dietary habits. Studies on gallstone composition carried out a close link with dietary habits and ethnicity. The biliary composition has been demonstrated by many researches for several years. Gallstone formation is relatively increased with consumption of dietary fats, age and gender.2-3 Estimation of pancreatic amylase in gallbladder bile as well as in serum of patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) may be considered as a biomarker of PB reflux. Serum and bile pancreatic amylase levels as marker for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis" by investigate biliary composition especial alpha amylase pancreatic, total amylase, liver enzymes estimation the correlation between (AST, ALT, ALP and Bilirubin total, C-RP and lipid profile in gallstone disease patients and estimate the correlation between (Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL) concentration in serum and biliary gallbladder, presence of gallstones, age, in both gender patient with gallbladder diseases.

Effect of dietary supplementation of Padina astraulis (Hauk, 1887) extract on biochemical response and digestive enzyme activities of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

This research aimed to assess the effect methanol extract from Padina astraulis (Hauk , 1887) on biochemical response and digestive enzyme activities in grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). A control diet without and three other empirical regimens were prepared with the addition of of P.astraulis extract (PE diet) at the incorporation levels of 5, 10 and 15 g kg-1 diet, respectively. Three hundred sixty grey mullet with an introductory mean weight of 0.82 g were randomly dispersed into twelve fish tanks and fed twice a day (09:00 and 17:00) for 60 days. After 60 days of the feeding trial, no significantly different was noticed in terms of survival rate between control and the groups supplemented with PE (p>0.05). Dietary PE significantly increased serum total protein, globulin levels and amylase, lipase and protease enzyme activities in treated fish (p<0.05). Moreover, there was considerable decline (p<0.05) in cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride levels in those fish which received PE diet over the control. The current research illustrates the appropriateness of P. astraulis extract as a novel dietary additive in grey mullet diet for improving metabolism of lipid and carbohydrate and enhancing digestive enzyme activities in grey mullet.

Long-term stability of clinically relevant chemistry analytes in pleural and peritoneal fluid.

IntroductionOur aim was to investigate the stability of clinically relevant analytes in pleural and peritoneal fluids stored in variable time periods and variable storage temperatures prior to analysis.Materials and methodsBaseline total proteins (TP), albumin (ALB), lactate dehydrogenase (LD), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TRIG), creatinine (CREA), urea, glucose and amylase (AMY) were measured using standard methods in residual samples from 29 pleural and 12 peritoneal fluids referred to our laboratory. Aliquots were stored for 6 hours at room temperature (RT); 3, 7, 14 and 30 days at - 20°C. At the end of each storage period, all analytes were re-measured. Deviations were calculated and compared to stability limits (SL).ResultsPleural fluid TP and CHOL did not differ in the observed storage periods (P = 0.265 and P = 0.170, respectively). Statistically significant differences were found for ALB, LD, TRIG, CREA, urea, glucose and AMY. Peritoneal fluid TP, ALB, TRIG, urea and AMY were not statistically different after storage, contrary to LD, CHOL, CREA and glucose. Deviations for TP, ALB, CHOL, TRIG, CREA, urea and AMY in all storage periods tested for both serous fluids were within the SL. Deviations exceeding SL were observed for LD and glucose when stored for 3 and 7 days at - 20°C, respectively.ConclusionsTP, ALB, CHOL, TRIG, CREA, urea and AMY are stable in serous samples stored up to 6 hours at RT and/or 30 days at - 20°C. Glucose is stable up to 6 hours at RT and 3 days at - 20°C. The stability of LD in is limited to 6 hours at RT.

Physiological Studies of Some Insecticides on Spodoptera littoralis Larvae

The present study aims to focus on the effect of the sublethal rates of Lambda-cyhalothrin +Thiamethoxam and Lambda-cyhalothrin, which belonging to groups 3 and 4 on the 4th larval instar of Spodoptera littoralisfield strain under laboratory conditions, and their effect on some physiological aspects, post-treatment with rates 50 and 100 ml/200L for 48 hrs. The results cleared that highly physiological disturbance was recognized as marked stimulating in total protein, total lipids, trehalase, AchE, and acid phosphatase synthesis however, inhibit amylase, invertase and alkaline phosphatase for lambda-cyhalothrin + Thiamethoxam. The tested sublethal rate of lambda-cyhalothrin, also be highly affected by stimulating total protein, invertase, trehalase, AchE, acid and alkaline phosphatases. On the other hand, inhibits total lipids and amylase synthesis in insect cells.

Effect of dietary supplementation of Chlorella vulgaris on several physiological parameters of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus.

The present paper aims to shed lights on effect of optimum dietary level of Chlorella vulgaris powder (CP) as a feed additive on some blood biochemical parameters (Cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), total protein (TP), glucose (GLU), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lysozyme) and digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, lipase and protease) of the grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L). Four experimental diets were supplemented with CP at 0, 5, 10 and 15 g kg−1diet (CP0, CP, CP10 and CP15). Number of twelve tanks (60-L) with three replicates for treatment group (n=10 per tank with average initial weights 14.95 ± 2.01 g) and the control group were considered. After 60 days of the feeding trial, fish fed CP5 diet had lower serum CHO and TG levels than did fish fed CP0, CP10 and CP15 diets (P 0.05). The highest serum total protein, amylase, protease, lipase and lysozyme activities were observed in fish fed CP5. Also, fish fed CP10 and CP15 diets had higher digestive enzymatic activities, serum total protein and lysozyme activities than did fish fed CP0 (P<0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 5 g chlorella powder in the commercial diets could improve the blood chemical responses and the activity of digestive enzyme in grey mullet.

Physicochemical properties of potato starch fermented by amylolytic Lactobacillus plantarum

This study investigated the effect of fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC 14177 strain on physicochemical properties and morphological characteristics of potato starch. The maximum total amylase and α-amylase production of L. plantarum CGMCC 14177 were 286.8 and 208.1 U/g, respectively. Fermented granules clearly exhibited pocked and dimpled surfaces. The granule properties changed to have a 1.9% increase in relative crystallinity. Overall the starch changed to have slight increases in onset and peak temperature, but resulted decreases of conclusion temperature and enthalpy. Fermentation decreased peak viscosity and breakdown value, while increased trough viscosity, final viscosity, and setback. Further analysis showed that fermentation increased the gel hardness and chewiness of the potato starch, but made little differences in the springiness, cohesiveness and resilience. Collectively, these results provide insight on how Lactobacillus strains can be used to modify the physicochemical properties of potato starch in ways that extend its use in industrial applications.

Allelopathic Effect of Chrysanthemum Procumentens on the Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Beans Phaseolus Vulgaris

The present study was undertaken to assess the allelopathic effect of Chrysanthemum procumentens in relation to germination and growth of bean seedling. C. procumentens reduced germination and suppressed early seedling growth of beans. With increase in extract concentration from 20 mg ml-1 to 60 mg ml-1, a gradual decrease in seed germination evaluated by reduction in the concentration of biomolecules such as total protein, total soluble sugar and amylase activities; and increase in the activities of hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, Lipases and Arginase occurred. The longest seedling root and shoot lengths were recorded on day 1 at 20 mg ml-1 extract concentration while the shortest seedling root and shoot length were recorded on day 6 at 80 mg ml-1 extract concentrations. It was noted that the reduction in germination and suppression of seedling growth observed in this study were concentration and time dependent. The result suggested that C. procumentens had good allelopathic potential which reduces germination and plant growth.

A Case-Control Study of Salivary Redox Homeostasis in Hypertensive Children. Can Salivary Uric Acid be a Marker of Hypertension?

Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension; however, there are no data on salivary redox homeostasis and salivary gland function in children with hypertension. A total of 53 children with hypertension and age- and sex-matched controls were classified for the study. The antioxidant barrier and oxidative/nitrosative stress were evaluated in non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva, plasma, and erythrocytes, with Student’s t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test used for statistical analysis. We demonstrated that the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were significantly higher in NWS, SWS, and erythrocytes of children with hypertension, similar to oxidative damage in proteins (advanced glycation end products) and lipids (malondialdehyde) as well as nitrosative stress markers (peroxynitrite and nitrotyrosine). The level of uric acid (UA) was significantly higher in NWS, SWS, and plasma of children with hypertension. UA concentration in SWS correlated positively with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and UA content in plasma. This parameter differentiates children with hypertension from healthy controls (AUC = 0.98) with a high degree of sensitivity (94%) and specificity (94%). Stimulated salivary flow was significantly lower in the hypertension group, similar to total protein content and salivary amylase activity. In summary, childhood hypertension is associated with hyposalivation as well as disturbances in antioxidant defense and enhanced oxidative/nitrosative damage both in the plasma/erythrocytes as well as saliva. Salivary UA may be a potential biomarker of hypertension in children.

Salivary Oxidative Stress Increases With the Progression of Chronic Heart Failure.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidant barrier, and oxidative damage in non-stimulated (NWS) and stimulated (SWS) saliva as well as plasma/erythrocytes of 50 patients with chronic heart failure (HF) divided into the two subgroups: NYHA II (33 patients) and NYHA III (17 patients). The activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase was statistically increased in NWS of HF patients as compared to healthy controls. The free radical formation, total oxidant status, level of uric acid, advanced glycation end products (AGE), advanced oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde was significantly elevated in NWS, SWS, and plasma of NYHA III patients as compared to NYHA II and controls. We were the first to demonstrate that with the progression of HF, disturbances of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense, and oxidative damage to proteins and lipids occur at both central (plasma/erythrocytes) and local (saliva) levels. In the study group, we also observed a decrease in saliva secretion, total salivary protein and salivary amylase activity compared to age- and gender-matched control group, which indicates secretory dysfunction of salivary glands in patients with HF. Salivary AGE may be a potential biomarker in differential diagnosis of HF.

Immunostimulatory and growth-promoting potential of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings culture

In the current study, the effect of dietary supplementation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity, body composition, non-specific immune response and diseases resistance of rainbow trout fingerlings were investigated. Five hundred and fifty-two healthy fingerlings (8.2±1.0 g) were randomly distributed in 12 tanks (150 L) at a density of 46 fish/ tank and fed different levels of dietary PHB (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) for 70 days. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that PHB affected growth performance and the fish fed 0.5 and 1% PHB diets had a significant higher weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) than the control (p<0.05). The specific activity for total protease and amylase in 1% PHB was significantly higher than that of both the control and 2% PHB (p<0.05). In addition, PHB significantly affected the muscle fatty acids profile but did not change protein and lipid content. Also, our results indicated that 1 and 2% PHB markedly decreased cumulative mortality of the fingerlings challenged by Yersinia ruckeri infection. Overall, the results of this experiment revealed that PHB acts as a growth promoter and immunostimulator in rainbow trout fingerlings and the optimal PHB level in trout diet was estimated at 1% PHB.

Influence of Magnetic Field on some Biological And Biochemical Aspects of Silkworm, Bombyx mori

The application of 180 milli-tesla (ml.t) on larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) was investigated to assess the effect of its different exposure periods; 1, 2, 4 and 8 minutes on some biological traits and haemolymph biochemical constituents. The magnetization each of the third and the fourth larval instar was carried out once on the first day before first feeding. Exposing silkworm larvae during each of the third or the fourth instars to the tested magnetic field for eight minutes increased mature larval weight followed by four minutes magnetization during both instars. Control group and the larvae exposed to the magnetic field for eight minutes manifest the highest cocoon shell weight of the resulting cocoons. Silk ratios were significantly higher in two minutes exposure to the magnetic field during the fourth larval instar followed by one minute exposure during the third larval instar. Variation in the exposure periods of the magnetic field remarkably influenced the biochemical component of the haemolymph of mature silkworm larvae. Stimulatingly, Alanine amino transferase activity, total protein content and Amylase activity were highest in haemolymph of the larvae exposed to the tested magnetic field during the third or the fourth larval instar for eight minutes, while Aspartate amino transferase activity and total lipid content were found to be the highest in the haemolymph samples taken from larvae exposed to the same magnetic field during the third larval instar for four and eight minutes, respectively.

Copy Number Variation of the Salivary Amylase Gene and Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Young Japanese Women.

BackgroundMany studies have shown that low copy number variation (CNV) of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) and low serum amylase concentration are associated with impaired glucose metabolism and obesity. We aimed to clarify the conflicting results of previous studies by examining AMY1 expression and metabolic indices in a homogenous group of healthy participants.MethodsSixty healthy non-obese young Japanese women aged 20 - 39 years were examined for AMY1 CNV, salivary amylase, body mass index (BMI) and serum parameters including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), ketones, and total, salivary and pancreatic amylase. Respiratory quotient at rest and changes in blood glucose after starch loading were also examined.ResultsAMY1 CNV (range, 4 - 14) and the level of serum salivary amylase were correlated inversely with HbA1c (r = -0.36, P = 0.003 and r = -0.30, P = 0.02, respectively), whereas the percentage of serum salivary amylase in total serum amylase was positively correlated with blood glucose at 30 and 45 min after starch loading (r = 0.38, P = 0.004 and r = 0.27, P = 0.04, respectively). The level of serum total amylase, but not AMY1 CNV, was correlated inversely with BMI (r = -0.29, P = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed that low AMY1 CNV (4 - 7) was significantly associated with an HbA1c of ≥ 5.4% (34 mmol/mol) even after adjustment for age, BMI and energy consumption, compared with high AMY1 CNV (8 - 14).ConclusionsAlthough a higher percentage of serum salivary amylase was associated with higher levels of blood glucose at the early stage after starch loading, low AMY1 CNV was associated with chronic unfavorable glucose metabolism in healthy non-obese young women in Japan.

Effect of hand-held mobile phones on the parotid gland: A cross sectional study

Background: The mobile phones widely used today uses electromagnetic radiations for signal transmission. These radiations have been speculated to cause pathological changes, especially in the salivary glands. Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the salivary flow rate, pH, total protein concentration, Immunoglobulin A, total antioxidant capacity and salivary amylase levels of the parotid saliva between the dominant and non-dominant sides of mobile phone usage. Settings and Design: A total of 40 participants who used hand-held mobile phones were selected for the study. Materials and Method: Group A comprised of participants who used mobile phones for 0-2 hours a day, group B comprised of participants who used mobile phones for 2-4 hours a day and group C comprised of participants who used mobile phones for more than 4 hours a day. The parotid salivary pH, total protein concentrations, immunoglobulin A (IgA), salivary amylase, and total antioxidant capacity were estimated. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test and Pearson's correlation were used. Results: There was an increase in the mean salivary flow rate, pH and salivary IgA levels on the dominant side of participants. The mean total protein levels and IgA levels in the dominant sides of group A, B and C was 22.56 ± 9.35, 20.10 ± 4.95, 17.44 ± 4.52 and 3.39 ± 0.62, 5.03 ± 0.72, 7.51 ± 1.17, respectively. There was a decrease in the mean total protein, amylase and total antioxidant capacity in the dominant side. Conclusion: Our study has shown an increase in the levels of salivary flow rate, pH and IgA in the dominant side of usage.

Effects of Single and Combined Supplementation of Dietary Probiotic with Bovine Lactoferrin and Xylooligosaccharide on Hemato-Immunological and Digestive Enzymes of Silvery-Black Porgy (Sparidentex hasta) Fingerlings

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum as probiotic (Pro) with bovine lactoferrin (LF) and xylooligosacharide (XOS) on growth performance, hemato-immune response, body composition, digestive enzymes activity and expression of immune-related and growth-related genes of sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) for 8 weeks. Fish were fed with feed including: control diet (no LF, XOS and pro inclusion), diet 1 (400 mg kg−1 LF + 5000 mg kg−1 XOS), diet 2 (400 mg kg−1 LF + 10000 mg kg −1 XOS), diet 3 (400 mg kg−1 LF + 1 × 106 gr−1 Pro (L. plantarum)), diet 4 (800 mg kg−1 LF + 5000 mg kg −1 XOS), diet 5 (800 mg kg−1 LF + 10000 mg kg−1 XOS), diet 6 (800 mg kg−1 LF + 1 × 106 gr−1 Pro (L. plantarum)). Growth performance, hematological parameters (except for white blood cell counts), body composition and immune-related gene expression were not affected by different experimental groups (p&gt;0.05). Nonetheless, non-specific immune response (except for total immunoglobulin) and growth-related gene expression of treatments and control group significantly varied (P&lt;0.05). Digestive enzymes activity including total protease and amylase increased by supplementing diets with different combinations of immunostimulants (P&lt;0.05). Our results suggest that diets supplemented with selected levels of LF, XOS and L. plantarum could not improve growth performance, body composition and hemato-immune response, but improved digestive enzyme activities in S. hasta fingerlings.

Protein and cellulose level in diet: Effects on enzymatic activity, metabolite and amino acid profiles in freshwater anomuransAegla uruguayana(Decapoda: Anomura)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the short‐term effects of artificial diets with different protein: cellulose ratios (D1 = 60:0, D2 = 45:15 and D3 = 30:30) on the enzymatic activity and metabolite profile and to probe the suitability of the amino acid profile of the different diets in Aegla uruguayana. The different artificial diets affected the digestive total protease and amylase activities in a short period of time. Lipases were not affected by the diets. In the haemolymph, an effect of the diet was found in glucose and triglyceride measurements. Particularly, the glucose of the organisms fed D1 was significantly lower than that of organisms fed D2, without significant differences in D3. The concentrations of triglycerides were different among organisms subjected to the treatments, indicating a greater concentration in organisms fed D2 than in those fed D1. In muscle tissue, the concentration of glycogen followed the same trend as haemolymphatic glucose, indicating that the organisms fed D2 had a higher concentration of this metabolite compared to the rest. The amino acid profile of muscle tissue of wild and fed aeglids had a high and significant correlation in all cases, showing few changes in the short‐term feeding regime. Some changes were observed mainly in aeglids fed D3, which exhibited the lowest amounts of methionine, lysine and arginine and the highest amounts of aspartic + glutamic acids. In addition, D2 has a good quality of EAA, fulfilling almost all the requirements of a wild aeglid.

Seasonal variations of digestive enzymes in sea cucumbers (Holothuria tubulosa, G. 1788) under culture conditions.

Sea cucumber, Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788), is an economically valuable species due to its rich nutrients content that being exported in Turkey. However, culture of this species is difficult due to a lack of knowledge. The main objective of this study is to investigate seasonal activities of main digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, and amylase) for nutritional requirements. In this sense, sea cucumbers were stocked in the glass aquarium and sediment was 10 cm. It was replaced monthly and enriched (1% of the living individual weight) by dried Sargassum sp. Total protease and amylase enzymes have shown higher activity compared to lipase. All three enzyme activities were maximum in the summer and minimum in the winter. In summer, the highest measured total protease, amylase, and lipase activityvalues were 6.45 ± 0.66, 6.77 ± 0.72, and 2.78 ± 0.32 U/mg per protein, respectively. In winter, the lowest total protease, amylase, and lipase activity values were measured as 2.03 ± 0.16, 1.14 ± 0.14, and 0.12 ± 0.01 U/mg per protein, respectively. As a conclusion of the study, seasonal expression of the main digestive enzymes wasstrictly dependent on water temperatures and food abundance and also it was ideal to feed this species with food containing high protein and carbohydrate under appropriate temperatures for commercial culture.