Total Amount Of Water Research Articles

Study of Fuel Cell Stacks Combining Pseudo-3D Multi-Physics Simulations with Experimental Mappings of Current Density and Liquid Water

In this work, experimental and numerical analyses of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell stacks for automotive application are proposed. Performance and durability of PEMFC stacks strongly rely on an optimized water management. An adequate balance has to be found between a sufficient membrane hydration enhancing electrical conductivity and a limited liquid water presence avoiding water flooding. This requires investigations at a local scale inside the cells, because the location of water condensation is not distributed homogeneously in the active area, due to spatial variations of temperature, gas composition or current density.Allowing the quantification of liquid water locally inside PEMFCs, neutron imaging is a powerful tool for the analysis of fuel cell operation at a local scale. It is generally used with single cells and not with stacks, due to the complexity of such experiments. A quantification of liquid water over the active area is obtained through neutron imaging of stacks for several operating conditions. Specific segmented high surface sensors are placed inside stacks to map the current density and temperature distribution in the same area. A multi-physics pseudo-3D two-phase flow model coupling all the electrochemical and transport phenomena supports the understanding of the relationship between all these parameters. The comparison with experimental mappings validates the model, which is able to predict both the current density and the amount of liquid water at a local scale. Unlike experimental measurements that gives a total amount of liquid water in the cell, the model allows to distinguish between anode and cathode sides, or between channels and GDLs, providing crucial information regarding flooding phenomena. Moreover, the flowing direction of the fluids inside the stack have a major influence on liquid water distribution. As a general trend, it is observed that the average total water thickness always decreases when current density increases, in all tested stack flow configurations. Furthermore, a clear relationship appears between flooding, cathode pressure drop and cathode liquid water content. Finally, a detailed analysis is proposed to explain the flooding phenomena, in order to improve the fuel cell stack control. Figure 1

The condition of the fluid compartments by the method of bioimpedancemetry in victims with a blast injury

BACKGROUND. According to the modern standards, in case of an acute blood loss, the pathogenetic provision of fluid therapy is based on the ROSE/D concept. According to this concept, after the initial emergency restoration of circulating blood volume, the fluid compartments should be optimized with further stabilization of the condition.
 OBJECTIVE. To study the fluid compartments in mine-explosive injuries victims.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS. 28 servicemen aged 20 to 51 years (average age 34.6±10.3 years) who were in the intensive care unit (ICU) with mine-explosive injuries of various localization (chest, abdomen, limbs) were examined. The victims were given fluid therapy in a restrictive mode. The condition of fluid compartments was determined by the method of bioimpedance measurement and calculation methods.
 RESULTS. On the first day of ICU stay, the total amount of water in the body exceeded the norm by 3 %. At the same time, the volume of intracellular water was significantly lower than normal by 22 %. On the second day, the total amount of water in the body normalized, but the indicator of intracellular water increased by 9.5 % of the reference.
 CONCLUSIONS. It is shown that despite the restoration of the circulating blood volume, there is an intracellular fluid deficit, which, even in the conditions of the restrictive fluid therapy, is replaced by a slight compensatory intracellular hyperhydration the next day when the intravascular volume of fluid is normalized.

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Regulation on Cotton Growth and Hydraulic Lift under Dry Topsoil Conditions

Dry topsoil and relatively moist subsoil can occur in specific areas and times, limiting plant growth but creating conditions for hydraulic lift (HL). There is a lack of a rational water and nitrogen (N) strategy to improve cotton growth and maintain HL. This study investigated the effects of three topsoil water conditions (W0.6: 60–70%, W0.5: 50–60%, and W0.4: 40–50% of field capacity) and three N rates (N120-120, N240-240, and N360-360 kg N ha−1) plus one control treatment on cotton growth and HL under dry topsoil conditions in 2020 and 2021. The results showed that plant height and leaf area increased with increasing N rate, but the differences among topsoil water conditions were relatively small, except for leaf area in 2021. The HL water amount of all treatments increased gradually and then continued to decline during the observation period. There was a trend that the drier the topsoil or the more N applied, the greater the amount of HL water. Additionally, topsoil water conditions and N rate significantly affected the total HL water amount and root morphological characteristics (root length, surface area, and volume). Seed and lint cotton yield tended to decrease with increasing topsoil dryness at N240 or N360, except for lint yield in 2021, or with decreasing N rate, especially under W0.6. As topsoil became drier, the total evapotranspiration (ET) decreased, while with the increase in N rate, ET showed small differences. Water use efficiency increased with a higher N rate, while N partial factor productivity (PFPN) did the opposite. Furthermore, the PFPN under W0.4 was significantly lower than that under W0.6 at N240 or N120. These findings could be useful for promoting the utilization of deep water and achieving sustainable agricultural development.

Low confidence in multi-decadal trends of wind-driven upwelling across the Benguela Upwelling System

Abstract. Like other eastern boundary upwelling systems, in the Benguela Upwelling System, the upwelling along the coastline is primarily alongshore-wind-driven. In contrast, it is mainly driven by the wind stress curl farther offshore. The surface wind regime across the Benguela Upwelling System is strongly related to the South Atlantic Anticyclone that is believed to migrate poleward in response to anthropogenic global warming. Using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis for 1979–2021, we investigate multi-decadal changes in the South Atlantic Anticyclone and their impacts on coastal upwelling driven by alongshore winds, wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling within the coastal zone and total upwelling as the sum of both across the Benguela Upwelling System. Even though the detailed structure of surface wind over the coastal zone matters for both alongshore-wind-driven coastal upwelling and wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling, we show that it is not of major importance for the total amount of upwelled water. We found a robust connection between the anticyclone intensity and the zonally integrated wind-stress-curl-driven and total upwelling. However, such connection for the alongshore-wind-driven coastal upwelling is weak. The upwelling in the equatorward portion of the Benguela Upwelling System is significantly affected by the anticyclone intensity. In contrast, the poleward portion is also influenced by the meridional position of the anticyclone. In general, the impacts of the anticyclone on the local upwelling are more robust during the austral winter. The multi-decadal trend in the sea level pressure across the South Atlantic renders a considerable heterogeneity in space. However, this trend features a small signal-to-noise ratio and can be obscured by interannual to decadal climate variability. This view is further supported by the coastal and wind-stress-curl-driven upwelling in several upwelling cells showing hardly any significant multi-decadal trends.

Analysis of the water-climatic balances by the Thornthwaite method in Dukan district

Water balances in any area are one of the main factors affecting water revenue, the natural environment, and vegetation cover. Water balance refers to the contribution of rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and impact on surface and groundwater in each region. In this research, an analytical and descriptive method was used to analyse the climate data used at Dukan climate station to determine the total amount of water between (2000-2022), which reached (1714.6 mm) For nine (9) months of the year, we have a shortage of water; only three (3) months have surpluses of water, which reached 130.1 mm. To prove whether the evaporation taken from Dukan climate station is the true evaporation of the water balance in the study area, we used the Thornthwaite equation to find out the true water balance based on temperature and annual rainfall for the same period. The results showed that the area had a water shortage of (1287.3 mm) for six (6) months and a surplus of (390.5 mm) for six (6) months. At the same time, the total evaporation, or evapotranspiration, reached (1461.9 mm). Based on the water balance equation, using scientific resources, and showing the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, the research concluded that the water balance varies from year to year depending on the amount of rainfall in the study area, but in general there is a water shortage in the study area during the year, and the highest water shortage in the region is in the summer months.

Water Use, Growth, and Yield of Ratooned Guayule under Subsurface Drip and Furrow Irrigation in the US Southwest Desert

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum, A. Gray) is a perennial desert shrub with ratoon-cropping potential for multiple harvests of its natural rubber, resin, and bagasse byproducts. However, yield expectations, water use requirements, and irrigation scheduling information for ratooned guayule are extremely limited. The objectives of this study were to evaluate dry biomass (DB), contents of rubber (R) and resin (Re) and yields of rubber (RY) and resin (ReY) responses to irrigation treatments, and develop irrigation management criteria for ratooned guayule. The water productivity (WP) of the yield components were also evaluated. Guayule plants that were direct-seeded in April 2018 were ratooned and regrown starting in April 2020, after an initial 2-year harvest at two locations in Arizona: Maricopa and Eloy on sandy loam and clay soils, respectively. Plots were irrigated with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) at 50, 75, and 100% replacement of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), respectively, and furrow irrigation at 100% ETc replacement, as determined by soil water balance measurements. The Eloy location did not include the 100% irrigation treatment under SDI due to unsuccessful regrowth for this specific treatment. The irrigation treatments at the locations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. After 21–22 months of regrowth, the guayule plants were harvested in plots. The results showed that DB increased with the amount of total water applied (TWA, irrigation plus precipitation), while R and Re were reduced at the highest TWA received at both locations. Ultimately, the SDI treatments with 75% ETc replacement resulted in the best irrigation management in terms of maximizing RY and ReY, and WP for both locations and soil types. Compared to the initial 2-year direct-seeded guayule crop, ratooned guayule required less TWA and attained higher DB, RY, and ReY, as well as higher WP, with average increases of 25% in dry biomass, 33% in rubber yield, and 32% in resin yield. A grower’s costs for planting the initial direct-seeded guayule crop would be offset by the additional yield revenue of the ratooned crop, which would have comparatively small startup costs.

A new heat pump-operated solar desalination unit integrated with an air recirculating room

In this paper, a new study was presented studying the effect of coupling a solar still and a heat pump to improve the performance of a solar still. Two setups of solar stills were considered one conventional and one modified using a heat pump coupled with a room containing a Trombe wall to hit two birds with one stone using the effect of cooling and condensing. Besides, some parameters were studied such as the heat pump compressor On and Off duration effect, water depth effect, and the cooling effect for the integrated room. Energy, exergy, and cost analysis were concluded in the manuscript. The findings revealed that, for a water depth of 15 mm and a compressor operation of 55 min. On and5 min. Off, the total amount of water produced was 9.896 L/m2, which represents an improvement of roughly 148.39 % compared to the conventional one. Furthermore, the daily exergy and thermal efficiency increase was evaluated as 49.86 and 82.78 %, respectively. Also, cost decreased by around 4.73 % and was computed as 0.0141 $/L. Finally, the integrated room of the Trombe wall system had a significant benefit since, during the hottest hour (1 P.M.), the cooling effect was 12.8 °C below the ambient, resulting in a temperature drop of over 30.4 %.

Hydrological characteristics and available water storage of typical karst soil in SW China under different soil–rock structures

Soil hydrological characteristics are influenced by factors such as parent rock weathering, human activities, and soil texture. However, the influence of the complex soil–rock structures and heterogeneous soil types on soil hydrological characteristics resulting from the weathering of carbonate rocks into soils on slopes in the karst region of SW China is not fully understood. The relationships between zonal and nonzonal soil hydrological characteristic differences, land uses, and soil–rock structures were analyzed using a typical watershed in the SW China karst region. In this study, (1) the difference between zonal and nonzonal soil hydrological characteristics is significant. For infiltration capacity (Ks), yellow soil (19.50 ∼ 1058.00 cm·d-1) < limestone soil (34.50 ∼ 2364.00 cm·d-1), while for soil available water storage, limestone soil on the dolomitic slope (43.26 mm) > yellow soil (20.16 ∼ 35.25 mm) > limestone soil on the limestone slope (17.73 ∼ 34.72 mm). (2) Land-use practices and soil–rock structures have long affected the hydrological characteristics of soil in karst. (3) The bare bedrock on carbonate slopes leads to a reduction in the total amount of soil per unit area on the slope, which compresses the space for vegetation growth and reduces the total amount of water provided by the soil for vegetation growth per unit area, which confirms one of the reasons for the low plant biomass in karst. These results suggest that the utilization of soil water in karst areas should consider the weights of soil type, lithology, and soil–rock structures.

Transformation of water states and succession of functional microorganisms during synergistic bioevaporation process

A synergistic bioevaporation process was applied to treat the food waste (FW) by using the biofilm-developed corncob as the bulking agent and microbial carrier. During the process, interstitial water was the main water states, accounting for 55.6–76.8% of the total water amount. After the bioevaporation, 3079.27 g (61.05%) of the interstitial water and 48.46 g (3.45%) of the vicinal water was removed from the matrix, while 93.82 g (79.36%) of the bound water was formed. The removal of interstitial water mainly occurred in the cooling stage and the warming stage only lowered the binding energy of bound water, vicinal water and interstitial water. At the end of 1st cycle, the remained interstitial water trapped more tightly and the boundary between vicinal water and interstitial water nearly disappeared. The biofilm thickness in corncob particles was 350–440 µm and mainly dominated by bacteria and fungi with an abundance above 98.0%, in which the fungal Aspergillus reached as high as 22.7%. It seemed the fungi tended to survive in vicinal water abundant environment, but the bacteria preferred to habitat in interstitial water rich condition. Microorganisms had abundant metabolism genes of 29.3–38.5%, and the lipid transport and metabolic genes reached the maximum at Peak 54 ℃, while the carbohydrate transport and metabolic genes was the highest at Warming 46 ℃.

Alteration in body water compartments following intermittent fasting in Ramadan.

Concerning the health outcomes of intermittent fasting in Ramadan, loss of fat-free mass (FFM) and changes in the content of body water are of paramount importance. In this study, we aimed to assess the concomitant alterations in body water compartment and composition following Ramadan fasting in healthy individuals. We conducted an open-label cohort with longitudinal follow-up, involving 73 healthy medical staff who planned to fast for at least 20 consecutive days during Ramadan. The primary outcomes of the cohort were changes in parameters related to body composition and water content, which were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis by InBody S10 (InBody, Seoul, South Korea). Based on the results, the participants' weight decreased significantly by approximately 1,030 g after the fasting period (p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in the fat mass of an average 828 g (p < 0.001), which accounted for more than 80% of the weight loss. The decline in FFM was not significant (190 g; p = 0.234). The amount of total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) did not change, while intracellular water (ICW) decreased significantly by about 160 mL (p = 0.027). A strong correlation was observed between the reduction of phase angle and the increase in ECW/TBW ratio (R = -0.71, p < 0.001). Overall, our findings revealed a minimal amount of weight loss after Ramadan fasting, which was mainly due to the loss of fat mass. The parallel decrease in ICW and phase angle indicated impaired cell membrane integrity, with subsequent movement of water from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment.

Virtual water flows of Turkey's agricultural products: A gravity approach

In this study, we use a gravity model to analyze virtual water flows due to the trade of agricultural products for Turkey. We calculate virtual water flows of agricultural trade for 326 products and 192 trade partners for 2002–2019. The empirical model of virtual water trade flows for Turkey is formed where the dependent variable is the total amount of water embedded in the trade of agricultural products. Besides the baseline equations, which include conventional explanatory variables like income, population, geographical distance, and affinity dummies, we estimate expanded models that include two measures of water availability and two measures of water pressure. Additionally, variables showing the size of agricultural activity and availability of agricultural land in the partner country are included in the analysis. Furthermore, the gravity models for total virtual water flows are disaggregated into intermediate and consumer goods, providing further insights.

Biochar-mediated Cd accumulation in rice grains through altering chemical forms, subcellular distribution, and physiological characteristics

Biochar can change the availability and morphology of soil Cd. However, the influence of biochar on Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in rice is poorly understood, particularly under different irrigation methods. A pot experiment of biochar application combined with two irrigation methods (continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation, CF and II) was conducted. The Cd accumulation, chemical form and subcellular fraction in rice organs and the associated physiological responses were examined. Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd (30.85–47.26% and 32.35–52.35%) under CF and II but increased the Cd content (30.4–63.88% and 13.03–18.59%) in brown rice. Additionally, the Cd content in shoots/grains under II was higher than that under CF. Biochar elevated the Cd soluble fraction in roots while lowered the cell wall fraction under both irrigation methods, whereas the opposite result was observed in leaves. Biochar increased water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in roots meanwhile increased ethanol-extractable Cd in leaves under both irrigation methods. Moreover, the total amount of water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in rice roots was higher under II than under CF. Related hormones and antioxidant enzymes may also be involved in biochar-mediated Cd accumulation in rice grains. Thus, changes in Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in the root and leaf are the main mechanisms of biochar-induced rice grains Cd accumulation.Graphical

The impact of Japanese knotweed on river discharge at the watershed scale in New Jersey, USA

AbstractRecently, New Jersey has experienced several droughts and declared several critical water shortage areas, spurring interest in reducing freshwater resource depletion. Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is an invasive plant species that may have a significant effect on stream water loss. In order to assess the impact of this species on river‐level water flow, we estimated total knotweed distribution along two tributaries of the Passaic River in New Jersey, USA using a combination of field measurements and GIS to calculate total daily water loss to the atmosphere from three stands of knotweed along these rivers. We measured total leaf area of each stand and transpiration rates across each stand from sun‐up to sun‐down. The average water loss was 8.5 L wate/day/m2 of ground area covered in knotweed. Knowing the total distribution of knotweed along each river, the amount of river length covered by knotweed stands and the total water lost to the atmosphere per amount of knotweed along each river we were able to estimate the total amount of water transpired to the atmosphere by knotweed per river on a daily basis during its growing season. These results were compared to summer low flow rates to assess the impact on river flow during the growing season for Japanese knotweed. Our results suggest that knotweed along these rivers is reducing total flow by an average of 8% (approximately 800,000–1,400,000 L/day) during the summer months. This is important as the impact of invasive species on water resources in temperate areas is currently under‐studied in ecohydrology.

Springs Water Quality Assessment for Drinking Purposes: A Case Study of Bsaira, Jordan

Water scarcity is one of the biggest challenges to Jordan. Jordan is considered one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of freshwater availability. The protection of freshwater springs from pollution is among the possible solutions that can help in mitigating the water scarcity problem. In this study, the quality and quantity of water flowing from three springs namely Um Sarab, Dana, and Gharandl within Bsaira area that is located in Tafilah governorate in Jordan were evaluated as potential drinking water sources. During the spring period (March to June 2021), several water samples from the springs were collected and tested for biological, physical, and chemical parameters. Spring water samples were tested for (Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Zn, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), pH, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total solids, total coliforms, and E-coli. Results indicated that all the physical and chemical parameters of water in the three springs are within the acceptable standard limits according to Jordanian standards for drinking water. However, the biological parameters (i.e. total coliforms and E-coli) exceeded the permissible limits, and this is more significant in Gharandl spring. The field investigation of the study area showed that the main sources of pollution are the presence of many septic tanks and agricultural activities in the surrounding areas of the springs. Therefore, applying Jordanian regulations for the protection of groundwater resources can significantly improve the quality of water in these springs. The total quantity of water from these springs exceeds 1300 m3/day which is considered a significant source of drinking water after local treatment and disinfection.

Impact of biochar amendments on soil water and plant uptake dynamics under different cropping systems

AbstractApplication of biochar amendments in agricultural systems has received much attention in recent years. In this study, we assess the 5‐year impacts of biochar application on soil water and plant interactions for an irrigated fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and a rainfed pasture (Poaceae) cropping system. In particular, we focus on three varieties of locally produced biochar from agricultural waste materials—almond shell, walnut shell, and almond pruning residues that are pyrolyzed using a mobile pyrolysis unit. We used the soil hydrological model HYDRUS‐1D to explicitly track seasonal and annual soil water fluxes through changes in water retention, drainage, evaporation, and plant water uptake under biochar application. Modeling results show that the application of biochar at 5% increased soil water availability within the top 20 cm for a rainfed system, irrespective of biochar amendment type. This is clearly indicative of higher plant water uptake and greater water use efficiency (WUE) under biochar application. In contrast, a similar biochar amendment for the irrigated system did not affect WUE, instead reducing seasonal soil evaporation loss and thereby reducing irrigation demand. In both cropping systems, year‐to‐year variability in precipitation significantly impacted the total amount of water saved under biochar application with certain amendments retaining more water than others. Given that biochar application increased water retention irrespective of cropping systems, we further used a simple approach to determine yield trade‐off, if any, between control and biochar treatments. Our economic balance clearly demonstrates that the water saved by amending soil with biochar does not offset the yield disparity if compensated with carbon credits and therefore, application of biochar should be actively considered for both its direct and indirect benefits to potential greenhouse gas mitigation (e.g., diverting orchard waste from open burning), water savings, and soil health.

Runoff required to drive postimpact gully development on the walls of Meteor Crater (Arizona, USA)

Since the impact ∼50,000 yr ago, surface runoff has entrained and transported sediment from the walls to the floor of Meteor Crater (Arizona, USA). Previous work interpreted this erosion and deposition to be due to predominantly fluvial (i.e., dilute water transport) processes. However, light detection and ranging (LiDAR)−derived topographic data and field observations indicate that debris flows dominated, which were likely generated by runoff that entrained the talus that borders bedrock cliffs high on the crater walls. The low gradient of the crater floor caused debris flows to stop, leaving lobate deposits, while fluvial processes delivered sediment toward the center of the crater. Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of levee deposits suggests that debris-flow activity ceased in the late Pleistocene, synchronous with regional drying. Assuming a rock-to-water ratio of 0.3 at the time of transport by mass flows, it would have taken ∼2 × 106 m3 of water to transport the estimated ∼6.8 × 106 m3 of debris-flow deposits found at the surface of the crater floor. This extensive erosion would require ∼6 m of total runoff over the 0.35 km2 upslope source area of the crater, or ∼18 mm of runoff per debris-flow event. Much more runoff did occur, as evidenced by crater lake deposits, Holocene fluvial activity (which produced little erosion), and contemporary rainfall rates. Rarely on Earth is the total amount of water that creates and runs through a landscape estimated, yet such calculations are commonly done on Mars. Our analysis suggests that erosional and depositional landforms may record only a small fraction of the total runoff.

Improving Wheat Yield and Water-Use Efficiency by Optimizing Irrigations in Northern China

Achieving the goal of increasing both crop yield and water-use efficiency with a better irrigation regime is a major challenge in semi-arid areas. In this study, we presented a two-season field experiment (October 2018–June 2019 and October 2019–June 2020) that considered drought stresses, i.e., no irrigation (W0), irrigated in jointing (W1), both in jointing and flowering (W2) after re-greening, and wheat varieties (S086; J22). The results showed that a 45.5% excess of irrigation water input did not promote wheat yield (W1 vs. W2). S086 was beneficial for the usage of soil water consumption under a low amount of irrigation water in both seasons. In addition, irrigation positively affected the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in flag leaves (p &lt; 0.05). A decrease in irrigation helped to increase the concentrations of soluble sugar and proline and decrease the amount of malondialdehyde content for S086. For the water- and irrigation-water-use efficiency, W1 was significantly increased by 20.6–21.7% and 38.3–39.3% in 2018–2019 and 23.4–24.4% and 43.8–44.7% in 2019–2020, respectively, as compared to W2. Additionally, a higher yield for S086 than J22 was found under deficit irrigation. Consequently, our study suggested that the S086 variety combined with a total amount of irrigation water of 165 mm might be recommended to meet the win–win goal of high crop yields and water-use efficiency for reducing ground water depletion in the future.

Analysis of Infiltration in Various Land Use in The Alo River Sub-Region

In the Alo sub-watershed, the study compares the rates of various types of land use. The Alo sub-watershed is 7,959.98 areas in total. Measurement of infiltration rates for various land uses in the Alo sub-watershed and analysis of differences in infiltration rates for various land uses in the Alo sub-watershed are the problems at hand in this study. The Horton method was used in this study's infiltration measurements. This approach uses a model of time-dependent empirical equations. It is known that multiple infiltration categories exist for plantations, villages, vacant land, bushes, and woods in the infiltration rate class for the kind and usage of dry land used in this study's Alo sub-watershed. It has classes for Fast, Moderate, and Moderate infiltration rates. For the type of land use and paddy field, the infiltration rate falls into the category of being fairly slow. This is due to the high water content of paddy fields, which makes the infiltration process take a while to complete. As a result, the infiltration rate in the Alo sub-watershed, Tibawa District, Gorontalo Regency, and Gorontalo Province reveals that the medium class dominates in the Alo sub-watershed. The cumulative infiltration rate or total amount of infiltrated water is 123,899 mm/hour at point 14 types of vacant land, and 8,476 mm/hour at point 16, which is the smallest cumulative value. The infiltration rate class in the Alo sub-watershed, Tibawa District, Gorontalo Regency, and Gorontalo Province reveals that the Medium Class dominates the sub-watershed.

Water Harvesting at the Single-Crystal Level.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a class of porous materials with facile uptake and release of water, turning them into excellent substrates for real-world atmospheric water harvesting applications. The performance of different MOF systems was experimentally characterized at the bulk level by assessing the total amount of water taken up and the release kinetics, leaving the question behind of what the upper limit of the pristine materials actually is. Moreover, recent devices rely on fluidized bed reactors that exploit the harvesting capacities of MOFs at the single-crystal (SC) level. In this publication, we present a novel methodology based on Raman spectroscopy, for acquiring water adsorption isotherms and kinetic curves with a sub-micrometer resolution that provides valuable insights into the material behavior probing the pristine MOF at the SC level. We investigated isolated MOF-801 particles in situ and could dissect contributions of intra- and inter-particle effects on the water harvesting performance of MOF-801 via adsorption-desorption isotherms and kinetic curves. Using spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, we found an almost 20-fold faster uptake for the undisturbed crystalline material. Correlative imaging based on four-wave mixing and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering further localized the uptaken water inside MOF-801 and identified inter-particle condensation as the main source for the discrepancies between the performance at the bulk and SC level. Our studies determined an upper limit of around 91.9 L/kgMOF/day for MOF-801.

Water consumption by rinse-off cosmetic products: The case of the shower.

This article measures and discusses the effects of different shower gels on the consumption of water used during a shower. A sensory panel was created for quantifying water consumption associated with the use of shower gels. Fifteen French panellists were recruited (age: 59 ± 7, height: 163 cm ± 9 and weight: 68 kg ± 20) and trained to assess rinsed skin in a standardized way. Effective panellists were then asked to assess 25 shower gels covering the variety of existing products on the market. Results showed that the average volume was 4.77 L for heating the water and wetting the body and 4.15 L for rinsing the shower gel off the full body. We observed a significant shower gel effect (p < 0.0001) with the water volume needed to rinse the 25 shower gels ranging 3.21 L to 5.65 L. This paper demonstrates the impact of shower gel formulation on water consumption during a shower. It thus demonstrates the importance of formulating shower gels to reduce the total amount of water needed to shower. It also introduces the distinction between 'useful water' which refers strictly to the volume of water objectively needed to rinse off a product and the 'used water' which refers to the total shower volume of water. This distinction helps to better strategize actions in order to reduce water consumption from rinse-off cosmetic products used during showers.