Total Amount Of Water Research Articles

Quantification of Water–Ion Pair Interactions in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Method

Water existing within thin polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films has significant influence on their physical, chemical, and thermal properties, having implications for applications including energy storage, smart coatings, and biomedical systems. Ionic strength, salt type, and terminating layer are known to influence PEM swelling. However, knowledge of water’s microenvironment within a PEM, whether that water is affiliated with intrinsic or extrinsic ion pairs, remains lacking. Here, we examine the influence of both assembly and post-assembly conditions on the water–ion pair interactions of poly(styrene sulfonate)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PSS/PDADMA) PEMs in NaCl and KBr. This is accomplished by developing a methodology in which quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring is applied to estimate the number of water molecules affiliated with an ion pair (i), as well as the hydration coefficient, πsaltH2O. PSS/PDADMA PEMs are assembled in varying ionic strengths of either NaCl and KBr and then exposed post-assembly to increasing ionic strengths of matching salt type. A linear relationship between the total amount of water per intrinsic ion pair and the post-assembly salt concentration was obtained at post-assembly salt concentrations >0.5 M, yielding estimates for both i and πsaltH2O. We observe higher values of i and πsaltH2O in KBr-assembled PEMs due to KBr being more effective in doping the assembly because of KBr’s more chaotropic nature as compared to NaCl. Lastly, when PSS is the terminating layer, i decreases in value due to PSS’s hydrophobic nature. Classical and ab initio molecular dynamics provide a microstructural view as to how NaCl and KBr interact with individual polyelectrolytes and the involved water shells. Put together, this study provides further insight into the understanding of existing water microenvironments in PEMs and the effects of both assembly and post-assembly conditions.

Dynamic simulation of the energy consumption and carbon emissions for domestic hot water production in a touristic region

At a buildings’ level, domestic hot water consumption is amongst the most relevant examples of the water-energy nexus. As such, understanding its drivers and forecasting domestic hot water and associated energy consumption are of paramount importance for decision making from the individual household level to a national, or even international, sustainability policy level. However, detailed end-use measurements of either energy or water are seldom available and large scale (city, region or country) estimates are often done based on annual average values. The present research effort aims at large scale estimation of the energy use and carbon emissions due to domestic hot water consumption in two, predominantly residential, locations in a touristic region in Portugal. A novel dynamic modelling approach is proposed and used, which accounts for the variability of: i) the cold water temperature based on measured data; ii) the total amount of water consumed based on measured data; and iii) the fraction of the water consumed as domestic hot water corrected by the air temperature. The results are compared with alternative modelling approaches of the same degree of complexity, revealing differences ranging between −18% and +11% in both net energy required to produce the domestic hot water and the corresponding carbon emissions. Differences in the results are found to exist not only due to the modelling approach, but also between the locations, highlighting the importance of both the simulation approach and the particularities of the context being captured.

Review on status of groundwater database and application prospect in deep-time digital earth plan

Groundwater is an important water resource. The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water. The information in the deep groundwater records the material exchange and dynamics in the earth’s evolution, which is an important aspect of the Deep-Time Digital Earth (DDE) plan. In recent years, scientists have discussed the distribution of transboundary aquifers and the environmental significance of groundwater resources through groundwater databases established by international organizations, such as the Global Groundwater Information System and the chronicles consortium, and national institutes, such as national geological surveys. The application of the groundwater database in the DDE plan, however, has been limited by the management, interactivity, and monitoring method of the groundwater data. The ability to further integrate data that are private and scattered across research institutions and individuals, while establishing an open, unified, and shared groundwater data platform, is essential to enhance our understanding of groundwater, ranging from shallow to deep water, which is a goal of the DDE plan. In this study, we introduced the current situation of groundwater database operations in domestic and international research and provided frontier research with groundwater big data. Considering the related objectives of the DDE plan and the limitations of existing groundwater databases, we proposed an improvement plan and new prospects for applying groundwater databases in the research of the deep earth.

Modeling the effects of topography and slope gradient of an artificially formed slope on runoff, sediment yield, water and soil loss of sandy soil

Due to frequent severe mining activities and globally destructive extreme storms, soil and water loss in open-pit coal mine dumps is extremely serious. To investigate the effect of topography on soil erosion, rainfall with a constant intensity of 1.50 mm·min−1 was conducted on topography models for 60 min. We investigated the effects of 4 topographies (straight slope, concave slope, S-shaped slope and anti-S-shaped slope) and 4 slope gradients (20°, 25°, 30° and 35°) on runoff, sediment yield, and soil and water loss. The results show that the 25° slope gradient was not conducive to infiltration, but the S-shaped slope was favorable. The runoff and sediment yield increased rapidly, then fluctuated upward in a certain range and eventually stabilized with increasing rainfall duration. With increasing slope gradient, the total runoff decreased exponentially, the total sediment yield decreased linearly, and the total amount of water and soil loss declined continuously. The initial runoff time results exhibited the order of anti-S-shaped slope > straight slope > concave slope > S-shaped slope, but the stable runoff size satisfied the S-shaped slope > straight slope > concave slope > anti-S-shaped slope. The results of the significant degree of influence of topography on sediment yield and water and soil loss exhibited the order of anti-S-shaped slope > S-shaped slope > straight slope > concave slope and S-shaped slope > straight slope > concave slope and anti-S-shaped slope. The effect of slope gradient on soil humidity and runoff was more significant than that on topography and their interaction (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, for sediment yield and water and soil loss, topography had the greatest influence (p < 0.001). Notably, the total amount of water and soil loss on the anti-S-shaped slope was relatively minimal.

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition.

Manganese ferrite clusters (MFCs) are spherical assemblies of tens to hundreds of primary nanocrystals whose magnetic properties are valuable in diverse applications. Here we describe how to form these materials in a hydrothermal process that permits the independent control of product cluster size (from 30 to 120 nm) and manganese content of the resulting material. Parameters such as the total amount of water added to the alcoholic reaction media and the ratio of manganese to iron precursor are important factors in achieving multiple types of MFC nanoscale products. A fast purification method uses magnetic separation to recover the materials making production of grams of magnetic nanomaterials quite efficient. We overcome the challenge of magnetic nanomaterial aggregation by applying highly charged sulfonate polymers to the surface of these nanomaterials yielding colloidally stable MFCs that remain non-aggregating even in highly saline environments. These non-aggregating, uniform, and tunable materials are excellent prospective materials for biomedical and environmental applications.

The Tariff Structure in the Tagus-Segura Water Transfer

The Tagus-Segura water transfer has generated significant value in the region that receives its water resources. Despite this value, some agents seek the cancellation of this important infrastructure, arguing economic, environmental, social, and political problems. With the aim of providing information on the efficiency of the Tagus-Segura aqueduct as a water resource management measure, especially in terms of the importance of water and the tariffs paid by the users of the aqueduct, this paper presents valuable information to analyse how to improve the functioning of the infrastructure. Thus, the southeast of Spain obtains a high return on the water received from the water transfer while covering all the financial costs derived from it. However, in 2017 a modification was introduced in the tariff that forced water users to cover the construction and fixed costs of the infrastructure as if the total amount of water agreed upon had been received, when in reality a lower amount had been received. This problem was not solved by the proposed tariffs for 2021, and it is therefore essential for the efficient operation of water transfer to modify these tariffs so that they are fair and reduce existing problems, thus avoiding the cancellation of an infrastructure that has not yet been amortised and which provides many benefits to the receiving region.

Rice yield, water productivity, and nitrogen use efficiency responses to nitrogen management strategies under supplementary irrigation for rain-fed rice cultivation

Rainfall-adapted irrigation (RAI) or supplementary irrigation for rain-fed rice cultivation consumes less amount of irrigation water by harvesting rainfall and thus is vital for sustainable rice (Oryza sativa L.) production in multi-rain areas, including the Jianghan Plain in China. However, nitrogen management strategies influence rice growth and water and nitrogen utilization under RAI remains unclear. Thus, we conducted a two-year (2016 and 2017) field experiment at Jingzhou City, central China to investigate the effects of nitrogen management strategies on grain yield, crop water productivity (CWP), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice under conventional flooding irrigation (CF) and RAI. The nitrogen management strategies included local farmers’ nitrogen fertilization (CN), common urea (30% nitrogen) blended with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer (70% nitrogen) (U+CRF), and optimized nitrogen fertilization (ON), at a nitrogen rate of 180, 180, and 150 kg ha−1, respectively. Compared to the CF condition, RAI down-regulated the numbers of irrigation (−3 in 2016 and −4 in 2017) and reduced the total amount of irrigation water (−41.6% in 2016 and −45.6% in 2017), suggesting that rainfall-adapted irrigation enhanced the rainwater storage capacity and usage. RAI also increased root length, root and shoot biomass, net photosynthetic rate, crop growth rate, nitrogen accumulation, percentage of productive tillers, harvest index, and nitrogen harvest index. The U+CRF and ON increased or maintained these parameters compared with the CN. Compared to the traditional irrigation and nitrogen fertilization pattern (CF interacted with CN), RAI combined with U+CRF or ON enhanced root length and root biomass, and had a relatively high spikelets number per panicle, grains filled percentage, and 1000-grain weight, and thus produced a high grain yield. Moreover, the new treatment reduced amount of irrigation water and improved utilization of nitrogen fertilizer, resulting in a greater CWP and NUE. The enhanced grain yield, CWP, and NUE were associated with the increased root biomass and root length. Therefore, rainfall-adapted irrigation combined with the new nitrogen management (U+CRF or ON) can synergistically increase grain yield and resource use efficiency by improving root growth in rice.

Response of Lactuva Sativa Var. Crispa to deficit irrigation and leonardite treatments

In this study, effects of deficit irrigations and leonardite treatments on water use efficiency (WUE), water consumption and agricultural productivity of Lactuva Sativa Var. Crispa were examined in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. Experimental treatments included: L0: (Control), L5: (5% leonardite + 95% soil), L10: (10% leonardite + 90% soil) and L20: (20% leonardite + 80% soil) with I100 (full irrigation, control) and I80 and I60 (deficit irrigation). Plant water depletions were determined by weighing the pots. The highest total amount of irrigation water (9.74 × 10−3 m3/pots) was observed in L0I100 control treatment and the lowest value (5.52 × 10−3 m3/pots) was obtained from L20I60 treatment. The highest WUE (41.63 kg/m3) was obtained from L10I80 treatment. The greatest yield (139 g), plant length (20.14 cm) and number of leaves per plant (28) were respectively obtained from L0I100 treatments. The greatest plant diameter (37.05 cm) was obtained from L10I100 treatment. Present findings revealed that L0I100 treatments were prominent for yield and L10I80 treatments for WUE and plant nutrient uptake. Lactuva Sativa Var. Crispa exhibited a strong dependence on water; yield and growth parameters were adversely influenced from I60 deficit irrigation treatments. Additionally, plant water consumptions decreased with Leonardite treatments.

Effects of Air Pollutants on Summer Precipitation in Different Regions of Beijing

Many studies have shown that air pollutants have complex impacts on urban precipitation. Meteorological weather station and satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) product data from the last 20 years, combined with simulation results from the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), this paper focuses on the effects of air pollutants on summer precipitation in different regions of Beijing. These results showed that air pollution intensity during the summer affected the precipitation contribution rate (PCR) of plains and mountainous regions in the Beijing area, especially in the plains. Over the past 20 years, plains PCR increased by ~10% when the AOD augmented by 0.15, whereas it decreased with lower pollution levels. In contrast, PCR in mountainous areas decreased with higher pollution levels and increased with lower pollution levels. Our analysis from model results indicated that aerosol increases reduce the effective particle size of cloud droplets and raindrops. Smaller cloud raindrops more readily transport to high air layers and participate in the generation of ice-phase substances in the clouds, increasing the total amount of cloud water in the air in a certain time, which ultimately enhanced precipitation intensity on the plains. The removal of pollutants caused by increased precipitation in the plains decreased rainfall levels in mountainous areas.

Identification of peanut storage period based on hyperspectral imaging technology

Peanut storage time affected the quality of peanut seed sowing and germination and also affected the taste of edible peanuts. With the increase of peanut storage time, the total amount of water and amino acids decreased, and peanuts appeared moldy. The artificial judgment of peanut storage time mostly relied on visual classification to evaluate the color, which leads to large differences in color classifications between observers. This research was conducted to determine the fresh state of peanuts during storage based on the hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology, and to identify the storage time of peanuts through hyperspectral images (387~1035 nm). Three models, two preprocessing methods, and two feature band extraction methods were combined. The experimental results shows that the DT-MF-Catboost model was the best method to detect the storage time of peanuts, and its accuracy of identifying the storage time of peanuts was 97.53%. Studies have shown that HSI has great potential in classifying the freshness and identification of peanuts, and provides a basis for non-destructive testing classification as well as grading of peanuts during storage.

Динамика компонентного состава тела детей с ожирением на фоне гипокалорийной диеты в условиях стационара

Objective. To study the dynamics of body composition parameters in obese children against the background of hypocaloric diet in inpatient settings. Patients and methods. This study enrolled 89 children aged 5 to 17 (13 [12; 15]) years, of whom 44% were boys. The inpatient treatment program for obesity included a low-fat and low-carbohydrate diet with an energy value of 1668 kcal/day and therapeutic exercise. To assess the effectiveness of treatment, the clinical and anthropometric examination and body composition evaluation by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using the InBody 770 stationary analyzer (Biospace Co. Ltd., Korea) were performed at the beginning and at the end of inpatient treatment. Body fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), the amount of total body water, extracellular and intracellular fluid, protein, minerals, and the phase angle were determined. Results. At the beginning of the study, all children were found to have excess FM, and 47 (58%) had an increase in FFM due to muscle mass and intracellular fluid. By the end of treatment, there was a decrease in body weight, body mass index (BMI), BMI SDS, waist and hip circumference (p &lt; 0.001) in all children. The amount of body fat decreased by 4.15% [2,6; 6,7]. Most children showed a statistically significant decrease in all FFM components by 2.4-2.7%. Protein loss during hospitalization was 0.3 kg [0.1; 0.4], mineral loss was 0.07 kg [0.01; 0.14]. The phase angle value at the beginning of the study was 5.5 [5.1; 6.1], at the end of the study – 5.4 [5.1; 5.9], p = 0.07. Conclusion. As a result of short-term adherence to the hypocaloric diet in inpatient settings, all children with obesity demonstrated a decrease in both FM and FFM against the background of a statistically significant decrease in BMI SDS. A comprehensive approach to treatment, combining the recommended calorie intake with the amount of protein according to the age group and structured physical activity, is necessary to preserve FFM in order to maintain resting energy expenditure. Body composition monitoring is required during the treatment of obesity. Key words: obesity, children, treatment, hypocaloric diet, fat-free mass, fat mass, body composition

Numerical simulation on effect of irrigation conditions on water temperature distribution in a paddy field

Water management methods regulate water temperature in paddy fields, which affects rice growth and the environment. To understand the effect of irrigation conditions on water temperature in a paddy field, water temperature distribution under 42 different irrigation models including the use of ICT water management, which enables remote and automatic irrigation, was simulated using a physical model of heat balance. The following results were obtained: (1) Irrigation water temperature had a more significant effect on paddy water temperature close to the inlet. As the distance from the inlet increased, the water temperature converged to an equilibrium, which was determined by meteorological conditions and changes in water depth. (2) Increasing the irrigation rate with higher irrigation water amount increased the extent and magnitude of the effects of the irrigation water temperature. (3) When total irrigation water amount was the same, increasing the irrigation rate decreased the time-averaged temperature gradient effect over time across the paddy field. (4) Irrigation during the lowest and highest paddy water temperatures effectively decreased and increased the equilibrium water temperature, respectively. The results indicate that irrigation management can be used to alter and control water temperature in paddy fields, and showed the potential of ICT water management in enhancing the effect of water management in paddy fields. Our results demonstrated that a numerical simulation using a physical model for water temperature distribution is useful for revealing effective water management techniques under various irrigation methods and meteorological conditions.

Analysis of tilt angle variation in solar photovoltaic water pumping system

The paper considers the optimum tilt angle and orientation for the maximum utilization of the solar energy to collect more solar radiation for water pumping application in remote area. The module of tilt angle should be varied from 0° to 45° due to the single-axis tracking system. This paper deals with the effect of tilt angle variation in solar-water pumping system technologies. For this purpose four different tilt angles 8°, 15°, 30°, and 45° have been considered. The total amount of water to be extracted to the fixed tilt angle depends upon the latitude of the site and compared to different tilt angles which are suitable for the better performance of solar PV water pumping system. The performance analyzing models are designed using PVsyst simulation software. A comparative analysis is performed for different tilt angles with respect to solar yield, performance ratio, and energy losses to fulfill the irrigation system and domestic water demand. The software simulation indicated that the 30° orientation of PV panel provided maximum solar radiation and gives better performance.

The design and applications of an innovative irrigation system for biofacades in hot arid climates

Assessment of water requirements through physical sustainable means is essential to ensuring water security, which is at high risk in desert climates such as Doha, Qatar. The water requirements of biofacade systems are met using a sub-irrigation system (SIS), whereby water is delivered to the plant root zone from below the soil surface. This paper focuses on the assessment of the watering technique, in view of its crucial role in the survival of the biofacades system and its plants. The research aims to analyse the biofacades on Qatar University's campus in terms of improvements or enhancements in the customised irrigation system aimed at minimising the consumption of water, reduce evaporation, propagate healthy growth of plants, and maintain constant, self-managed access to water. The analysis is based on monthly data summaries and the monitored data for four green walls, measuring the number of times a wall is watered, the soil condition (moisture level) of the plants, and the total amount of water consumed. The study concludes by ensuring sustainability in terms of reduced water consumption to attain the required moisture level and orientation of the walls with respect to sun, wind, and plant selection, offering recommendations for adapting biofacades design for hot arid climates.

A MILP approach for detailed pipeline scheduling and storage management problem in the phosphate industry

Short-term detailed multiproduct pipeline scheduling is a complex problem with many industry-specific constraints. We are interested in solving an operational scheduling problem of a straight pipeline in the phosphate industry. In this article, we propose a mixed-integer linear programming model (MILP) with a discrete-time formulation to provide a detailed scheduling solution for a storage-sensitive problem. The objective is to determine the charging and discharging schedule of the slurry pipeline, to satisfy products demand while respecting all pipeline and storage constraints. The model was tested on different instances, proving to be able to minimize products sold-outs and the total water quantity scheduled.

Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertigation Schedules on Plant Growth Parameters and Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Sunflower

A field experiment was conducted at Water Technology Centre, College farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with sunflower (variety DRSH-1) during rabi 2017-18 in a randomized block design with three replications and the treatments were nine with combinations of N (75 kg ha-1) and K (30 kg ha-1) fertilizers applied by fertigation through ventury at different intervals viz., 3 days and 4 days. Drip irrigation was scheduled once in 2 days at 0.8 E pan. Fertigation was imposed at 16 DAS to 88 DAS and completed in 19 and 10 splits in 4 and 8 days interval respectively. The source of N and K fertilizers was urea and potassium sulphate respectively. The soil was sandy clay loam in texture, alkaline in reaction, non saline, low in available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium. The amount of total irrigation water applied was 3188 m3 and 4666 m3 in drip irrigation and furrow irrigation treatments, respectively. The N and K fertigation (75-30 kg N-K2O ha-1) at 4 days interval has recorded relatively higher plant growth parameters like number of leaves plant-1 (25.5), plant height (208 cm), SPAD Chlorophyll Meter Reading (55.7), leaf area index (3.5) and dry matter (158.1 g m-2) which were on par with N and K at 8 days interval.&#x0D; Higher N-FUE (12.8 kg seed yield / nutrient applied) and K-FUE (25.6 kg seed yield / kg nutrient applied) was recorded in application of N+K at 4 days interval.

DEPENDENCE OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF MUDSTONE-LIKE CLAYS FROM THE AMOUNT OF UNFROZEN WATER

The article presents a methodology for studying of the strength properties of frozen soils using a modernized automated testing complex (AIC "ASIS") produced by NPP "Geotek" LLC (Penza, Russia) and determining the dependence of the amount of unfrozen water in the soil on the temperature using an adiabatic calorimeter. On the samples of mudstone-like clay, it was found that the conditionally instantaneous strength of frozen soils depends non-linearly on the temperature and salt presence in pore solution. The dependences of the conditional instantaneous strength of mudstone – like clay samples on the amount of unfrozen water in these samples are studied. It is established that the strength properties of clay soils at negative temperatures are mainly determined by the total amount of unfrozen water. The genesis of unfrozen water (temperature or the combined effect of temperature and salt concentration in the pore solution) does not matter.

VARIABILITY AND HERITAGE OF MORPHOPHYSOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS IN BIOLOGICAL PLANTS IN THE PROCESS OF SELECTION OF SUNBULL PLANTS

The total water content, dominance and flexibility coefficients in the leaves of F1- F2- F3 plants of hybrid combinations obtained from simple and complex hybridization to create a water-resistant selection material of sunflower from oilseeds were studied. This study showed that this trait is inherited differently in simple and complex F1, F2 and F3 hybrids under different water regime conditions, with F2 hybrid combinations varying depending on the dominance coefficients and water supply conditions in hp as well as the composition of the parent forms of hybrids. The plants showed that the total amount of water in the leaves depends not only on the conditions of water supply but also on the genotypic composition KEYWORDS: Sunflower, morphophysiological, heredity, hybrid, drought tolerance, yield, seed core, ripening, cohesion, variability, hybridological analysis.

ESTIMATING THE AMOUNT OF THE WASTED WATER DUE TO FAULTY ACTIVITIES IN SOME AREAS IN DHI QAR/ SOUTHERN IRAQ

Because of the poor water situation in Iraq in general and the southern governorates in particular requires prior consideration to find appropriate solutions. In this study، the researchers sought to estimate the amount of waste water in irrational and irrational ways in five vital areas within Thi-Qargovernorate, which are Qalat Suker, Al-Rifai, Al-Shatrah, Sug Al-Shuyukh and Al-Fuhud cities using the questionnaire distributed to citizens. The total amount of water wasted per month in these five areas due to the unemployed faucets is 1752660 liters. Because of the leakage of the water reservoirs without a roving، it is 901906480 liters، because washing the cars with the water hose is 952632 liters and keeping the faucets open during the cleaning of the teeth is 288845180 liters. Khartoum is 23163505 liters. The researchers concluded that very large quantities of drinking water are wasted daily due to erroneous activities by the population in the study areas where 1216620475 (one billion two hundred and sixteen million six hundred and twenty five hundred) liters per month are lost. Given that the average person in developing countries may need about 80 liters per day for all his needs، these amounts would have been wasted if it was used to provide 510000 citizens a day with drinking water

Pressure-induced crystallization and densification of amorphized calcium carbonate hexahydrate controlled by interfacial water

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is widely known as a metastable precursor in the formation of crystalline calcium carbonate biominerals. However, the exact role of water during the crystallization of ACC remains elusive. Here, a novel ACC with high specific surface area and nanopores is synthesized by solvent-induced dehydration and amorphization of crystalline calcium carbonate hexahydrate (ikaite), denoted as I-ACC. Comparing I-ACC and typical spherical ACC (S-ACC) nanoparticles, it reveals that the crystallization pathways of ACC under heating or pressure are not dictated by the total amount of water in ACC as reported, but rather the interfacial water that is released from ACC bulk and adsorbed on the surface of the particles. We show that the crystallization pathways of I-ACC to calcite single crystal with high specific surface area or vaterite can be easily controlled by tuning the release of water during heating. In addition, densely packed pure vaterite can be obtained via pressured-induced transformation of I-ACC at room temperature, which is otherwise difficult to form using S-ACC. These insights contribute to the understanding of the biological control of mineral formation via amorphous precursors and offer new opportunities to bioprocess inspired fabrication of strong bulk material at room temperature.