Total Amount Of Energy Research Articles

Energy Management System in the Vehicles using Three Level Neuro Fuzzy Logic

This paper has proposed a hybrid electric vehicle that uses intelligent energy management strategy to decrease the energy consumption of the vehicle. Here, the total energy consumption of the vehicle is initially modelled and further investigated to reduce the amount of energy used to be identified as a sum of electrical energy provided by consumed fuels and on-board batteries. In particular, an intelligent controller is proposed in this work to execute its ability to decrease the total amount of energy consumed and improve the energy efficiency of the vehicle. A fuzzy system is utilized in an account supervisory controller to decide the appropriate mode of operation for the system. The part of the proposed work involves development of optimal control strategies by using neuro-fuzzy logic. In order to obtain optimal performance, the controllers are used to regulate vehicle subsystems and set points. The biggest advantage of this work is the reduction in energy consumption and their ability to execute the operation online. Simulink/MATLAB is used to simulate and validate the performance of the proposed work under various conditions and under several dataset values.

A novel fatigue life prediction methodology based on energy dissipation in viscoelastic materials

This paper introduces a new fatigue life prediction methodology for viscoelastic materials in the tension–tension fatigue loading region. The model was established based on the total amount of energy dissipated during fatigue loading, and offers two main advantages with respect to existing models in the literature, i.e. it considers the creep effect on fatigue behavior and requires less input data. The model was applied to three different materials - an angle-ply glass/epoxy fiber-reinforced polymer composite, a cross-ply glass/epoxy fiber-reinforced polymer composite, and an epoxy adhesive - to cover a wide range of structural viscoelastic materials used in the industry. It was observed that the model predicted the fatigue life of the studied materials well at different stress ratios including those close to 1.0 where the creep effect was considerable. The model was used to plot constant life diagrams (CLDs) by considering the cyclic-creep interaction to counter the lack of accuracy of existing models at high stress ratios. A new definition for the cyclic-creep interaction was also proposed, which suggests that the participation of the creep and cyclic parts in the cyclic-creep interaction is equal to the total amount of energy dissipated by each. Accordingly, the proposed model was employed to simulate cyclic-creep interaction and determine the cyclic- and creep-dominated regions in CLDs.

Клинические результаты лечения открытоугольной глаукомы микроимпульсной транссклеральной циклофотокоагуляцией

Purpose. To evaluate treatment efficiency of open-angle glaucoma with micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, to determine the optimal total energy of laser exposure and to assess the stability of the glaucoma process after treatment. Material and methods. A prospective study was carried out. It included 34 (21 patients) with primary open-angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma of stages 1-3, which undergone micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. The patients were divided into subgroups 1 and 2, depending on the total amount of laser energy (100 J and 150 J, respectively). At different periods of observation, the intraocular pressure, best corrected visual acuity, visual fields, cup-to-disc ratio and the number of antiglaucoma drugs were determined. Results. In the general group, all operated patients achieved a decrease in IOP to a tolerant level, from a median value of 27 [25; 28] in the preoperative period, up to 17.5 [15; 20] at the end of the observation period. The number of used drugs decreased statistically significantly, from 3.0 [3.0; 3.0] to 2.0 [1.0; 2.0]. There was a statistically significant increase in the mean deviation of the retinal photosensitivity, from –4.85 [–8.25; –2.17] to –4.36 [–7.06; –2.37] after 18 months. Indicators of best corrected visual acuity and CDR remained stable throughout the observation period. In subgroup 2 (150J), a statistically more significant decrease in IOP level (p=0.033) and the number of used drugs (p=0.001) was achieved compared with subgroup 1 (100J). Conclusion. Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is an effective and safe method of treating open-angle glaucoma in patients with early stages of the disease and high values of best corrected visual acuity. Using a total amount of energy in 150J contributes to a more pronounced decrease in IOP and a decrease in the number of applied drugs than an energy in 100J. Key words: open-angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, micropulse cyclophotocoagulation.

A Review on Building Energy Index (BEI) in Different Green Government Buildings (GGBs) in Malaysia

The Building Energy Index (BEI) is the ratio of total amount of energy consumed by a building in a year over the built area of the building and is measured in kWh/m2/year. As of 2020, Malaysia has a MS 1525:2007 Building Energy Index standard of 135 kWh/m2/year. A lower BEI rating translates to efficient and energy saving environment of a building. Different techniques are being employed in the Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECO) to achieve the recommended standard in Malaysia. Different materials and structural design of low carbon buildings in Malaysia plays a vital role in determining the average BEI rating annually. The Green Energy Office (GEO) building in Bangi which was completed in 2007 has deployed many of its efficient and environmentally friendly technologies to produce a BEI rating of 30 kWh/m2/year, reducing a total of 360 tonnes of carbon emissions a year. The efficiently designed structures of these low carbon buildings utilize many different energy saving techniques like natural lighting, tilting facade, building orientation and insulated concrete roof. This paper identifies and selects green buildings in Malaysia, compares their BEI ratings to understand how they are utilizing Energy Efficient Technologies (EET), innovative concepts and design improvements in reducing carbon footprints to achieve the recommended BEI rating in Malaysia.

Evaluation of cooling setpoint setback savings in commercial buildings using electricity and exterior temperature time series data

Commercial buildings account for a significant amount of total energy produced in the US, and the Heating Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC) systems are one of the most significant components of their overall consumption. In this study, we proposed a new data-driven approach to evaluate HVAC cooling systems in commercial buildings and identify savings opportunities. The focus is an investigation of the impact of thermostat setpoint setback but using only whole building, electricity data taken at 15-min intervals for the analysis. We conducted a comparative study of setpoint setback characteristics on 432 commercial buildings with 5 building usage types across the United States. To accomplish this, both piecewise and Random Forest regression algorithms were employed using electricity and exterior temperature datasets to identify operational characteristics and the effective setpoints in the building to determine the corresponding savings opportunities. Both occupied and unoccupied time periods were studied across cooling degree days (CDD), when air conditioning is typically operational. The results show that in commercial buildings, on average, cooling systems account for 9.5% of total consumption. When a one degree setback during the cooling season is applied, an average of approximately 1.1% of annual consumption is achieved; retail and office buildings demonstrate the highest potential for savings. Additionally, we identified that the number of cooling degree days and base to peak ratio (BPR) are the most important variables for predicting the magnitude of the consumption of cooling systems.

تحسين کفاءة إستهلاک الطاقة فى المبانى السکنية (دراسة حالة الإسکان الإجتماعى بمدينة الفيوم الجديدة)

Energy is the basis of development and a ruler element of economic growth, so securing energy supplies is one of the most pressing issues in the world, in order to protect its national security and secure the needs of future generations. The architect is responsible for designing facilities capable of meeting the needs of its users to provide thermal comfort to accomplish their various activities, Therefore He must take into consideration. A basic aspect to operate the building which is energy saving. The fossil energy on which most buildings operate depend is on its way to depletion and needs many years to be consists they are also polluting the environment, The building sector consumes a very large amount of total energy produced from the world's total energy, especially residential buildings. So that improving energy efficiency in residential buildings through energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy systems in design has become a crucial factor to reduce negative environmental impacts. The main objective of the research is the trend towards environmental conservation and sustainable development by meeting the increasing needs of energy by exploiting environmental resources to produce new clean and renewable energies such as solar and biomass systems that are suitable for new cities, and develop strategies to activate these systems at different levels of design with the application of the principles of sustainable environmental design and bioclimatic architecture where the energy efficiency and rationalization in the building depends on its compatibility with the surrounding climate, and natural ventilation methods which significantly affect the energy consumption of buildings. The research focuses on the new urban communities (the new city of Fayoum) and evaluating the energy efficiency of the existing residential buildings, in addition to test them with energy efficiency assessment programs and presenting models and proposals for environmental and sustainable design to become model cities that are environmentally friendly and energy efficient ,and also represent a design model that can be applied to the future extensions of the city and the rest of the new cities in Egypt which has similar climate.

Effects of Pulse Current Charging on the Aging Performance of Commercial Cylindrical Lithium Ion Batteries

Rapid development of electronic devices, ranging from personal communication devices to electric mobility solutions, has increased demand for energy storage devices not only in the production volume but also in the product functionality. Among many functional requirements including energy capacity, safety, and short recharge time, one of the major limitations is the short charging time while maintaining the designed capacity. However, even with the most updated lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology, it is well known that fast charging with a high current rate would reduce the lifetime of batteries significantly. Recently, among the many approaches to improve the quick charging performance, a pulse current charging method while keeping the total amount of energy has demonstrated a successful fast recharging of LIB without significantly degrading the battery capacity. The essence of the idea is to stop charging in the middle stage to provide a relaxation period instead of continuously charging at a high current rate. In this study, a comparative study between a conventional charging method with 3C current rate (equivalent to 20 min of charging time) and a pulse current charging with 6C current rate (10 min of charging and 10 min of relaxation time) was carried out. While the conventional charging method showed that the capacity was maintained up to about 200 cycles, the pulse current charging method revealed that the capacity was maintained for more than 450 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%.

Lithium-ion battery State-of-Latent-Energy (SoLE): A fresh new look to the problem of energy autonomy prognostics in storage systems

State-of-Charge (SoC) is commonly defined as a ratio between the available charge and the battery capacity. Unfortunately, SoC has been misguidedly interpreted as an indicator of autonomy. Despite its widespread use, this concept has two critical flaws that affect the quality of estimates for energy availability in lithium-ion batteries: (i) SoC is typically computed as a percentage, but the corresponding normalization constant is difficult to compute, and (ii) SoC estimates do not acknowledge the fact that the total amount of energy that can be extracted from the battery depends significantly on the future battery usage profile (i.e., discharge current). To overcome these issues, this article introduces a novel metric for battery energy autonomy: State-of-Latent-Energy (SoLE) [kWh]. Unlike SoC-based approaches, SoLE estimates directly the amount of available useful energy at the battery, without requiring a normalization constant, and thus limiting the uncertainty associated with the estimation problem. The implementation of SoLE estimators requires two major steps: (i) to estimate the amount of energy delivered previously, and (ii) to prognosticate future battery voltage trajectories to infer the End-of-Discharge (EoD) time and calculate the remaining useful energy. Therefore, SoLE not only incorporates information on how the battery was discharged so far, but also a probabilistic characterization of how it may be operated. The proposed SoLE concept is validated using data from actual usage of an electric bike, with promising results.

Thick free‐standing electrode based on carbon–carbon nitride microspheres with large mesopores for high‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur batteries

AbstractThe development of sulfur cathodes with high areal capacity and high energy density is crucial for the practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). LSBs can be built by employing (ultra) high‐loading sulfur cathodes, which have rarely been realized due to massive passivation and shuttling. Herein, microspheres of a carbon–carbon nitride composite (C@CN) with large mesopores are fabricated via molecular cooperative assembly. Using the C@CN‐based electrodes, the effects of the large mesopores and N‐functional groups on the electrochemical behavior of sulfur in LSB cells are thoroughly investigated under ultrahigh sulfur‐loading conditions (>15 mgS cm−2). Furthermore, for high‐energy‐density LSBs, the C@CN powders are pelletized into a thick free‐standing electrode (thickness: 500 μm; diameter: 11 mm) via a simple briquette process; here, the total amount of energy stored by the LSB cells is 39 mWh, corresponding to a volumetric energy density of 440 Wh L−1 with an areal capacity of 24.9 and 17.5 mAh cm−2 at 0.47 and 4.7 mA cm−2, respectively (at 24 mgS cm−2). These results have significantly surpassed most recent records due to the synergy among the large mesopores, (poly)sulfide‐philic surfaces, and thick electrodes. The developed strategy with its potential for scale‐up successfully fills the gap between laboratory‐scale cells and practical cells without sacrificing the high areal capacity and high energy density, providing a solid foundation for the development of practical LSBs.

The use of BIM to achieve zero energy building

This Article introduces the advantage of using Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology to achieve the Zero Energy (ZE). A zero-energy building (ZE), also is known as a Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building, or Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB). Net zero building is a building which is zero net energy consumption, which means that the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site. A net Zero-Energy Building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable technologies. In the concept of the net ZEB is a building which could reduce energy needs through efficiency and gain that balance of the energy needs via different renewable technologies. This paper will touch the necessity of integrating solar panels and wind energy design with BIM (Building Information Modeling) and how could that lead to achieve and reach the ZNEB (Zero Net Energy Building). The article will discuss the gap between modeling tools in energy and the achievement of sustainable features in models that produce for best design results and construction material in the project by using BIM (Building Information Modeling) to reach the ZNEB (Zero Net Energy Building).
 Keywords: Zero Net Energy (ZNE); Zero Energy Building; Zero Energy; Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB); Zero-Energy Building (ZEB); Building Information Modelling (BIM)

Research on energy problem based on cointegration test

In this paper, the VAR model is used to determine the optimal lag order, and the dynamic relationship of each endogenous variable in the time series is predicted and analyzed, so as to effectively predict the interrelated time series variables. On the basis of the stationarity of the test variable series, this paper uses co-integration test and Granger causality test to conduct dynamic empirical analysis on the total energy amount and related variables in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2019. The research shows that there is a long-term stable equilibrium relationship between total energy and other variables.

An unexpectedly high incidence of refeeding syndrome in patients with total parenteral nutrition in a reference university hospital

Refeeding syndrome occurs with the reintroduction of food after an individual has undergone a substantial period of malnutrition. The development of this condition is not uncommon but is neglected in most cases. To identify the incidence of refeeding syndrome in hospitalized patients undergoing total parenteral nutrition and factors that may be associated with this condition. Observational retrospective and prospective cohort study. Data collection took place at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, from 2015 to 2018. Data was collected consecutively from patient electronic medical records. All hospitalized individuals aged 18 years or more and having a prescription for total parenteral nutrition were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included patients with diabetic ketoacidosis; receiving renal replacement therapy or chronic kidney disease with a glomerular filtration rate <30mL/min; severe metabolic acidosis or any disease that could affect serum phosphorus levels. WinPepi software, version 11.65, was used to calculate sample size. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0. A 5% significance level was considered for the established comparisons. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (number 17-0313). Data from 97 patients was collected. The incidence of refeeding syndrome in our sample was 43.3% (n=42). Factors positively associated with the syndrome were use of standard parenteral nutrition (p<0.01), advancing age (mean 62.8yr versus 55.1yr; p=0.013), and amount of total energy administered, which were 25.6kcal/kg/day versus 23.6kcal/kg/day for patients with and without refeeding syndrome, respectively (p<0.01). The incidence of refeeding syndrome in individuals using total parenteral nutrition was high. The supply of a greater quantity of total energy in the first week of nutritional therapy, the absence of electrolytes in the parenteral nutrition solution and advancing age were all factors associated with the emergence of refeeding syndrome.

Exploring the potential of photosynthetic induction factor for the commercial production of fucoxanthin in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

Currently, the market price of fucoxanthin-based drugs remains high primarily because, on one hand, the main natural source of fucoxanthin, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum), is extremely low in endogenous fucoxanthin, while, on the other hand, fucoxanthin mass production has proved to be very challenging. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of increasing fucoxanthin bioaccumulation in P. tricornutum by promoting photosynthetic activity of this diatom. Specifically, this study investigated the effects of different concentrations of the photosynthetic induction factor (PIF) on fucoxanthin content and biosynthesis, on chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, and on the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in P. tricornutum. The results showed that the optimal PIF concentration was 1µgL-1, while optimal time was 48h, with the effect decreasing at 72h. Fucoxanthin content increased by 44.2% compared to that of the control group in 48h. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between fucoxanthin content and the actual photosynthetic yield of PS II (r = 0.949, P < 0.01). The total amount of energy actually used in photosystem II (PS II) by photosynthesis may be used as the main components affecting the biosynthesis of fucoxanthin in P. tricornutum. In addition, we found that using PIF to promote photosynthesis in P. tricornutum effectively increased the growth rate and bioaccumulation of fucoxanthin to an economically advantageous level, thereby providing a novel strategy for the commercial production of fucoxanthin.

Coalitional Game Framework for Content Distribution Using Device-to-Device Communication

We consider a set of cellular users associated with a base station (BS) in a cellular network that employs Device-to-device (D2D) communication. A subset of the users request for some files from a server associated with the BS. Now, some of the users can potentially act as relays and forward the requested files, or partitions of files, from the BS to some of the requesting users (destination nodes) over D2D links. However, this requires cooperation among the cellular users. Also, when cellular users cooperate with each other, the total amount of energy consumed in transferring the requested files from the BS to the destination nodes can usually be considerably reduced compared to the case when each user separately downloads the file it needs from the BS. In this paper, we seek conditions under which users have an incentive to cooperate with each other. To this end, we model the above scenario using the frameworks of cooperative game theory and stable partitions in coalitional games. We consider two different models for file transfer within a coalition: (i) Model A, in which the BS can split a file into multiple partitions and send these partitions to different relays, which multicast the partitions to the destination nodes of the coalition, and (ii) Model B, in which for each file, the BS sends the entire file to a single relay, which multicasts it to the destination nodes of the coalition. First, we explore the question of whether it is beneficial for all the cellular users to cooperate, i.e., whether the grand coalition is stable. For this we use the solution concept of core from cooperative game theory. We show that, in general, the above coalitional game under Model A may have an empty core, i.e., it may not be possible to stabilize the grand coalition. Next, we provide conditions under which 1) the core is always non-empty and 2) a \mathbb D <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> -stable partition always exists. Also, we show that under Model B, the problem of assigning relays to destination nodes so as to maximize the sum of utilities of all the users is NP-Complete. Finally, using numerical computations, we evaluate the energy consumption of the cellular users under the cooperation and no cooperation cases for Model A and the performance of different heuristics for solving the above problem of assigning relays to destination nodes under Model B.

Енергоємність деревної біомаси лісів Житомирського Полісся

Development of renewable energy production is one of the main directions of decarbonizing the Ukraine’s energy sector as well as the forestry sector. Increase in woody biomass utilization efficiency at producing energy, alongside with securing the proper level of technological processes and technical equipment, also requires a reliable information support toolbox that would facilitate managerial decisions. An important constituent of this toolbox is represented by the regional assessments of energy function of forest plant communities. The information basis of the research is formed by the information from the industrial database of IA “Ukrderzhlisproekt”, which contains the detailed biometric characteristics of the stands in the studied region, as well as by a system of mathematical models for quantitative assessment of foersts’ live biomass and dead organic matter. As a result, the quantitative values of the total energy content in live biomass and daed organic matter of Zhytomyr Polissia’s forests were determined. The total amount of energy accumulated in vegetal biomass of the region's forests is 3035.7 PJ, which corresponds to 100.2 million tons of conventional fuel. At the same time, the share of the total energy content in dead organic matter is 11.1 %. The structure of energy content in vegetal biomass in the region is dominated by pine stands, which accumulate more than 60 % of the energy of forests of Zhytomyr region, including 70.8 % - in live biomass of tree trunks. More than 40 % of energy is accumulated in vegetal biomass of stands of I site index class, which mainly grow in fairly infertile forest growth conditions. In the general structure of energy content in dead organic matter (336.2 PJ) more than 60 % belongs to forest litter (212.8 PJ which is not considered a source of renewable energy), standing dead trees 12.3 % (41.3 PJ), dry branches – 17.8 % (close to 60 PJ). The results obtained in the course of the research will serve as an information background for the formation of a strategy for development of forest bioenergy in Zhytomyr region.

Investigation of time effect on pectin production from citrus wastes with ohmic heating assisted extraction process

AbstractPectin is usually extracted by exposure to a high temperature and a specific pH value by conventional methods. However, due to reasons such as low energy efficiency of the process and damage to the pectin, alternative thermal and non‐thermal methods are used in the pectin extraction process. In this study, the effect of different processing times (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 min) on pectin extraction was investigated for grapefruit, lemon, and orange samples at 80°C. Besides, it was determined that the electrical conductivity value ranged between 1.46–2.06 S/m during heating, the electrical conductivity value of the pH solution adjusted with sulfuric acid. Accordingly, it was figured out that the total amount of energy consumed increases as the process holding time increases. However, it was determined that there was a decrease in the average power value by turning on–off the system.Practical ApplicationPectin is one of the additives used in many areas in the food industry. Pectin is now produced especially from agricultural waste peel. During this production, it is subjected to long processes at certain pH and certain temperatures. With the present study, determination of pectin yield over a wide period of time by using ohmic heating process and total ohmic heating energy was determined. In this way, it is thought that a serious contribution will be made to the literature and industry regarding different industrial agricultural waste peel (orange, grapefruit, lemon) during pectin production.

Renewable Energy Production from Agricultural Waste and Hydrogen Battery Formation

In recent years, the growth of solar and wind power installation has not grown in par with its electrical grid integration. Hence this proposed work uses frictional Pyrolysis to enable this integration by converting electrical energy into mechanical work without any indication of excess heat requirement. The renewable energy that is in excess can be used in conversion of agricultural residue to biocoal. This is the basis of of renewable battery. In this work a case study is presented such that biomass characteristics are examined and further transformed to bio coal. Observations indicate that in the past decade there is a significant increase in wind power installation (258%) and the number of solar PVs installed have also accounted for 21,437 GWh. From the biomass initial stage, the total amount of energy produced lies within the range 78% to 89%. This methodology of using renewable battery ensures that the environment state cleaner and carbon sequestration and also be implemented in agricultural development.

Аналіз сучасного стану та перспектив коригування енергетичного балансу підприємств гірничодобувної галузі

There has been carried out the analysis of the current state of the energy balance of mining enterprises and the sequence of further introduction of sources of distributed generation of electricity and the priority directions of correction of energy balance of mining enterprises energy sources have been offered. The structure of energy consumption of the mining industry of Ukraine is analyzed in detail to determine the share of electricity consumed in the industry relative to the total amount of energy consumed. Paying attention to the existing trends of decarbonization of world energy, ie the gradual abandonment of traditional energy sources (fossil hydrocarbons: oil, coal, natural gas, peat and others) and the increasingly active transition to renewable sources, and the introduction of modern intelligent technologies in electricity systems industrial enterprises, including enterprises of the mining industry, the energy balance of these enterprises has the potential to change both in the percentage of consumed types of fuel and energy resources, and in quantitative terms, given the increase in its own generation. It is recommended to take hydropower, wind and solar energy as one of the promising areas for the correction of the energy balance of mining enterprises.

Energy expenditure on ground cutting by continuous action buckets to form the underlying layer of the road

Introduction. To solve the problem of accelerating the construction of roads, improving their quality, it is advisable to use a continuous action unit to form a underlying layer. In general, energy costs for the construction of roads are a significant share occupied by work aimed at cutting and transporting the ground. The working bodies of existing technical means carry out mainly energy-intensive cutting of the ground, which theoretically can be likened to cutting a punch. The energy costs of ground cutting can be significantly reduced by the use of blade cutting. In the bucket of the continuous action unit to form a underlying layer of roads provides the use of working bodies, cutting the ground with blades of knives. The process of filling the bucket with cut soil, the forces attached to the bucket, and the total amount of energy spent on cutting the ground with the buckets of the continuous action unit to form the underlying layer are considered. The method of research. The method of constructions to detect the kinematics of filling the bucket with the cut ground is given. The method of calculation is given: the path of the ground on the bottom of the bucket case when it is filled; the resulting force of force projections in the longitudinal-vertical, cross-vertical and horizontal plane attached to the bucket; moments attached to the bucket in a longitudinal-vertical and horizontal plane, when the bucket is empty and full. The formulas for calculating the total energy on the movement of the bucket when cutting the ground without taking into account the energy costs of the cutting process and determining the total energy costs of cutting the ground by one cubic meter of continuous action buckets to form the underlying layer of roads are given. Results. On the basis of the developed method, the conditional path of the ground along the bottom of the bucket case was calculated, the resulting forces of force projections in the longitudinal-vertical, cross-vertical and horizontal plane attached to the bucket were revealed. The moments attached to the bucket in the longitudinal-vertical and horizontal plane, when the bucket is empty and full, have been determined. The total energy for moving the bucket during ground cutting is calculated without taking into account the energy costs of the cutting process. The total energy costs of cutting the ground by one cubic meter of continuous action buckets to form the underlying layer of roads have been determined. Conclusion. During the filling of the bucket of the unit of continuous action to form the underlying layer of roads cut off soil is twisted and shift of the cut-off layer, which contribute to its destruction into fragments. In a cross-vertical plane, the bucket is balanced. The moment attached to the bucket in the longitudinal-vertical plane is balanced by elements of the structure of the unit. The total energy on moving the bucket when cutting the ground, without taking into account the energy costs of the cutting process, includes energy costs: to accelerate the ground with a bucket, to overcome the friction of the bottom plane of the bucket on the ground, to the additional horizontal force to move the bucket, caused by friction in the elements of the structure. It is u_k≈13 kJ/m3. Theoretically reasonable total energy costs for ground cutting of one cubic meter by the buckets of the continuous action unit to form the underlying layer of roads〖u 〗 (k-gr) ≈109 kJ/m.

Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Hidroelektrik Santrallerin (HES) Kapasite Faktörlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Ülkemiz su potansiyeli açısından dünyada önemli bir yere sahip olup, farklı bölgelerinde Baraj Hidroelektrik Santraller yer almaktadır. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi de Türkiye’de önemli bir su potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu potansiyel enerji üretimi, taşkın koruma, içme suyu, sulama gibi çeşitli maksatlara hizmet veren baraj projeleri sayesinde hayat bulmaktadır. Özellikle Baraj Hidroelektrik Santralleri (HES) Türkiye’de ve hatta dünyada önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Faklı amaçlara hizmet edebilen barajlar bu bölgede özellikle enerji üretimi bakımından önem kazanmaktadır. Üretilen enerji miktarları ve kurulu güçleri bakımından Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi ülkemizin sayılı Baraj HES projelerini barındırmaktadır. Bu kapasitede olmalarının en önemli etkisi su potansiyelinin yüksek olmasıdır. Baraj enerji üretimini etkileyen en önemli parametrelerden birisi kurulu güç (K.G.) kapasiteleri ve üretilen ortalama enerji miktarlarıdır. Bu parametreler ile Baraj HES projelerinin kapasite faktörleri projelerinin yapılabilirlikleri açısından önemlidir. Kapasite faktörü; enerji santralinin belli bir zaman aralığında ürettiği toplam enerji miktarının, tam kapasitede üretebileceği enerji miktarına olan oranıdır. Bu faktör projenin ekonomik, teknik ve fizibilite değerlendirmelerinde dikkate alınması gereken bir değerdir. Bu çalışma ile coğrafi olarak Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde yer alan Baraj HES projeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu projelerin kurulu güç ve enerji üretim değerleri elde edilerek, kapasite faktörleri belirlenmiş ve projeler arasında karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Böylece teknik değerlendirme kriterlerinden birisi olan kapasite faktörünün önemi vurgulanarak, ortaya çıkan sonuçlar tartışılmıştır.