Total Amount Of Energy Research Articles

Energy Harvesting Technique for Massive MIMO Wireless Communication Networks

Massive For wireless data and energy transfer, MIMO, a key component of future 5G systems, is favourable. A big part of the reason for this is that it has the ability to narrow down the distribution of energy. The scope of something enormous Multiple-Input in 5G, harvesting may be used to boost system capacity and efficiency via multiple-output multiple access. This was followed by the introduction of the Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) method, commonly known as energy harvesting optimization. Specific to each user’s needs, we connected a splitter on the receiver, and we measured their output using power beacons. In order to achieve the lowest possible communication rate, the user’s total gathered power is boosted. Simulations show that the proposed technique is more successful than the other options out there. There are two sources of energy for D2D transmitters: specialised beacon signals, and cellular users (CUs) radio frequency (RF) interference. In D2D transmitters, inverse power control techniques are used for power regulation. We employ Poisson Point Processes(PPP) to model the proposed hybrid network’s CU, D2D user (DU), and PB locations. Each slot in the time period is assigned a different beam forming weight. Using the alternating minimization technique, we provide a solution approach for a non-convex quadratic ally limited linear problem. Long-distance wireless power transmission requires the use of energy beam generation technologies in a large-scale MIMO system in order to make sure that the transmission is safe. In other words, this letter tries to maximise the energy efficiency of information transmission (bits per joule) while keeping the required quality of service (QoS), which is a delay constraint, in mind. This is done by maximising the transfer length and transmits power, among other things. In this case, we try to maximise the total amount of energy at the relays, use block diagonalization (BD) at the source, and try to minimise interference between the relay-destination channels. As a last step, we also run simulations of the power consumption of a generic circuit. As a supplement to this work, there are some basic online rules for all possible situations. Numerical results show that a near-optimal online technique can do the same job as its offline counterpart when the maximum power consumption of the circuit is taken into account.

Design of Solar Thermal Injera Baking System Using Nanofluid as Heat Transfer Fluid

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources since it is free, available at all locations, and non-polluting. During the traditional biomass Injera baking process kitchen environment is highly polluted with soot and smoke that affect the health of household inhabitants. In addition to that, it will highly contribute to climate change. The source for fuel wood is forest and due to deforestation, desertification and soil degradation will happen. The use of solar energy with nanofluid can enhance the system efficiency and remove all problems mentioned above. On this article solar thermal injera baking system by using nanofluid as heat transfer media is designed. Total amount of energy required for a single baking period is by considering average family size of five and each will consume three injera per day the total amount of injera required per day is 15 injera, for three days 45 injera. From the design process it was observed that the use of nanofluid reduce the size of commoponanats when we compare with other types of conventional fluids. The use of nanofluid for the solar thermal injera baking method reduces the time required for the baking process.

Energy-optimal overtaking manoeuvres of Formula-E cars

Overtaking in motorsport races is a crucial action in order to gain a higher position during a race. In Formula-E, it not only requires precisely performed overtaking manoeuvres but also requires appropriate energy management which is also a crucial element in race strategy due to the limited total amount of energy on board. This study proposes the use of optimal control techniques for feasibility and energy management analysis for such a complex problem. The analysis involves two cars on a track and the goal is to find the optimal overtaking strategy under various scenarios. The results demonstrate that overtaking can be infeasible despite that there is a potential speed advantage over the target car. An overtaking manoeuvre can be executed efficiently by using higher propulsion power. When an overtaking is feasible, the energy-optimal overtaking position varies according to different initial conditions.

INDICATORS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF FUEL USE IN ROAD TRANSPORT

This article discusses the evaluation of fuel efficiency indicators in road transport. At the same time, the main criterion for evaluating the efficiency of the use of automotive fuel is the specific fuel consumption in grams per unit of transport work. The energy intensity is calculated by dividing the total amount of energy consumed by the fuel by the transport work performed at the same time.

The Effects of Acupressure on Menopausal Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to see how weight cycling affected women's nutritional health and their risk of developing Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Materials and Methods: Between November 2018 and May 2019, 80 women aged 18 to 65 years old applied to the Nutrition and Diet Department of a Private Medical Center and consented to participate in the study. A questionnaire form was applied to the participants, anthropometric measurements and biochemical blood parameters were evaluated. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISK) was used to determine the risk of T2DM. Results: 55 of the 80 women included in the study (68.8%) entered the weight cycle, while 25 (31.2%) did not enter the weight cycle. In terms of body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat mass, and HOMA-IR values, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p0.05). While the amount of total energy, protein, fat, cholesterol, and omega-6 fatty acids in the daily diet of women who entered the weight cycle was higher than those who did not enter the weight cycle, it was observed that the intake of carbohydrates and omega-3 fatty acids were lower (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the FINDRISK score (p>0.05). Conclusion: Weight cycling is particularly frequent among women nowadays, and it is a significant risk factor for chronic illnesses in the coming years. Although this study's duration and sample number are limited, the data obtained emphasizes the effects of weight cycling on health.

Building an Energy Efficiency System for Residential Households in the Context of Quantitative Feedback

The way in which households consumed electricity largely influences the total amount of energy used. This paper uses questionnaires to obtain information on the daily electricity consumption behavior of 1,140 households. A comprehensive analysis was used to determine the residential electricity consumption pattern. The study showed that, the traditional residential household electricity consumption patten has some effect on the energy saving strategies, however, it did not provide any scientific or rational information loop system overall. The quantitative feedback platform can be used to improve the level of communication among the residents regarding the electric consumption pattern, and to continuously strengthen residents’ awareness of energy saving. In addition, by combining traditional energy saving strategies with the scientific, and systematic residential household electricity energy saving system as a new idea for reducing end-use energy consumption will be useful and may also help in achieving the goal of energy saving subsequently emission reduction.

Intraocular Pressure and its Variation with Total Amount of Energy used Following Nd: YAG Capsulotomy in Pseudophakic

Purpose: The objective of the study was how Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy affected IOP and how it changed with the amount of energy utilised. Methods: A prospective, multi ccentered study was conducted between September 2021 to February 2022 in Ophthalmology Department departments. Total of sixty pseudophakic eyes of both genders, age ranging between 40 to 60 years with significant posterior capsular opacity following uncomplicated cataract surgery were included through non-probability purposive sampling technique. Inflammation, ocular malignancies, posterior segment disease, and systemic disease participants were all ruled excluded. After detailed history and ocular examination, Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy was done. Patients were divided into two groups on the basis of total amount of laser energy used was noted as high energy (>50mJ) and low energy (<50mJ) and then post-laser IOP after one hour and 24 hours measured. Data was analyzed by using SPSS through repeated measure ANOVA for comparison of quantitative variables. Results: Best corrected visual acuity after Nd: YAG capsulotomy improved significantly (P=0.001). Pre-laser IOP was 14.01± 2.95 mmHg. Mean high energy was 76mJ and low energy 40mJ. Elevated IOP was seen in 55 patients, significantly increase in IOP after 1 hour in both groups (P=0.000). After 24hours IOP change was significantly higher in high energy group (p=0.033) than in low energy. Post-laser IOP after 1 hour in high energy group was 21.89±4.59 mmHg and in low energy group 16.79±2.89 mmHg. IOP after 24hour in high energy group was 19.89± 3.05 mmHg and in low energy group 14.98±1.79 mmHg. Conclusions: After Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy, there is a considerable increase in IOP, which varies depending on the overall amount of energy used. Greater the amount of Nd-YAG energy has significantly higher chances of raising IOP. Hence, it was suggested that each patient after Nd: YAG capsulotomy must monitored for IOP variation. Keywords: Intraocular pressure, Nd: YAG capsulotomy, Energy level, Posterior capsular opacity, Visual acuity

Method for Optimizing Energy Consumption in Machining Manufacturing Process

With the rapid development of the economy and the continuous maturity of various industries and departments, the total amount of energy required by enterprises in the process of production and operation is also increasing year by year. To achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to adjust the current production and operation mode, reasonably evaluate the current state of resources, use advanced technology to optimize each link of production, and regard low-energy consumption and low carbon as the key to production improvement. In this paper, the integrated realization method of process planning and production scheduling based on intelligent algorithm is adopted, and the integrated model is solved by using the chromosome hierarchical coding genetic algorithm. When the alternative process schemes generated for each part through nonlinear process planning are given, the integrated model can weigh the optimization objectives and decide the suitable process route, machine tool selection scheme, and corresponding production scheduling scheme for each part. In this paper, a case study on the energy-saving effect of energy consumption optimization methods in machining and manufacturing processes is carried out. Taking a manufacturing enterprise as the background, the effectiveness of the proposed energy-saving method is verified by comparing the energy consumption of a batch of mechanical product parts in the process planning and production scheduling integrated mode and the traditional serial working mode.

Clinical experience of transbronchoscopic laser ablation for central airway stenosis using a high-power diode laser-ten years' experience at a single institute.

High-power diode (GaAlAs) laser systems have been used for transbronchoscopic laser ablation for central airway stenosis. Such diode laser systems show a similar clinical effect to a conventional Nd-YAG laser, but the instrument is more compact with easier handling. We use a high-power diode laser system with a non-contact probe for endobronchial ablative therapy. The present study reviewed our experience with transbronchoscopic laser ablation to explore a better clinical approach for managing central airway lesions. We retrospectively reviewed the patients who were treated for central airway lesions by transbronchial laser ablation using the non-contact-type probe from January 2005 to December 2015 at Chiba University Hospital. We investigated the cause of stenosis, number of treatments, laser setting, total amount of energy, complications, and simultaneously performed modality. Thirty-three patients underwent treatment a total of 72 times. There were 23 males, with an average age of 60.3 years old (range, 18-80 years old). The primary causes of the central airway stenosis were neoplastic disease in 22 (16 malignant tumors, 6 benign tumors) and non-neoplastic disease in 11. Among malignant tumors, there were eight tracheal cancer and five lung cancer patients as well as three patients with esophageal cancer. Among benign tumors, there were three hamartomas and one patient each with papilloma, smooth muscle tumor, and glomus tumor. The non-neoplastic causes of airway stenosis were intubation or tracheotomy in four patients, tuberculosis and granulation in two each, and trauma, burn, and surgery in one each. The numbers of treatments were 30 times (1.36 times/patient) for neoplastic diseases and 42 times (3.82 times/patient) for non-neoplastic disease. The total amount of energy was 1,936 J on average (1,674 J for neoplastic diseases and 2,098 J for non-neoplastic disease). There were no major complications related to transbronchial laser ablation therapy. Transbronchoscopic laser ablation using a diode laser system with a non-contact probe can be safely performed and is useful for endobronchial treatment of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic central airway lesions.

Liquid carbon dioxide drying and subsequent combustion behavior of high-moisture coal at high pressure

• LCO 2 drying increases combustion rate by 37% for coal with 20% water at 500 °C. • The faster combustion of LCO 2 –coal slurry produces 35% higher particle temperature. • Both NMR and weight loss data support LCO 2 drying mechanism in high moisture coal. • The high pressure boiler with LCO 2 drying cycle increases power output by 11.3%. In this work, the combustion and radiation characteristics of high-moisture coal treated with liquid carbon dioxide (LCO 2 ) at high pressure were examined. The coal conversion and gas yield were measured to determine the combustion rate constants at four different temperatures. The particle temperature and radiative heat flux emitted from the burning coal bed were measured using a two-color pyrometer and radiometer, respectively. The changes in the moisture content of the coal microstructure after LCO 2 treatment were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion kinetic results showed faster LCO 2 –coal slurry combustion, which frequently occurred at low temperatures. The particle temperature and radiative heat flux of the LCO 2 –coal slurry increased faster to higher steady-state values than those of raw coal. The influence of LCO 2 on the combustion of high-moisture coal was not observed on graphite devoid of water or volatile content. This indicates an effective exchange between LCO 2 and water in coal micropores when coal is exposed to LCO 2 . In addition to the TGA data, the LCO 2 drying mechanism in high-moisture coal was confirmed using NMR relaxation data. The performance of the LCO 2 drying process was compared with that of the conventional boiler with oven drying unit in terms of the water removal effect, combustion, and radiation behavior. An energy analysis was undertaken to calculate the amount of total energy produced from three power cycles occurring in a high-pressure boiler, including one combining the LCO 2 drying cycle with the steam power cycle.

Computational comparison and experimental performance analysis on heat pipes using concentrating solar parabolic trough collector

The heat pipes in solar applications uses are important and it is significantly growing nowadays. Capable of meeting the world’s challenges with a threat to the climate; a shortage of conventional energy sources, usually fossil fuels, high electricity costs, and it is inexpensive; therefore, the renewable energy of solar energy is an excellent source, reaching total amount of energy is 34,00,000 EJ in each year, all over the world. This is between 7000 and 8000 times the annual global primary energy consumption. Thereby, a Concentrating Solar Parabolic Trough Collector is suggested in this paper, which can be used to analyze the performance of various heat pipes. Using solar parabolic trough collector to analyze the performance of different heat pipes rather than considering the supply of electric power input. Using a parabolic trough collector that concentrates solar energy on an evacuated tube heat pipe, which converts radiation energy into electrical energy heat, the experimental work demonstrates the use of solar energy. Condensers, evaporators, and three heat pipes consisting of aluminum galvanized iron, and stainless steel materials are the main components. A porous wick structure and an ammonia solution-filled working fluid consist of each heat pipe. Continuously recirculating the working fluid through temperature variation. The readings are taken using connected thermocouples on three heat pipes by continuously varying the mass flow rate. The vacuum pressure gauge to maintain the heat pipes generates the vacuum inside space. At various mass flow rates of heated water from the parabolic trough collector, experimentation was also performed. The result of this study calculates the mass flow rate at the end of the process of the different heat pipes used here. Furthermore, different inclinations are estimated in a variety of situations, such as at temperatures of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. In the experimental analysis, outlet temperatures of heat pipes are measured and the temperature distribution contours are evaluated using the analysis of computational fluid dynamics.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ ОСНОВИ ПОБУДОВИ АДАПТИВНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ТЕХНІЧНОГО ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ І РЕМОНТУ ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

Under the adaptive system of maintenance and repair of cars means a system that by changing its structure and values of parameters can adapt to changing internal and external conditions. The level reached by modern technical diagnostics allows the technical operation of modern models of military equipment to implement almost any task to identify and predict its technical condition. Improving the accuracy of forecasts is proposed on the basis of determining patterns that simultaneously take into account the individual technical condition of systems, units, mechanisms of the car and the intensity of its change from mileage, as well as factors of operating conditions, affect military equipment and its constituent elements. In the adaptive forecasting system can be performed on the basis of the results of processing diagnostic information in accordance with the forecasting scheme and control of the technical condition of the vehicle using an automatic control system. The essence of the adaptive system is that technical actions are carried out for the product only when it reaches the controlled parameters of its critical level, ie the maximum allowable state. In practice, the implementation of an adaptive system requires special control and diagnostic equipment ("tactical weapons") and in general the ability of specialists to measure continuously or periodically monitored (diagnostic) parameters of the product. The resource of a transport machine is determined by its physical capacity under certain conditions to absorb, convert or transfer some total amount of energy. The machine receives this energy from the environment in the form of some volume of fuel. The average technical speed of the transport machine is a complex statistical characteristic of the whole possible range of operating conditions and a universal assessment of the loads that determine the reliability of the machine.

Quantum dynamics study of OH−+CH3I reaction: Reaction probability, integral cross section, and energy efficacy

We investigate the reaction probability, integral cross section, and energy efficiency of the OH−+CH3I reaction using the time-dependent quantum dynamics wave packet method. A four-degree-of-freedom dynamics model is developed for this study due to the synchronized SN2 bond-breaking and formation mechanism. We find that the reaction probability decreases as a function of the collision energy, which is a typical character of reactions with a negative energy barrier. The ground-state integral cross section calculated using this model is in excellent agreement with the quasi-classical trajectory results. The integral cross-section ratios of the vibrational excitations over the ground state, at the same equal amount of total energy, indicate that the vibrational motion of the CH3–I is more efficient in enhancing the reactivity than the translational motion, which, in turn, has a bigger contribution to the reactivity than the C–H3 vibrational motion. The energy efficacy order in the reactivity is confirmed by the sudden vector model prediction.

Effects of single quantum rotational excitation on reaction of F+D2 at collision energies between 44 and 164 cm−1

There is no general picture to describe the influences of reagent rotational excitation on the reaction, which proceeds via the tunnelling mechanism at collision energies far below the reaction barrier. Here we report a crossed beam study on the prototypical reaction of F + D2(v=0, j=0,1) → DF(v′) + D at collision energies between 44 and 164 cm−1 with the scheme of multichannel D-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight detection. Vibrational state resolved differential cross sections are obtained at v′=2, 3, 4 levels. The effects of reagent rotational excitation were investigated at an equivalent amount of total energy by precise tuning of translational energies. Compared with translation, the rotation of D2 is found to be more efficient to promote the title reaction. Profound differences introduced by rotation of D2 are also observed on the angular distribution and quantum state distribution of DF products. We hope the present work could provide an example for understanding the effects of reagent rotational excitation on the chemical reaction at energies that are much lower than the reaction barrier.

Did COVID-19 Pandemic Change People's Physical Activity Distribution, Eating, and Alcohol Consumption Habits as well as Body Mass Index?

This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate whether COVID-19 had an impact on people’s (aged 18–74) physical activity distribution, eating, and alcohol consumption habits as well as body mass index. We interviewed 6369 people (4545 women and 1824 men) in Lithuania before the COVID-19 pandemic started and 2392 during COVID-19 (1856 women and 536 men). They were aged 18–74 years. We found that both genders had not stopped their physical activity (PA) completely because of lockdown imitations (for example, prohibition from attending sport clubs), but they started doing different physical exercises at sport clubs. We determined the PA distribution according to the Danish Physical Activity Questionnaire (DPAQ). Despite increases in independent PA and the quantity of light PA, the amount of total energy used in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) units per day decreased significantly for both genders irrespective of age. Although the amounts of sedentary behavior, moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA) or a combination of MPA and VPA (MVPA) did not change significantly. Surprisingly, lockdown reduced the duration of sleep for older women but increased their amount of intense VPA (>6 METs). However, the amount of intense VPA decreased for men. Both genders reported overeating less during the pandemic than before it, but did not start consuming more alcohol, and their body mass index did not change. Thus, the COVID-19 in Lithuania represented ‘good stress’ that mobilized these individuals to exercise more independently and overeat less.

The impact of daylight presence on cooling strategies: energy simulations of a test room in Austin, Texas, and Geneva, Switzerland

In order to understand how to reduce energy consumption in buildings, all factors affecting occupant comfort and behavior must be considered. Previous work from EPFL has elucidated the influence of daylight on thermal perception and its resulting potential to reduce cooling loads in a controlled test space in Geneva, Switzerland with three different illumination levels (130 lux, 600 lux, and 1400 lux) and under three different indoor air temperature levels (19°C, 23°C, 27°C). Occupants perceived the temperature as up to 2°C cooler when exposed to daylight, leading to reduced cooling loads. For climates with high cooling loads for much of the year, such as Austin, Texas, this reduction could yield significant benefits for low-energy building design. Simulations show the total amount of energy saved from adopting this strategy in Austin, Texas.

Exergy of passive states: Waste energy after ergotropy extraction.

Work extraction protocol is always a significant issue in the context of quantum batteries, in which the notion of ergotropy is used to quantify a particular amount of energy that can be extracted through unitary processes. Given the total amount of energy stored in a quantum system, quantifying wasted energy after the ergotropy extraction is a question to be considered when undesired coupling with thermal reservoirs is taken into account. In this paper, we show that some amount of energy can be lost when we extract ergotropy from a quantum system and quantified by the exergy of passive states. Through a particular example, one shows that ergotropy extraction can be done by preserving the quantum correlations of a quantum system. Our study opens the perspective for new advances in open system quantum batteries able to explore exergy stored as quantum correlations.

Trajectories of a ball moving inside a spherical cavity using first integrals of the governing nonlinear system

Analytical study of ball vibration absorber behavior is presented in the paper. The dynamics of trajectories of a heavy ball moving without slipping inside a spherical cavity are analyzed. Following our previous work, where a similar system was investigated through various numerical simulations, research of the dynamic properties of a sphere moving in a spherical cavity was carried out by methods of analytical dynamics. The strategy of analytical investigation enabled definition of a set of special and limit cases which designate individual domains of regular trajectories. In order to avoid any mutual interaction between the domains along a particular trajectory movement, energy dissipation at the contact of the ball and the cavity has been ignored, as has any kinematic excitation due to cavity movement. A governing system was derived using the Lagrangian formalism and complemented by appropriate non-holonomic constraints of the Pfaff type. The three first integrals are defined, enabling the evaluation of trajectory types with respect to system parameters, the initial amount of total energy, the angular momentum of the ball and its initial spin velocity. The neighborhoods of the limit trajectories and their dynamic stability are assessed. Limit and transition special cases are investigated along with their individual elements. The analytical means of investigation enabled the performance of broad parametric studies. Good agreement was found when comparing the results achieved by the analytical procedures in this paper with those obtained by means of numerical simulations, as they followed from the Lagrangian approach and the Appell–Gibbs function presented in previous papers.

Influence of the Advancement in the LED Lighting Technologies on the Optimum Windows-to-Wall Ratio of Jordanians Residential Buildings

Based on recent developments and the predicted future advancement of lighting technologies, researchers are now questioning the extent to which daylight is effective in lowering the overall energy consumption of buildings. As light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires are highly energy efficient, the amount of power consumed for lighting purposes can be reduced, even in situations where the lighting system is at its full power. It has already been demonstrated that LED-lighting technologies can facilitate significant energy savings through minimizing window size (the main source of heat loss in buildings), and there is considerable potential for developing the LEDs’ source efficacy and lighting-product efficiency to ultimately achieve levels of efficacy of approximately 350 lumens per Watt (lm/W). For building designs to be sustainable in the future, it is critical that the windows-to-wall ratio (WWR) is optimized to minimize both heating and cooling loads, as well as the total energy consumed by the building for lighting, according to the efficiency of the LED, while still maintaining a suitable lighting level for occupants. This research examines the influence of the WWR on the total amount of energy consumed by standard buildings in Jordan using various LED luminaires (existing and projected efficiencies). DesignBuilder software was utilized to analyze the effect of LED-technology development on optimizing the WWR for a typical residential structure in Jordan. The research presents beneficial recommendations with respect to optimizing the WWR for primary decision-makers in the design of residential buildings with enhanced energy efficiency, considering the losses and gains associated with solar heat and light to capitalize on solar energy with no adverse impacts by windows size. The outcomes suggest a WWR of 17% could be achieved by typical residential buildings in Jordan that have extremely efficient LED lighting systems (350 lm/W), which is more than 50% less than the existing level of 40% recommended by multiple standards. Additionally, this study highlighted that when the efficiency of LED technologies increases, the energy demand of the building will be reduced because of lower energy usage combined with heat gain resulting from the LED efficiency.

Web Tool for Stimulating Investments in Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract One of the most sustainable, inexhaustible and “clean” sources of electricity is photovoltaic solar energy that can be used for instant consumption while the surplus might be delivered in the power grid or stored in (local) batteries. In the study here presented, we analyze a usual, medium-sized household. The input data of the here developed application are the geolocation, the roof surface facing south, the geometric dimensions of the available individual solar panel, its installed power capacity and the (previous) electricity consumption for an entire calendar year. As output data the application will provide the total number of solar panels that can be placed and the total amount of energy produced in a year, for different values of conversion efficiency (solar energy-electricity, respectively DC power-AC power). Depending on these assessments, the user can decide whether is efficient to become a prosumer or opt for local storage of additional energy produced during solar peak irradiance hours.