Torque Speed Research Articles

Development of a Prediction Model for Specific Fuel Consumption in Rotary Tillage Based on Actual Operation

Tractor fuel consumption has typically been predicted using indoor test results under specific conditions. This study analyzes the factors affecting fuel consumption during rotary tillage in actual fields and develops a prediction model. The test field was divided into sections using a grid method, and rotary tillage operations were performed to measure various parameters, including soil strength, tractor’s transmission and PTO gear stages, tillage pitch, travel speed, engine and PTO shaft torque and speed, and fuel consumption. Pearson correlation identified variables affecting specific fuel consumption, and regression analysis was used to develop a prediction model. The model’s accuracy was analyzed using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), and it was compared with the ASABE’s fuel consumption prediction model. The test results showed that higher transmission and PTO gear stages, and tillage pitch decreased specific fuel consumption, while soil strength had no significant effect. Thus, operating at higher gear and PTO stages within suitable conditions enhances energy efficiency in rotary tillage. Statistical analysis showed that specific fuel consumption significantly correlated with tractor travel speed, PTO shaft power, and PTO shaft speed. The prediction model, including these variables, had the highest accuracy with R2 of 0.91 and RMSE of 0.011 L/kW·h. The developed prediction model showed significantly improved accuracy compared to the ASABE model, indicating that it can predict specific fuel consumption based on key operational variables in actual rotary tillage operations.

Impact of tunneling parameters on disc cutter wear during rock breaking in transient conditions

The assessment of disc cutter wear in subway shield construction beneath operational airports is a critical endeavor for evaluating the structural integrity of shield machines. This study delved into the linear tunnel project linking Station T1 to T3 within the Baiyun airport, focusing on the intricate relationship between tunneling parameters during rock-machine interactions and the impact of disc cutter installation radius on wear amount. In addition, dynamic impact transient rock-breaking tests of shield disc cutters were performed under the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical triaxial conditions to ensure the validity of the relationship between mass-point velocity and the transient rock-breaking behavior of the disc cutter. The analysis revealed that when the shield thrust was between 17000 kN and 21000 kN, the total thrust of the shield had a significant effect on the advancement speed and cutterhead torque. Notably, the wear amount of the cutter increased approximately linearly with the installation radius, while the wear of the gauge cutter was also affected by the inclination angle. Furthermore, the study uncovered a linear correlation between the cutting length of the disc cutter and the magnitude of wear. Within a cutting length range between 440 km and 2276 km, the disc cutter's installation position had minimal impact on the wear coefficient. Simultaneously, this study employed the mass-point velocity to simulate the thrust and rolling forces in the equivalent shield tunneling processes. The findings underscored a positive correlation between disc cutter wear and shield advancement speed, cutterhead rpm, and mass-point velocity. When the mass-point velocity of the shield reached the maximum value of 0.666 m/s, the wear of the shield disc cutter also reached the maximum value of 27.5 mm, providing the quantitative reference for evaluating the influences of shield tunneling parameters on the cutter wear under transient impact rock breaking conditions.

Experimental study of ammonia energy ratio on combustion and emissions from ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel engine at various load conditions

Achieving carbon neutrality necessitates the adoption of zero-carbon fuels in engine applications, with ammonia emerging as an up-and-coming candidate due to its favorable safety profile and advantages in storage and transportation. This study experimentally investigated the feasibility of an ammonia-gasoline dual-fuel (AGDF) engine to achieve comparable power output and satisfactory carbon reduction without changing the main structural parameters of the engine. A four-cylinder, naturally aspirated, spark ignition engine was used to investigate the impact of ammonia energy ratio (AER), engine base torque and engine speed on the engine performance, combustion evolution and emission characteristics. The findings reveal that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in AGDF mode is lower than in gasoline-only mode, primarily due to the reduced combustion activity. However, this efficiency decline becomes noticeable only when the AER exceeds 15 %. Additionally, at high AERs and high engine base torques, the delayed effect of ammonia fuel on the main combustion period results in a double-peak pattern, which limits the energy output but presents opportunities for phase optimization. The study also examined three incomplete combustion emissions, each exhibiting distinct behaviors. Except for ammonia slip, adding ammonia fuel does not significantly affect carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions, particularly at AERs below 25 %. Nevertheless, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions under AGDF combustion are significantly higher than under gasoline alone in most instances. Crucially, the study demonstrates the carbon reduction potential of ammonia fuel across different engine loads, with a maximum carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction of 46.8 % at a 35 % AER. It is anticipated that further optimization of the combustion phase will improve the capability for carbon reduction.

Speed control and maximum efficiency operation of three‐phase squirrel cage induction motors supplied by modified Γ−Z$\Gamma - Z$ impedance source inverter

AbstractA three‐phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) drive system supplied by a new modified structure of impedance source inverter ( ISI) is proposed. The two main goals are speed (torque) control, and efficiency improvement. The modified ISI has the ability to boost the input voltage. This improves the operation range of the system particularly for limited DC‐link voltage conditions. A first order integral‐terminal sliding mode (ITSM) controller is designed incorporating the motor and inverter dynamic model equations. The maximum efficiency strategy based on Lagrange's theorem is achieved by optimizing the motor input power (input energy) as the objective function under the constant load torque. The maximum efficiency strategy using energy saving is suitable for electric drive system applications. Also, the control method is resilient to any change in motor parameters and unmodulated system dynamics. Furthermore, its output control error can be eliminated in a limited interval. Finally, a prototype of the system using a 1.5 kW three‐phase squirrel cage IM is provided and several tests are conducted. The experimental results show the efficacy of the proposed method.

A Fuzzy Adaptive PID Coordination Control Strategy Based on Particle Swarm Optimization for Auxiliary Power Unit

Range extender hybrid vehicles have the advantages of better dynamics and longer driving range while reducing pollution and fuel consumption. This work focuses on the control strategy of an Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) operating in power generation mode for a range-extender mixer truck. When an operating point is switched, the engine speed and generator torque of the APU will switch accordingly. In order to ensure APU fast and stable adjustment to meet the power demand of the vehicle as well as operate at the lowest fuel consumption, a fuzzy adaptive PID coordination control strategy based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to control the APU. The optimal operating curve of APU is calculated by coupling the engine and generator first. Then, the adaptive PID algorithm is used to control the speed and torque of the APU in a dual closed loop. The PSO is used to optimize the PID control parameter. Through hardware-in-the-loop tests under different working conditions, the control strategy is verified to be effective and real-time. The results show that the proposed control strategy can coordinate the operating of engine and generator and control the APU to track target power stably and quickly under minimum fuel consumption. Compared with traditional PID control strategy, the overshoot, regulation time and steady-state error are reduced by 55.1%, 11.1% and 77.3%, respectively.

Driving Control Strategy and Specification Optimization for All-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicle System with a Two-Speed Transmission

Equipping electric vehicles with a two-speed gearbox allows for achieving high torque and maximum speed through appropriate gear ratio adjustments. Additionally, tuning motor operating points to efficient zones, considering energy efficiency, significantly enhances the vehicle’s overall performance. This paper presents an AWD system configuration method, integrating a two-speed transmission to improve energy efficiency and driving performance through front and rear motor torque distribution and powertrain specification optimization. Based on vehicle simulations conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, a strategy for torque distribution between the front/rear axles was established using fuzzy logic, considering energy efficiency and driving stability. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization was performed using a surrogate model trained through MATLAB parallel simulations. When the optimization results were applied to various vehicle specifications, it was observed that energy efficiency was improved, and acceleration performance was increased compared to a baseline vehicle without optimization.

Fatigue reliability analysis methodology based on fatigue life and failure mechanism for carburized gear

Gears are one of the important components in mechanical products, and their fatigue reliability determines the safety performance of mechanical products. In this paper, the fatigue characteristics of carburized gears under different torque and constant rotational speed conditions are investigated by using a gear contact fatigue testing machine, and combined with the dynamic maximum contact stress distribution on the subsurface of the meshing gears, the very-high cycle fatigue P-S-N curves of carburized gears under a stress ratio of −1 is established. Local stress concentration in the surface or subsurface of carburized gears causes grain dislocation movement under the combined influence of maximum contact and residual stresses, and then causes dislocation pileup and transcrystalline rupture after being hindered by grain boundaries, ultimately leading to pitting and fatigue failure of gears. Based on the dislocation energy method and combined with the fatigue failure mechanism of gears, a life prediction model of gears with good prediction results is established by considering the interaction of factors such as dynamic load, grain size, initial crack length, residual stress, slip band length and width. A fatigue reliability analysis method of gears is established based on the life state equation of gears considering the life prediction model. Further analyses of the influence of rotational speed, grain size, residual stress, slip band width, slip band length and initial crack size on the fatigue life reliability index of the gears resulted in the conclusion that the fatigue reliability of the gears not only decreases with the increase of the above-mentioned parameters, but also shows decreasing trend with the increase of time. This is of significance for evaluating the fatigue reliability of gears under very-high cycle fatigue conditions.

A novel method for identifying rock interfaces and fragmentation zones based on drilling response characteristics

The rapid measurement and acquisition of the fracture characteristics and strength of the surrounding rock are crucial for evaluating the stability of underground engineering. In this study, a laboratory/coal mine universal drilling test platform was developed to enable real-time measurement of drilling parameters. The testing results demonstrate that under identical rotation speed conditions, both thrust force and torque increase exponentially with increasing drilling speed, while under identical drilling speed conditions, both thrust force and torque decrease linearly with increasing rotation speed. In intact rock layers, variations in torque, thrust force, and drilling speed with depth remain relatively stable, in rock layer interfaces and fragmentation zones, sudden changes occur within a drill displacement range of approximately 3–7 mm, which become more pronounced as strength differences between adjacent rock layers increase.Based on the cutting mechanics model of drill bit, the evaluation index of drilling energy consumption of unit rock mass (Eη) is derived. Subsequently, based on drilling speed, rotation speed, thrust force, torque and energy index, a machine learning model for predicting rock strength is established using the LS-SVM nonlinear regression approach. Field practice has shown that drilling platform can effectively identify both the rock interface and range of fragmentation areas. The experimental results are of great value to the selection of supporting types in the process of coal mine roadway excavation.

Instrumentation in Tractor for Evaluating Performance of a Tractor Drawn Rotavator

Performance measurement of agricultural machinery is essential for enhancing their efficiency for which they are operated. The performance related data helps the operator to select optimum operating parameters which reduce fuel consumption and increase field productivity. This study was aimed to develop various sensing units and install them on the tractor for evaluating performance of a tractor drawn rotavator. A microcontroller based embedded system was developed for continuous recording of wheel slip, actual forward speed, throttle opening, engine speed, velocity ratio, draft and power take-off (PTO) torque related data while carrying out tillage operation with rotavator. The wheel slip (from 1.5% to 35%) and actual forward speed of the tractor (up to 6 km h-1) was measured using inductive proximity sensors. For measuring throttle opening (0 to 100%), engine speed (750 to 2500 rpm), draft (65 to 350 kg) and PTO torque (up to 420 N-m) values, a potentiometer, magnetic pickup sensor, S-type loadcell and PTO torque transducer, respectively, were used. For computing velocity ratio, peripheral speed of rotavator was measured using PTO speed data received from PTO torque transducer, and actual forward speed of tractor was measured using inductive proximity sensor. The developed sensing units were calibrated under both dynamic and static conditions, and were also verified in laboratory and field conditions. Results showed that output signals received from the sensing units varied linearly with applied load. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between measured and actual values was found to be below 5%. From the measured parameters, specific energy requirement and total power required for carrying out tillage operation could be computed. The power requirement was found to increase with increase in both gear and throttle settings. The specific energy requirement was minimum when rotavator was operated in L2 gear of the tractor. The minimum specific energy of 21 Wh m-3 was found at L2 gear and 75% throttle opening.

Relationship of Forearm-Hand Inertia With Throwing Motion Patterns and Elbow Valgus Load in Adolescent Baseball Players

Background: Growth-specific physical characteristics in adolescence may mediate throwing-related loads and movement patterns associated with elbow injuries. In a previous study, the authors calculated the forearm-hand inertia, which is the moment of inertia centered at the elbow joint. Purpose: To determine the relationship of forearm-hand inertia values with throwing motion patterns and elbow valgus load in adolescent baseball players. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 35 adolescent baseball players underwent measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and a throwing trial. Forearm-hand inertia was determined as the joint moment around the elbow using the subregion analysis mode of DXA. Elbow valgus torque and ball speed during throwing were measured using a dedicated sensor and speed gun, and throwing efficiency was calculated by dividing the elbow valgus load by the ball speed. Players were divided according to the throwing motion pattern in which maximum acceleration occurred: pelvis–upper arm–forearm (proximal-to-distal sequencing [PDS] group; n = 19) or pelvis-forearm–upper arm (proximal upper extremity [PUE] group; n = 16). The groups were compared in terms of ball speed, elbow valgus torque, throwing efficiency, and forearm-hand inertia using t tests and analysis of covariance, with forearm-hand inertia as covariates. The chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between throwing motion patterns and forearm-hand inertia. Results: The PUE group had a higher elbow valgus load (effect size [ES] = 0.65; P = .03), throwing efficiency (ES = 0.63; P = .02), and forearm-hand inertia values (ES = 0.64; P = .04) than the PDS group. In addition, a significant relationship was observed with throwing patterns when forearm-hand inertia values were 350 kg·m2 (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.09-5.12; P = .012) and 400 kg·m2 (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.99-2.85; P = .037). Conclusion: Study results indicated that growth-specific physical characteristics in adolescent baseball players exhibited in forearm-hand inertia mediated the relationship between high elbow valgus and poor throwing efficiency caused by poor throwing motion patterns. Clinical Relevance: A better understanding of the details in muscle function with throwing mechanics may prevent future injuries.

Desing of an observer with real time monitoring speed and load torque for submersible induction motors

Relevance. When operating submersible equipment for oil production in aggressive environments and transferring wells to the cyclic operation mode, a decrease in the service life of the submersible installation for oil production is observed. In the first case, this is due to the formation of salt deposits and clogging of the working parts of the electric pump with mechanical impurities. In the second case – an increase in the number of starts of the submersible electric motor. To solve the existing problems, it is possible to implement closed control systems for submersible electric motors based on state variable observers, which determines the relevance of the study. Aim. To develop an observer with operational monitoring of the angular velocity of the rotor and the moment of resistance on the shaft of a submersible asynchronous motor at inconsistency of the initial conditions in various operating modes and its testing using modeling tools. Methods. The observer is built on the basis of known engine models in a fixed coordinate system α, β, the theory of IIR-filters to obtain a forecast of estimates of the angular velocity of the rotor and the torque on the shaft and their correction in real time. Results. The authors have proposed the original structure of an observer with operational monitoring of the angular velocity of the rotor and the moment of resistance on the shaft of a submersible asynchronous motor. Conclusions. The paper demonstrates the observer performance with inconsistency of initial conditions and electric motor model data in various operating modes. In all modes, stable estimates of the speed and torque of resistance on the electric motor shaft are obtained. At the same time, the error in estimating the angular velocity under the condition of changing the load on the shaft and starting in the loaded state is no more than 1.2%, which is acceptable in submersible electric motor control systems. It is revealed that the developed observer, under the condition of changing the active resistance of the stator and rotor in the ranges from –25 to +25% of the nominal value, obtains estimates of the angular velocity with an integral error of no more than 5%, except for starting the motor with a decrease in the active resistance of the rotor by 25% of the nominal value –5.53%, which is acceptable in engineering practice.

Design of a six-phase surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor with application to electric trucks

As we have known, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have garnered widespread interest across various industrial applications thanks to their advantages such as high efficiency, reliable performance, simple structure, and adaptability to various shapes and sizes. Due to characteristics of the high torque and low speed, the PMSMs make particularly well-suited for traction applications such as trucks, ship propulsion, mining, and more. In this context, a combination of the analytical method and finite element method (FEM) is proposed for designing and simulating a six-phase surface-mounted PMSM. Firstly, a model of the six-phase PMSM is analytically design to make required/main dimensions. The FEM is then applied to analyse and verify electromagnetic parameters such as of the current waveform, back electromagnetic force (EMF), magnetic flux density in the air gap, flux linkage, torque, cogging torque, torque ripple and harmonic components. Via the obtained results, the research will give a contribution of valuable insights for optimizing the design, performance and reliability for this motor in diverse industrial applications.

Output speed control for hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of tractor.

In order to improve the speed stability of tractors equipped with hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) during field operations, the speed regulation characteristics, torque characteristics, and power diversion characteristics of HMCVT are analyzed. And a comprehensive control strategy for HMCVT output speed is proposed by analyzing the factors affecting the fluctuation of output speed, which combines engine speed control and displacement ratio control of hydraulic speed control system. This strategy adopts fuzzy control to regulate the engine speed to maintain the stability of engine operation. Moreover, adopting feed forward compensation control for speed compensation enhances the anti-interference ability of the hydraulic speed control system. And combined with model predictive control, adjust the swash plate swing angle of the variable pump to reduce the fluctuation of HMCVT output speed. By establishing joint simulation model, the effectiveness of the control strategy was verified using tractor acceleration mode and step load disturbance mode. The results show that the strategy can reduce the fluctuation rate of engine speed and impact degree, shorten the adjustment time, and improve the stability of tractor operating speed.

Effects of endplate designs on the performance of Savonius vertical axis wind turbine

In aerodynamic studies, endplates or wingtip devices play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of airfoil blades and minimizing losses. This is particularly important for wind turbines, especially the drag-type Savonius turbine. This paper aims to investigate the effects of different endplate designs. Both experimental works and numerical simulations were conducted on a Savonius rotor with an aspect ratio of 1. A total of eight different endplate geometries and sizes were investigated. The mechanical torque and rotational speed were measured experimentally under various loads with an incoming wind speed of 5.89 m/s. The coefficient of torque (CT) and coefficient of power (CP) were calculated in both the experiments and simulations. The simulation was first validated using data from the literature, and flow characteristics were then scrutinized. The results indicate that the endplates greatly impact the turbine performance, with improvements of up to 299.7 % compared to a turbine without endplates from the experiment. The endplates help prevent flow leakage near the blade edges. In addition to tip losses reducing turbine performance, aerodynamic parasitic drag also contributed to a decrease in CP for the full endplate. The relationship between the aerodynamic parasitic drag with TSR is also reported. By implementing a well-designed endplate, these adverse effects can be mitigated.

A Mathematical Review Study on Dynamical Models of Symmetrical Three-Phase Induction Machine in Various Reference Frames

This paper presents dynamic models of a three-phase induction machine in various reference frames widely employed in alternating-current (ac) machine analysis. The main objective is to derive and explain the machine model in relatively basic terms by using the idea of rotating reference frame theory. Many matrix manipulations and complex frame-to-frame transformations performed to obtain an advanced model from primitive dynamical equations are presented in a more compact and easy-to-understand way. Therefore, this paper reviews a detailed, yet simple and understandable mathematical background on the dynamic models of the induction machine. Furthermore, a unified and broadly applicable simulation model is proposed for simulating the dynamic behavior of the machine in any desired reference frame. The simulation model has also a modular and user-friendly structure. For the simulation studies, Matlab/Simulink environment is preferred due to its popularity. A Simulink machine model with several subsystems is explicitly given. The simulation study is realized for a small power induction machine operating under both load and no-load conditions. The variations of three-phase currents, electromagnetic torque, and rotor mechanical speed as well as the rotor flux-linkage components are shown. The key features of each reference frame are discussed, especially through the measured rotor flux-linkage components.

New disturbance observer-based speed estimator for induction motor

<p>This paper discusses a novel disturbance observer designed as an estimator to determine the rotor speed of an induction motor. This observer is a solution to obtain a simple structure with a small number of compact observer gains. Furthermore, the adaptation law is no longer required to estimate induction motor speed values. This is a machine model-based computation method that uses a stationary reference frame. The nonlinearity problem is solved using an additional state vector in the observer model, which is known as an extended state observer. This approach easily and systematically determines the observer gain by applying the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method, thereby avoiding time-consuming trial errors. The proposed observer, which was presented in both continuous and discrete forms, was tested using a sensorless V/f- controlled induction motor. The simulation results show that the proposed observer can accurately estimate all states, namely, the rotor flux and stator current; therefore, the proposed estimator provides the speed and electromagnetic torque for a wide operational range of speeds and load torques. It was also shown that the proposed observer was robust to noise and uncertainty in induction motor parameters.</p>

Unified gear tribo-dynamic of transient mixed lubrication and nonlinear dynamics and its experimental validation

The rapid development of electric drives technology presents new challenges in the domain of vibration and noise suppression within gear trains. Dynamics modeling serves as a crucial method for studying vibration and noise; however, a deficiency exists in adequately considering the interaction between tribology and the dynamics of gear drives in current research endeavors. This article proposes a unified tribo-dynamic approach to facilitate a more realistic and accurate linkage analysis of transient mixed lubrication, friction, flash temperature, stiffness, backlash, and dynamics in gear drives. The TPMD approach is proposed to reduce convergence elapsed time. The meshing stiffness and backlash under transient mixed lubrication are developed and used as additional crucial bridges for the interactions in tribo-dynamic, supplementing the traditional consideration of friction. Gear vibration tests are carried out in both LOA and OLOA directions to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. Comparative analyses with conventional models highlight the advancements of the proposed model. The lubricated meshing stiffness, influenced by the combined effects of dynamics and tribology, exhibits characteristic fluctuations and is significantly lower than the Hertzian meshing stiffness. Tribological characteristics in tribo-dynamic differ notably from quasi-static conditions due to gear vibrations. The proposed tribo-dynamic model reveals higher DTE and vibration in the LOA direction compared to traditional dynamics. The intricate effects of friction, meshing stiffness, and backlash on vibration depend on factors like surface roughness, torque, and rotational speed.

Novel multifractal-based classification model for the quality grades of surrounding rock within tunnels

Understanding the variation patterns of tunnel boring machine (TBM) operational parameters is crucial for assessing engineering geological conditions and quality grades of surrounding rock within tunnels. Studying the multifractal characteristics of the TBM operational parameters can help identify the patterns, but the relevant research has not yet been explored. This paper proposed a novel classification model for quality grades of surrounding rock in TBM tunnels based on multifractal analysis theory. Initially, the statistical characteristics of eight TBM cycle data with different grades of surrounding rock were explored. Subsequently, the method of calculating and analyzing the multifractal characteristic parameters of the TBM operational data was deduced and summarized. The research results showed that the TBM operational parameters of cutterhead torque, total thrust, advance rate, and cutterhead rotation speed have significant multifractal characteristics. Its multifractal dimension, midpoint slope of the generalized fractal spectrum, and singularity strength range can be used to evaluate the surrounding rock grades of the tunnel. Finally, a novel classification model for the tunnel surrounding rocks based on the multifractal characteristic parameters was proposed using the multiple linear regression method, and the model was verified through four TBM cycle data containing different surrounding rock grades. The results showed that the proposed multifractal-based classification model for tunnel surrounding rocks has high accuracy and applicability. This study not only achieves multifractal feature representation and surrounding rock classification for TBM operational parameters but also holds the potential for adaptive adjustment of TBM operational parameters and automated tunneling applications.

Research on truck mass estimation based on long short-term memory network

To address the issues of convenience, scalability, and accuracy in existing truck mass estimation technologies, a truck mass estimation model based on Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) using onboard OBD data is proposed. Seven-dimensional feature parameters, including vehicle driving speed, engine speed, and net output torque of the engine, are selected as input features to achieve accurate estimation of truck mass. This study collaborated with transportation enterprises from Yulin, China to collect real-time data using onboard OBD devices. The actual vehicle mass was obtained by using the data from the weighing scales installed at the departure and unloading points. These data were divided into training and validation sets for the model, and improvements were made step by step based on the prediction results. It's showed that when estimating vehicle mass based on trips, the average relative error between the estimated validation set and other vehicle masses is around 2.3 %; Compared with existing estimation models (estimation model based on extended Kalman filter and detection device based on EPB system), LSTM model has advantages such as high estimation accuracy and strong generalization ability, and has broad application space in overload transportation monitoring, safe transportation, energy conservation and emission reduction, etc.

Drive Control using Multilevel Inverter for Electric Vehicle Application: A Hybrid SCSO-SNN Technique

This manuscript proposes a hybrid method for drive control using a multilevel inverter (MLI) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The proposed technique is the joint execution of spiking neural network (SNN), and sand cat swarm optimization (SCSO), hence it is named as SCSO-SNN technique. The primary goal of the proposed technique is to improve the speed tracking performance and, energy efficiency and lessen the torque ripple of the EV. The set of control signals is generated by SCSO and the SNN is used to forecast the optimal control signal of the cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI). The proposed technique is implemented in the MATLAB software and is evaluated their performance with various present methods. The results show that the proposed method can achieve better performance than current techniques based on speed tracking, energy efficiency, and torque ripple. The proposed method enhanced the total efficiency of the system (96%) and reduced the torque ripple (0.5%) when contrasted with current techniques like Genetic Algorithm (GA), Spotted Hyena Optimizer (SHO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed method shows a mean of 1.269, a median of 1.212, and a standard deviation of 0.015, indicating high stability and consistency. It also demonstrates lower switching losses (0.159 W) and conduction losses (0.370 W) compared to existing methods, underscoring its superior energy efficiency and effectiveness.