Torque Speed Research Articles

Vehicle greenhouse gas emission factors based on multi-dimensional Bin interval mode

The emission factors of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles are of significant importance for low-carbon and environmentally friendly initiatives. This paper focuses on greenhouse gas emission factors of heavy-duty vehicles. The multi-dimensional Bin interval mode are proposed, which considers multiple parameters such as vehicle speed, acceleration, torque, and rotational speed. Based on this, the emission characteristics of greenhouse gases from heavy-duty vehicles. are investigated under different parameter conditions. The results indicate that as the VSPA value or the engine torque increases, the CO2 emission factor also increases accordingly. The CO2 emission factor is lower at medium to high rotational speeds, while it tends to increase at low rotational speeds. The research findings provide support for monitoring and evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and offer scientific guidance for formulating specific carbon reduction policies, emission targets, and plans.

SRM drive system of FOPID controller for speed control and torque ripple minimisation

SRM drive system of FOPID controller for speed control and torque ripple minimisation

Theoretical Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Nonlinear Observer for sensorless WECS

This research paper introduces a novel sensorless wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a Vienna rectifiers-based high-gain observer. The main emphasis is on crafting a high-gain observer capable of providing real-time estimates for challenging-to-measure signals like rotor speed and load torque. Addressing the complexities arising from system nonlinearity and high dimensionality, the paper showcases the effectiveness of the proposed observer through simulations and theoretical analysis. Furthermore, an experimental validation on the RealTime Digital Simulator (RTDS) platform validates the observer’s performance and reliability, highlighting its potential for enhancing sensorless WECS technology.

An Application of Feedback Linearizing Controller with Disturbance Observer for DC Motor Real-Time Speed Control

The main objective of this paper is the hardware implementation of robust speed and torque control of DC motors. The proposed speed controller is a feedback linearizing controller (FLC) with a disturbance observer (DO). The designed control circuit can withstand non-linearities of the system and other unpredictable disturbances. In addition, the exact mathematical modelling of the controller is used and thus the system can be easily reproduced to any higher rating. The converter used to interface the DC motor is a bi-directional H bridge converter that can supply and accept power at any voltage conditions. The developed system is experimentally tested under different case studies of motoring and regenerating conditions. From the results, it is verified that the objective is met, and the designed prototype system can work accurately to follow the speed and load torque. The designed system can be used for variety of industrial applications including electric traction, robotics, and various fixed as well as variable speed electric drives.

SRM drive system of FOPID controller for speed control and torque ripple minimisation

SRM drive system of FOPID controller for speed control and torque ripple minimisation

Grey wolf optimization and incremental conductance based hybrid MPPT technique for solar powered induction motor driven water pump

The use of Solar Powered Water Pumps (SPWP) has emerged as a significant advancement in irrigation systems, offering a viable alternative to electricity and diesel-based pumping methods. The appeal of SPWPs to farmers lies in their low maintenance costs and the incentives provided by government agencies to support sustainable and cost-effective agricultural practices. However, a critical challenge faced by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is their susceptibility to power loss under partial shading conditions, which can persist for extended periods, ultimately reducing system efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposes the integration of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controllers with efficient algorithms designed to identify the peak power during shading events. In this study, a hybrid approach combining Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Incremental Conductance (INC) is employed to maximize the power output of SPWPs driven by an induction motor under partial shading conditions. In order to achieve faster convergence to the global peak, GWO handles the first stages of MPPT and then INC algorithm is employed at the end of the MPPT process. This method reduces the computations of GWO and streamlines the search space. The paper evaluates the performance of the induction motor in terms of speed settling time and torque ripple. To validate the effectiveness of the GWO-INC hybrid approach, simulations are conducted using the MATLAB Simulink platform. The outcomes are then compared with results obtained from various well-known approaches, including Particle Swarm Optimization – Perturb and Observe (PSO-PO), PSO-INC, and GWO-PO, illustrating the superiority of the GWO-INC hybrid approach in enhancing the efficiency and performance of solar water pumps during shading. The GWO-INC excels with 99.6% accuracy in uniform shading and 99.8% in partial shading. It achieves convergence in a mere 0.55 seconds under uniform shading conditions and only 0.42 seconds when partial shading is present. Moreover, it significantly reduces torque oscillations, with a torque ripple of 8.26% in cases of uniform shading and 10.56% in partial shading.

Direct electromagnetic force control of linear induction motor with end effects using fuzzy controller

In this article is a present dynamic model of a linen induction motor with end effects, occurs when the electromagnetic system of the motor is open. Instead of the angular speed and electromagnetic torque as a rotation motor, in the linear induction motor we have linear speed and linear electromagnetic force, which are sufficiently influenced by the open electromagnetic system of the primary and secondary elements of the linear motor. The choice of an appropriate control system for a linear induction motor is of particular importance considering the use of this type of motor in manufacturing. There are different types of control schemes for standard rotary motors that have their own advantages and disadvantages. When choosing a motor control scheme, we strive to achieve the following parameters, such as smoothness of regulation, ability to regulate in all four quadrants, accuracy of regulation, range of regulation and last but not least, simplicity of regulation. One such method that meets these criteria for rotary motors is the direct torque control method with space vector modulation. The control system of the linear induction motor proposed in this paper is based on this method, taking into account the open electromagnetic system and the occurrence of the end effects of the linear induction motor. Instead of the angular reference velocity as a rotary motor, in this case we have a linear reference velocity to the input, which is compared to the current linear velocity of the motor. The present paper also uses the vector modulation method by analogy with direct torque control with space vector modulation of the rotary motor. For the conversion of a linear velocity to a linear electromagnetic force, instead of a standard PI controller, it is using a fuzzy controller to convert a linear velocity to a reference electromagnetic force.

Wide Speed Range and Torque Control of IPMSM with MTPA-MTPV Field Weakening Control

Wide Speed Range and Torque Control of IPMSM with MTPA-MTPV Field Weakening Control

Performance analysis of FEC based SR motor drive using fuzzy tuned PI controller

PurposeIn this paper, a new front end converter (FEC) topology has been proposed for the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive. This study aims to present the performance analysis of FEC-based SR motor drive using various types of control schemes like conventional proportional integral (PI) controller, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and fuzzy-tuned proportional integral controller (Fuzzy-PI).Design/methodology/approachThe proposed FEC-based SR motor drive with various control strategies is derived for the torque ripple minimization and speed control.FindingsThe steady state and the dynamic response of the FEC-based SR motor drive are analyzed using three different controllers under change in speed and loading conditions. The Fuzzy-PI-based control scheme improves the dynamic response of the system when compared with the FLC and the conventional PI controller.Originality/valueThe hardware prototype has been implemented for the FEC-based SR motor drive by using the Xilinx SPARTAN 6 FPGA processor. The experimental verification has been conducted and the results have been measured under steady state and dynamic conditions.

Optimizing dialysis water treatment based on medical planning requirements

This paper introduces a new approach to improving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis processes. This maintains compatibility between the water treatment unit and active dialysis machines. Identification of different deviations in the patient’s requirements to classify the suitable flow rate (FR) of the pure water can be created through an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Four types of categories are classified: quarter load, half load, three-quarter load, and full load. This includes two main steps: identifying the dialysis categories with patients and measuring the suitable FR for each category. The effective FR of water was computed to indicate how the number of pumps rose as the number of patients treated within the dialysis unit increased. The introduced prediction method was tested against artificial neural networks to predict alum doses (ANN-AD) method, artificial intelligence as a combinatorial optimization strategy (AN-COS) using peach-palm waste in a solid-state fermentation environment, expert system applications (ESA) in chronic kidney disease management (MDSSs), prescription optimization for automated peritoneal dialysis (BCPH). In this work, pumping system parameter estimation was utilized to assess the performance of the introduced systems based on input voltage, input current, rotor speed, and electromagnetic torque waveforms of the pumping drive. This method uses the ANFIS algorithm to construct a high-performance pumping system to evaluate and predict the flow rate of dialysis machines based on input–output estimates. The flow rate values for each patient in critical care units can be controlled by the presented algorithm according to the time of dialysis. A good predictive model based on integrating the experience and decision making of medical planners was implemented. The proposed method not only improves accuracy but also saves time in the dialysis unit. The presented fuzzy classifier uses the ratio of the number of predicted true positives and false positives to the total number of anticipated positives. The simulation results show that the proposed technique can be successfully used to classify the suitable FR of the water according to the hemodialysis load. One of the advantages of the presented technique is the ability to predict the value of FR in real time with reliability, low computational complexity, and a high accuracy of 98.01%, which simplifies the dialysis process for many patients while at the same time leading to improved performance of hemodialysis. The presented method can be implanted in online FR estimation and analysis hardware for hemodialysis, is easy to calculate and run in real time, minimizes hemodialysis costs, and saves run time.

Novel Energy Management Scheme for a Permanent Magnet Electric Drive-Based Hybrid Vehicle Using Model Predictive Control

The present work deals with the design of a traction system for a hybrid vehicle using a PMSM-type motor, including an energy regeneration stage, using a Neutral Point Piloted (NPP) inverter. Optimal operation allows the motor to be supplied in the traction stage with the correct energy in such a way that it operates properly; on the other hand, during braking, it facilitates the transfer of energy in regenerative mode to the DC bus, storing the greatest amount of energy in the storage elements, which, in this case, refers to a battery bank. It also includes a DC-DC bidirectional boost interleaved converter to regulate the DC voltage levels both in traction and in braking. Its fundamental characteristic is that with a reduced number of switching devices, it allows for the reduction in DC voltage of the DC bus with adequate characteristics, constant and stable, regardless of abrupt changes in the output voltage reference value. Also, other features include oscillation control, that is, reducing or increasing oscillations according to operating conditions. Its transient operation is excellent, since the settling time is considerably reduced, which implies that the voltage of the DC bus does not cause mishaps in the operation of the motor. In its operation as a boost converter, in the event of any voltage value of the DC bus, the converter raises the voltage value according to the reference conditions. Similarly, control allows the voltage to be held at a stable value regardless of changes in the set point. This work presents a novel energy management scheme for permanent magnet electric drive based on a Model Predictive Control strategy, thus contributing to the effective energy management of a standard hybrid electric vehicle driving cycle. Results obtained using a real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) platform showed the effectiveness of Model Predictive Control in dealing with power flow management while ensuring control of electric drive in all the required speed–torque profiles.

Parametric Characterization of a Tractor Engine by Specific Fuel Consumption

The paper highlights that equipping agricultural mobile machines with sensors and electronic controls enables the remote acquisition of real-time information regarding the technical condition of engine systems while operation. (Research purpose) The objective of this research is to formulate a methodology for determining the multi-parameter characteristics of specific effective fuel consumption. This is illustrated through an examination of the Deutz BF 6M 2012 C engine, installed in the of the Terrion ATM 4200 tractor. (Materials and methods) The electronic control system was examined through data analysis. Utilizing Logic Analyzer 8, a connected logic analyzer, facilitated the extraction of a multi-parameter characteristic related to the specific fuel consumption of the engine. This data was obtained from the CAN bus while the machine was in operation. A statistical data processing method was developed using the Statistica 10 program. Regression equations were formulated to illustrate the correlation between fuel consumption, crankshaft speed and engine torque. The statistical significance of the relationship between fuel consumption across the entire range of operating modes and the selected parameters was corroborated by the values of the coefficient of determination and Fisher’s criterion. (Results and discussion) The data from the multi-parameter characteristic, illustrating the correlation between fuel consumption, engine speed, and torque, aligns with the information provided by the manufacturing plant. This alignment further validates the accuracy of the derived regression equations. (Conclusions) The suggested sequence of steps for obtain a multi-parameter characteristic can be applied to other engine performance indicators. Monitoring operational performance to analyze information on the technical condition of machine components and assemblies is necessary for diagnostics and ensuring timely maintenance and repair.

The dynamic behaviour of ORC-based power units fed by exhaust gases of internal combustion engines in mobile applications

Exhaust gases Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) in Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) performed through ORC-based Power Units (ORC-bPU) ensures a reduction of fuel consumption and consequently CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, high fluctuations of hot source push the ORC-bPU to work frequently in severe off-design conditions. Hence, a deep knowledge of the unit dynamic behaviour is fundamental to develop control and operating strategies allowing to achieve a successful recovery. Dynamic response assessment of ORC-bPUs has been treated in literature but making mainly reference to theoretical approaches or to variations of input variables without considering the matching to the engine and the necessary constraints which are present in a real mobile application. Moreover, Moving Boundary (MB) models are generally used as theoretical tools to support the dynamic analysis focusing the attention on Heat Recovery Vapor Generator (HRVG) which rules the plant dynamic response. In MB models, boundary conditions at the HRVG exit are mainly fixed by the expander and by the remaining circuit. To date, the attention was focused on the presence as expander of dynamic machines (turbine), deserving an evident lower attention to volumetric expanders nonetheless their higher suitability for low-medium scale ORC applications (few kWs). To fill these knowledge gaps, a novel approach is pursued in the present paper. The dynamic response of an ORC-bPU was experimentally observed for a step change of torque and revolution speed of an ICE directly connected to the recovery unit. The variation of engine operating conditions produced an unsteady variation of the temperature and flow rate of the exhaust gas feeding the unit. The dynamics of the engine and the connecting pipes is considered as well as all the typical constraints of a real situation. Results show HRVG and exhaust pipe ruling the dynamic behaviour of the unit, leading to long time constant and raising time of gas temperature of 150 s and 300 s respectively. These results show that the unit almost always works in transient conditions being engine torque and speed variations very fast. Nevertheless, thanks to the self-regulation capacity and the robustness of the scroll expander, the unit reacts in a satisfactory way. A further novelty of the present study concerns the integration of the widely used Moving Boundary (MB) approach with Permeability theory which considers the presence of a volumetric expander and all the ither downstream components, finding a match not available in literature between the HRVG and a volumetric expander and pump. The results of the new Permeability-Moving Boundary model (P-MB) was compared with those of a more comprehensive mathematical model. The comparisons show a comparable accuracy and a significantly lower computational time achieved with P-MB. Hence, P-MB could be implemented on board to set up control strategies enhancing the recovery tuned by a model-based approach.

Comparative Performance Assessment of Sizing of Electric Motor through Analytical Approach for Electric Vehicle Application

For battery electric vehicle (BEV), electric motor is the only power source. The motor drive system in electric vehicle has many challenges like cost, weight, efficiency, detail torque speed characteristics, motor power rating. Accurate motor power rating prediction is very much necessary to fulfil the performance requirement of electric vehicle. Selection of oversized motor for Electric vehicle application results into overprice motor, more energy consumption and decline in vehicle range. Due to this there will expansion of battery size and increases the overall cost of vehicle. On the other hand, selection of undersized motor leads to poor vehicle performance that limits the drivability of vehicle. This paper gives detailed calculations of motor rating of electric motor. New approach is developed to predict the correct power rating of motor without affecting the desired vehicle performance. According to the requirement, accurate prediction of power rating of motor has been taken for cost efficient and upgradation the performance of motor. The work presented in this paper adopts a method of vehicle performance assessment on the basis of comparison with four different methods with new developed method. Traction motor is major & most expensive component of EV. Selection of motor play’s crucial role in the development of electric vehicle. Undersized and oversized motor results in rise in cost of motor which ultimately increases the cost of vehicle. But by using appropriate motor this cost been reduced up to 50-60% with performance enhancement.

ANALISIS EKSPERIMENTAL TURBIN PELTON SEBAGAI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK MIKRO HIDRO DENGAN VARIASI NOZZLE

Microhydro Power Plant is a small-scale power plant that utilizes river water flow to drive turbines. Some hydropower systems can be classified as microhydro if the generated energy capacity is below 100 kW [4]. The goal to be achieved from this pelton turbine research with nozzle variations is to determine the effect of nozzle size on flow discharge, torque and turbine rotation speed on pelton turbines. Pelton turbine research for this laboratory scale was carried out at the Heat and Heat Transfer Laboratory. In the first test, the water discharge was 50 l/min which produced a shaft rotation of 102 rpm. The minimum power generated at a discharge of 50 l/min (0.00083m3/s) occurred at a shaft speed of 102 rpm of 11.7 watts. Turbine power is highly dependent on the amount of torque and angular velocity. While the angular velocity is influenced by the rotation of the turbine and the rotation of the turbine is very dependent on the mass of the flow that hits the turbine blades. In the first test, the turbine power was 11.7 watts which resulted in an efficiency of 8%.

Performance Evaluation of Induction Motor Behaviour on Conventional and PV System Power Sources

The present study explores the integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems for enhancement of power system quality and reliability, particularly when PV system is deployed to power inductive loads which have wide applications in commercial and industrial settings. A mixed approach is deployed using MATLAB/Simulink for the modelling and simulation process. The study investigates the impact of inductive loads on PV system, comparing its performance with a conventional power source of same power willing capacity. The PV system was modelled by connecting PV arrays in series and parallel combinations. The output of the PV arrays was fed into a three phase PWM inverter, the harmonics present at the inverter output were eliminated using properly sized Inductor- capacitor (L-C) filter circuit. Also, a three-phase conventional source of same output capacity was modelled. Comparative analysis of the impacts inductive loads has on both sources were carried out and this was accomplished by integrating three-phase asynchronous motor rated at 15kW(20HP). The induction motors were independently powered by two distinct sources and further subjected to intermittent loading conditions. The major parameters investigated includes the rotor speed, rotor current, and electromagnetic torque of the asynchronous motor. The outcome of the study showed that the conventional source outperforms the PV system. These necessitates the studies on adoption of advance strategies on how the negative impacts and challenges encountered in the course of integrating PV system to power inductive loads will be address.

Actuator optimization and deep learning-based control of pediatric knee exoskeleton for community-based mobility assistance

Lightweight and smart exoskeletons offer the potential to improve mobility in children. State-of-the-art pediatric exoskeletons are typically clinic-based since they are either tethered or portable but cumbersome and their design is often not optimized across a range of environments and users. To facilitate pediatric exoskeleton in community settings, we first proposed an actuator optimization framework that identified the optimal design parameters for both motor and transmission while minimizing the actuator mass and satisfying the output torque, speed, bandwidth, and resistance torque requirements. Guided by the optimization results, we customized a simple, lightweight actuator that met all mechatronic constraints for our portable exoskeleton (1.78 kg unilateral). Secondly, we adopted deep learning (Long Short Term Memory) based on gait phase estimation to facilitate stable control for community use. The models accurately estimated the gait phase on irregular walking patterns (accuracy 94.60%) without explicit training in children (typically developing and with cerebral palsy). The controller results demonstrated an elevated ability to adapt to the irregular gait patterns of the child with cerebral palsy. The experimental results in the child with typical development and four healthy adults demonstrated accurate assistive torque tracking performance (accuracy 97.00%) at different walking speeds (i.e., under uncertain torque to wearers). This work presented a holistic solution that includes both hardware innovation (actuator optimization framework) and software innovation (deep learning-based control) towards the paradigm shift of pediatric exoskeletons from clinic to community setting.

Automatic configuration analysis method of planetary gear automatic transmission

Planetary gear trains (PGT) with the aim of achieving multiple speed ratios are widely used in automatic transmission (AT). A fast configuration analysis method is of significance for improving the efficiency of AT design, and it is essential to study the automatic configuration analysis method for AT. For this purpose, the AT configuration is represented by a matrix model, which includes the structural matrix of PGT and shifting elements (SEs) matrix. Based on the proposed matrix representation, the speed relation and torque relation matrices of AT are automatically derived to analyze the kinematics and dynamics. Five performance indexes of AT configuration, specifically transmission ratio, rotation speed of components, torque transmitted by SEs, power flow, and transmission efficiency, are automatically calculated through the analysis result. The entire analysis process can be completed in 1 s on the computer. The proposed matrix model offers a unified representation for the configuration of AT derived from different synthesis algorithms. It facilitates rapid automated configuration analysis and performance evaluation, thereby positively influencing the design of automatic transmissions. Furthermore, the matrix model can be applied to the configuration synthesis of AT.

Quasi-Z-Source-Fed SRM Drive for Torque Ripple Minimization and Speed Range Extension With Three-Switch Conduction

This paper proposes a quasi-Z-source (QZS)-based modular switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive to suppress the source current ripple, minimize the torque ripple, widen the constant torque range and speed range, and enhance the system reliability. To take full advantages of QZS unit and modular power modules, the QZS-based modular SRM converter is firstly constructed. Subsequently, a three-switch conduction-based current compensation mechanism is developed to deal with the torque plummet issue caused by the inherent series excitation mode. Meanwhile, a novel four-region DITC strategy is proposed to further suppress torque ripple. Furthermore, a voltage regulation method is developed based on compensation mechanism to suppress the source current ripple and provide great assistance to implement the above strategy more effectively. In addition, the shoot-through state can be evenly distributed among the four bridge arms, which is conducive to balance the heating dissipation of power devices for improved service life of power converter. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness, the experiments are carried out on a 150W three-phase 12/8 SRM prototype.

Design and Optimization of a Pole Changing Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Motor

A flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) motor is designed and optimized in this paper to achieve high torque density and expanded speed regulation range from a design viewpoint of pole-changing (PC). Based on the field modulation theory, the PM field in the FSPM motor is modulated by the stator and rotor teeth, generating rich harmonics with different pole-pair numbers in the air-gap flux density. By adopting an appropriate slot pole combination, working harmonics with different slot pitch angles are obtained to establish a basis of the PC-FSPM motor. Then, different working harmonics can be used to achieve different energy conversions with different winding configurations, so the PC operation can be performed to realize the high torque and wide speed regulation range by switching the working modes. Based on the field modulation theory, the operation principle of conventional and PC-FSPM motors are analyzed and compared. Then, according to the design principle of the PC-FSPM motor, a 24/22-pole PC-FSPM motor with the E-core is designed and optimized by a multi-level optimization method. Finally, the electromagnetic performances are analyzed by finite element analysis and the test results of the prototype have verified the feasibility of the motor.