Science Subjects Research Articles

The Relevance of Science In The Ibañez´s Educational Counter-Reform (1929-1930): A Look at The Role of Girls in The School Press

This article analyses how schoolgirls appropriated science in the context of Ibáñez’s Educational Counter-Reform (1929-1930), which prioritized teaching science following the Progressive Education model. We study the magazines and newspapers produced by schoolgirls throughout the country, which multiplied thanks to educational reforms that promoted the active participation of students in their formative processes. We conclude that, on the one hand, the schoolgirls became protagonists of the educational policies implemented during this period, and on the other, that the reforms encouraged the involvement of girls in scientific subjects and the development of specific areas of knowledge.

A METAPHOR STUDY ON THE CONCEPTS OF STATE, NATION AND DEMOCRACY

The concepts of state, nation and democracy, which are among the subjects of political science, are among the most controversial topics in the literature. There are different definitions and approaches to all three concepts in the literature. Therefore, it is curious how these concepts are perceived by the society. The aim of this study is to determine university students' perceptions of the concepts of state, nation and democracy. The method of the study was designed in a phenomenological pattern from qualitative research methods. The metaphors produced for state, nation and democracy and the reasons for these metaphors and perceptions towards these concepts were tried to be determined. As a result of the study, it was seen that university students' perceptions of the state and nation were mostly explained with metaphors such as father, mother, unity, togetherness, and protector. However, it was concluded that the metaphors for democracy were different from each other. As a result of the study, it is suggested that the public's view of concepts should also be taken into consideration when looking at metaphors related to concepts in current literature discussions.

Development of Sparkol Videoscribe-Based Animated Video Learning Media on the Subject of IPAS Material Changes in the Form of Substances

This research was conducted to develop learning media Sparkol Videoscribe-based animated video that is feasible and effective in improving the cognitive learning outcomes of students in the subject of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) material on changes in the form of substances in class IV SDN 1 Tambakrejo, Grobogan Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach with a development research method (R&D) based on the Borg and Gall development model. The data collection techniques used include tests (pretest and post test) and non-tests (observation, interview, documentation, and questionnaire) with research subjects 1 material expert, 1 media expert, teachers as practitioners and students totaling 9 on small-scale trials and 25 on large-scale trials. The results of validation by expert validators showed a high level of material feasibility and learning media design, namely 90.62% and 93.30%. This learning media is proven to be effective in improving student learning outcomes, indicated by the results of the t-test of the pretest and posttest values with sig (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.005 and 0.004 < 0.005 while in the N-gain test there was an increase from 64.06 to 77.62 with a difference of 13.56 with a percentage of 0.39% including into the "medium" criteria. Thus, it can be concluded that it has been successfully developed Sparkol Videoscribe-based animated video learning media that is feasible and effective to use in learning to improve students' cognitive learning outcomes in IPAS subjects on material changes in the form of substances.

Peran Guru dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa pada Pelajaran IPAS Kelas IV di SDN 1 Beluk

This study aims to describe: (1) The role of teachers in enhancing students' critical thinking skills in the IPAS (Integrated Science) subject at SD Negeri 1 Beluk, and (2) The factors influencing the role of teachers in improving students' critical thinking skills in the IPAS subject at SD Negeri 1 Beluk. This qualitative research employs a descriptive analysis method and was conducted over three months, from March to May 2024. Primary data sources include fourth-grade teachers and students at SD Negeri 1 Beluk, collected through observations and interviews. Data credibility was tested using triangulation. The data analysis technique follows the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, consisting of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that: (1) Teachers play roles as educators, demonstrators, classroom managers, facilitators, mentors, motivators, and evaluators in enhancing students' critical thinking skills in the IPAS subject. The effective use of lesson plans (RPP) and evaluation instruments by teachers is observed to significantly improve students' critical thinking skills. (2) The factors influencing students' critical thinking skills include psychological factors, physiological factors, learning independence, and anxiety.

Journalism and public trust in science

Journalists are often the adult public’s central source of scientific information, which means that their reporting shapes the relationship the public has with science. Yet philosophers of science largely ignore journalistic communication in their inquiries about trust in science. This paper aims to help fill this gap in research by comparing journalistic norm conflicts that arose when reporting on COVID-19 and tobacco, among other policy-relevant scientific topics. I argue that the public’s image of scientists– as depositories of indisputable, value-free facts, trustworthy only when in consensus– makes it particularly difficult for journalists to ethically communicate policy-relevant science rife with disagreement. In doing so, I show how journalists, like scientists, face the problem of inductive risk in such cases. To overcome this problem, I sketch a model of trust in science that is grounded in an alternative image of scientists– what I call the responsiveness model of trust in science. By highlighting the process of science over its product, the responsiveness model requires scientists to respond to empirical evidence and the public’s values to warrant the public’s trust. I then show why this model requires journalists to be the public’s watchdogs by verifying and communicating whether scientists are being properly responsive both epistemically and non-epistemically.

Development of Android-Based Interactive Media Articulate Storyline 3 in IPAS Subjects Fourth Grade

This study aims to develop educational materials using Articulate Storyline, an e-learning software known for its practicality in creating interactive learning materials. This program is very helpful because it has an intuitive and easy-to-operate interface, which allows teachers and curriculum creators to design materials without requiring special skills in programming or graphic design. The methodology used in this study is Research and Development (R&D), following the ADDIE model which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data collection involves both test and non-test methods, and data is analyzed through quantitative as well as qualitative approaches. The results showed that the use of Articulate Storyline is very effective in learning natural and social sciences for grade IV students. This is evident from the high assessment by material and media experts, respectively by 91% and 90%. A significant increase in test scores from 55 to 80 and an increase in students' n-gain of 0.57 demonstrate the effectiveness of this tool in the teaching and learning process. Thus, Articulate Storyline is considered an ideal and effective tool for interactive learning in grade IV science subjects.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA SISWA KELAS IV

The concern about the low learning outcomes of students in class lV SDN lV Karangampel Kidul in science subjects due to students' lack of interest in science subjects is the background for this research. One of the efforts made is the application of a project-based learning model. This study aims to determine the application of project-based learning models in science subjects for grade IV students of SDN IV Karangampel Kidul, Karangampel District and to determine the application of project-based learning models can improve the learning outcomes of grade IV students of SDN IV Karangampel Kidul, Karangampel District. This research used PTK (class action research) method with Kemis and Taggart design. The research sample was all fourth grade students of SDN lV Karangampel Kidul in the 2022/2023 school year, totaling 31 students. By using data collection techniques in the form of interviews, observations and tests. Based on the observation results in this study, it is included in the good category, seen from the analysis of teacher activity observation data in cycle I obtained 75% with sufficient criteria and increased in cycle II 87.5% with good criteria. And student learning outcomes are said to have increased, this can be seen from the results of student learning in cycle I which has been completed 74.19% and increased in cycle II, namely 83.87% of students who have been completed and can be said to have reached the success indicator of 80%.

Slugs Count: Assessing citizen scientist engagement and development, and the accuracy of their identifications

Abstract How accurately can citizen science participants identify species, and can the information they provide be used to calculate accurate estimates of species richness, abundance and diversity measures? In this paper, we address these questions using data from a citizen science project assessing slug species diversity in gardens. Sixty participants were selected from over 2700 applicants across Britain to sample their gardens regularly for slugs following a standardised method. All slugs collected during the 30‐min search were posted to the lead investigator for verification throughout the 12‐month project. The resulting data were analysed to explore how accurate participants were in identifying slugs and whether this improved over the study period. Prior experience in slug identification was evaluated as a predictor of accuracy. Participants overestimated slug abundance and species richness, which led to overestimates in species diversity indices, illustrating the importance of verification in citizen science projects involving identification. Accuracy of slug identifications increased significantly over time in quantitative analysis of ecological data. However, self‐defined prior experience of identifying slugs before participation was not a good predictor of participant accuracy. Participants reported perceived improvement in slug identification skills to an evaluation survey after the project. However, confidence in identifying and explaining identification of slugs was lower than confidence in understanding and explaining other new science topics. This citizen science approach, including expert verification of physical specimens, illustrates how this method can be used successfully to provide accurate data on species' abundance and richness, alongside improving identification skills among the public for an understudied taxon. Continued engagement and feedback for participants is key in retaining citizen science participation in a project of this type, particularly if the taxon is challenging to identify correctly to species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

A research agenda for adult science entertainment events

ABSTRACT There is an international trend towards fun, irreverent, and social events that feature scientific themes and content. We argue that these events – what we call Adult Science Entertainment Events, or ASEEs – are a distinct phenomenon in science education and science communication, deserving of study in their own right. In addition to their anticipated value to hosting organizations, ASEEs offer new opportunities for adults to form, transform, or affirm their science-related identities. They may also exacerbate existing inequities, however. In this article, we discuss the relationship of ASEEs to other informal science learning environments, provide a narrative review of the existing research on ASEEs, and offer a preliminary research agenda focused on describing the emerging field, documenting goals and impacts, and understanding the impact of design decisions.

Analisis Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka Pada Penggabungan Mata Pelajaran IPA dan IPS Kelas 4 Di UPT SD Negeri 31 Gresik

This study aims to determine the implementation and impact of the Independent Curriculum on the combination of grade 4 science and social studies subjects at UPT SD Negeri 31 Gresik in the 2022/2023 academic year. This study uses qualitative research, the research procedure goes through several stages, namely identifying problems, limiting problems, determining research focus, collecting data, processing data, generating theories or hypotheses, reporting research results. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, interviews, documentation. The subjects of this study were school principals, IPAS teachers, and students. The results of the analysis from this study are that the implementation of grade 4 IPAS at UPT SD Negeri 31 Gresik is quite good, CP, TP, teaching modules are implemented quite well, students feel happy with IPAS, although there are still some obstacles in combining science and social studies which are still difficult to combine in one meeting. However, school principals and teachers will continue to learn so that they can implement science subjects even better.

Modeling hydration of graphene oxide (GO) – Does size matter?

The biomedical applications of graphene-based materials become one of hot scientific and technological topics in the last few years. Flake graphene oxide (GO) is considered as one of the promising materials for biomedical use due to a number of specific properties, in particular in design of advanced drug delivery systems (DDS). The key factor in the formation of non-covalently bonded complexes for drug transport is the strength of non-covalent interactions of the carrier with both the drug and the environment. In the current work, we have focused on molecular modeling of solvation of zigzag-edged graphene oxide, functionalized with hydroxyl and carboxyl substituents. The hydration was determined from the magnitude of weak intermolecular interactions of GO with one or two water molecules. Our goal was to establish the dependence of the degree and type of functionalization, as well as the size of graphene flakes and the position of hydrophilic substituents on the number and strength of H-bonds. All calculations were performed using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYPD3BJ/6-311++G** level. The effect of water solvent was established using an explicit (discrete) model of solvent.

Biophysics Concept Inventory Survey: An Assessment in Biophysical Undergraduate Education

ABSTRACT Since the Force Concept Inventory in 1992, many concept inventories have been developed to cover classical scientific fields. However, there is a lack of concept inventories for interdisciplinary fields, such as biophysics. We introduce a Biophysics Concept Inventory Survey (BCIS), a 20-question, multiple-choice survey to measure student gains in biophysical concepts. The BCIS contains 5 question classifications: remember, understand, apply, analyze, and create, as well as question concepts divided into primarily physics or primarily biology questions. We administered the BCIS to 3 cohorts of students over 4 years. Each cohort participated in a 10-week summer Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) in biophysics. We compared the presurvey (before REU) and postsurvey (after REU) scores to determine the fraction of the maximum possible gain or loss realized. Our analysis of the results suggests that the BCIS shows no biases based on sex or ethnicity. Further, we used the BCIS to show that 69% of the REU participants showed gains in biophysics concepts, with most of the total participant mean of gain occurring at higher levels of Bloom’s taxonomy: create and analyze. Overall, participants obtain slightly higher scores in physics (8% increase) than biology (5% increase) when comparing the pre- and postscores. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic allows a splitting of prepandemic and postpandemic cohorts, with the postpandemic cohort showing significantly larger gains than the prepandemic students. These results show that the BCIS, with question classifications and concepts, probes the students’ ability to apply knowledge to various biophysical science topics without underlying biases and enables instructors to obtain answers to important questions about the effectiveness of the educational programs. The BCIS fills a gap for interdisciplinary concept inventories.

Responses of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics and GHG Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems to Climate Change and Human Activity

Forest soils are considered the largest carbon and nitrogen pools in soil organic matter among terrestrial ecosystems, and soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are normally affected by climate change and human activity. The collection of recent research on this scientific theme would provide a basis for understanding the responses of soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and GHG fluxes in forest ecosystems to climate change and human activity. A Special Issue was, thus, organized to discuss recent research achievements, including a total of nine research articles and one review. This Special Issue includes the effects of climate changes such as changes in throughfall, snow cover, and permafrost degradation; human activities such as nitrogen and/or phosphorus addition and the use of biochar; and soil–plant interactions on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and GHG fluxes in forest ecosystems. Although this collection of papers reflects only a small part of this scientific theme, it can, to some extent, provide a basis for understanding some important research aspects related to the future of forest soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics and GHG fluxes in a changing world, thereby enabling sustainable development and the mitigation of climate change.

Application of Digital Literacy-Based Learning Media to Improve Students' Understanding of Concepts in Social Sciences Subjects

This research aims to increase students' understanding of concepts in Social Sciences (IPS) subjects through the application of digital literacy-based learning media in class VIII of SMP Negeri 3 Belo. The research background shows that social studies learning is still centred on teachers with students who tend to be passive, resulting in a lack of understanding of the material, especially those that require memorization. The research method used was Classroom Action Research (PTK) with research subjects of 29 students. This research involved two cycles of action with results showing a significant increase in students' conceptual understanding after implementing digital literacy-based learning media. In cycle I, action I, only 41.93% of students completed it, but this increased to 100% in cycle II, action II. The average student score also increased from 52.19 before the research to 82.52 after the research. The results of this research show that digital literacy-based learning media is effective in increasing students' conceptual understanding and can be applied not only to social studies subjects but also to other subjects at various levels of education.

PENERAPAN MODEL CONTEXTUAL TEACHING LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATAKAN MOTIVASI DAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA DIKELAS V/A SDN 036/VI RANTAU PANJANG III

ABSTRACT The problem in this research is that student motivation and learning outcomes in Natural Sciences subjects for class VA SDN 36/VI Rantau Panjang III are still relatively low. The aim of this research is to describe the application of the contextual learning model in the VA class on motivation and learning outcomes. The method used in this research is classroom action research (PTK). This research consists of 2 cycles, each cycle is carried out through 4 stages, namely planning, action, observation and reflection and consists of 2 meetings. Student learning motivation can be explained as follows: (1) the application of the contextual learning model can increase student learning motivation and the results of the learning motivation questionnaire show that in cycle I there was 55.45% while in cycle II it increased very well, namely 83.50%, this indicates s=tudent learning motivation increased according to the success indicator, namely 80%. The results of this research can be explained as follows: (1) the application of the contextual learning model in learning in cycle I is still not optimal. This can be seen from the tests in cycle I. Only 60.40% of students got a score within the maximum completeness criteria and 39.60% did not reach the maximum completeness criteria. (2) Student learning outcomes improved very well in cycle II. From 45% (initial observation), to 60.40% (cycle I) and 80.00% (cycle II). Keywords: Motivation, Science Learning Outcomes, Contextual Teaching Learning Model

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Koopratif Tipe Inside Circle (IOC) terhadap Motivasi Belajar IPA di Kelas V SD Muhammadiyah O3 Medan

The use of a learning model really determines success in the learning process, for this reason it is necessary to design a learning model that provides opportunities for students to be more active and build the nature of cooperation in groups so that students are motivated in learning. One learning model that can be used in learning is the inside outside circle learning model. The problem formulation in this research is whether there is an influence of the inside outside circle learning model on students' learning motivation in science subjects at SD Muhamadiyah 03 Medan. The research method used in this research is a quasi-experimental method. This research was carried out on Jl. Abdul Hakim No.2, Tj. Sari, District. Medan Selayang, Medan City. Which consists of 1 class which is divided into experimental class and control class. Data collection techniques are questionnaires, observations and interviews. The data analysis technique uses the Liliefors test to test the normality of the data, the Fisher test to test the homogeneity of variance and the t-test to test the hypothesis. The observed aspect of learning motivation has increased with the average obtained from the five indicators of learning motivation in the Pretest of 72.87 increasing to Posttest 85.03. which means Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Based on the research results, it shows that there is an influence of the inside outside circle learning model on the learning motivation of class V students in science subjects in Class V of SD Muhammadiyah 03 Medan.

The teaching of professor V.T. Kabyshev on constitutionalism. To the 85th anniversary of Vladimir T. Kabyshev, doctor of law, professor, honored scientist of the Russian Federation, honorary worker of higher education of Russia

The article is devoted to the 85th anniversary of the famous Russian legal scientist, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Honorary Worker of higher Education of Russia Vladimir T. Kabyshev. Speaking about the work of Professor V. T. Kabyshev, the author of the article notes that among the scientific topics (Russian constitutionalism, the foundations of the constitutional system, human rights and freedoms, democracy, the implementation of the Constitution, the constitutional mechanism of power, etc.) that have become the object of his research, the doctrine of constitutionalism occupies a central place. The teachings of V. T. Kabyshev’s work on constitutionalism is focused on the formation of an adequate understanding of the role of the Constitution in modern society and the state, the formation of a constitutional culture of citizens and officials, and the optimization of the management process, which are a condition for the progress of public relations.

Pengembangan Media E-Komik Edukatif pada Mata Pelajaran IPAS Kelas V Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to develop educational e-comic media as a learning medium for science and science subjects in class V SDN 07 Pulau Air using the ADDIE model which includes five stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis in the research carried out validity tests, practicality tests and effectiveness tests. The validity test was carried out by 3 validators consisting of 1 material validator and 2 media validators. Product trials were carried out by 25 class V.A students at SDN 07 Pulau Air with the aim of finding out the practicality of the product being developed, and effectiveness testing was carried out by distributing pretest and posttest questions. The results of research on the development of educational e-comic media obtained an average score for material of 4.92 with very suitable criteria, and 4.95 for media with very suitable categories. The students' practicality test results obtained a total average of 4.5 in the very practical category. The results of the effectiveness test obtained t_count of 11.52 and t_table= 2.064. Thus we get t_count > t_table. Based on the results of validity, practicality, and effectiveness tests, it can be concluded that the use of digital e-comic media in science and science learning is very suitable for use and has a significant effect on the learning process

A Bibliometric Analysis of Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Research Trends and Productivity

This bibliometric study examines the overall research trends and productivity in virtual reality in higher education based on published articles (2010–2024). Initially, we identified 1,412 studies from the Scopus database using the search string ("virtual reality" AND "higher education" OR "tertiary education"). Finally, we selected 1,128 articles for analysis after filtering by articles, book chapters, review, and conference papers published in English within social science, psychology, multidisciplinary, arts, and humanities subjects. Utilizing Biblioshiny (R Studio) and VOSviewer software, we observed a significant upward trend in publications from 2010 to 2023. Most studies (31.8%) were in Computer Science, and the USA is the dominant contributor, followed by China and international collaborations with other countries. Gregory, S. (n = 14 articles) is the most prolific author, while the Catholic University of Avila is the leading institute (n = 22 articles). The leading source is the “ACM International Conference Proceeding Series” (n = 38 articles). The article “A Systematic Review of Immersive Virtual Reality Applications for Higher Education: Design Elements, Lessons Learned, and Research Agenda” by Radianti et al. (2020) was highly cited (1060). 'Virtual Reality' and 'Higher Education' were the most common co-occurrences among the authors' keywords. The most prominent theme based on the author’s keywords is "Innovative Education Ecosystems in the Digital Age." This study provides valuable insight into the research landscape of VR in HE. The study suggests a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of relevant studies for improved generalization.

The Effect Of Learning Media Management And Self-Motivation On Science Literacy Ability

The basis of this paper is the teacher's ability to manage the learning media used during learning because it is an important component in delivering teaching materials. Learning objectives can be effectively achieved if teachers can manage the media needs of each teaching material and use it appropriately. The post-pandemic learning process is felt to be less meaningful and tends to be boring for students, so teachers must be able to innovate in choosing and creating learning media that can motivate students to learn. This study aims to determine the benefits and effects of using "KARCIL" media in improving the science literacy of students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah. The focus of the paper lies in the use of "KARCIL" media in Natural Sciences (IPA) subjects with a quantitative approach of the field research model through interviews and observations and the distribution of questionnaires to students used as samples. The results of the study obtained were (1) There was a significant influence between the use of "KARCIL" media on science literacy skills students, amounting to 0.001 with a confidence level of 10%, (2) There was a significant influence between self-motivation and science literacy ability of 0.011 with a confidence level of 10% and (3) There is a significant influence between the value of the coefficient of determination for the Nagelkerke model of 64% and 36% influenced by other factors that are not studied. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that good management of learning media and appropriate use by teachers can improve students' literacy ability and learning achievement.