Message Topics Research Articles

Analyzing social media messages of public sector organizations utilizing sentiment analysis and topic modeling

In this paper, we perform sentiment analysis and topic modeling on Twitter and Facebook posts of nine public sector organizations operating in Northeast US. The study objective is to compare and contrast message sentiment, content and topics of discussion on social media. We discover that sentiment and frequency of messages on social media is indeed affected by nature of organization’s operations. We also discover that organizations either use Twitter for broadcasting or one-to-one communication with public. Finally we found discussion topics of organizations – identified through unsupervised machine learning – that engaged in similar areas of public service having similar topics and keywords in their public messages. Our analysis also indicates missed opportunities by these organizations when communication with public. Findings from this study can be used by public sector entities to understand and improve their social media engagement with citizens.

Dominating Concepts of Russian Federation Propaganda Against Ukraine (Content and Collocation Analyses of Russia Today)

The Russian Federation has been carrying out long-term and successful disinformation and propaganda activities against Ukraine. Due to its powerful, state-supported media structures, it is able to impose its vision of reality on its respective audiences. The purpose of this article is to determine the lexemes and topics of the “landscape” of analytical reports produced by Russia Today (RT) in 2018–2020. Lexemes and topics lay the groundwork for the RT propaganda discourse aimed at interfering and disbalancing Ukraine’s media space. This paper, based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, focuses on (1) the vocabulary structure of analytical materials, which may indicate Russian priorities, and (2) the thematic content (hidden topics) of RT messages. The RT analytical reports titles and relevant metadata were analyzed. The body of data was subdivided into periods of presidencies of P. Poroshenko and V. Zelensky. The authors argue that personalities do not play a significant role in the Kremlin’s attitude toward Ukraine; only the Ukraine-Russia opposition is decisive, in which the RF assigns Ukraine the only acceptable role as Russia’s “puppet.”

Storybooks About Healthy Beverage Consumption: Effects in an Online Randomized Experiment With Parents

Parents spend substantial time reading to their children, making storybooks a promising but understudied avenue for motivating parents to serve their children healthier beverages. This study examines parents' reactions to messages promoting healthy beverage consumption embedded in a children's storybook. In 2020, a total of 2,164 demographically diverse parents of children aged 6 months to 5 years participated in an online survey. Participants were randomized to view control messages (school readiness) or 1 of 3 beverage message topics (sugary drink discouragement, water encouragement, or combined discouragement and encouragement) presented as pages from the storybook Potter the Otter. Survey items assessed parents' reactions to the messages and their perceptions, beliefs, and intentions regarding sugary drinks and water. Data were analyzed in 2021. Compared with control messages, exposure to the beverage messages led to higher discouragement from serving children sugary drinks and higher encouragement to serve children more water (p<0.001). The beverage messages also elicited more thinking about beverages' health impacts and led to stronger perceptions that sugary drinks are unhealthy (p<0.001). Moreover, the beverage messages led to higher intentions to limit serving children sugary drinks and higher intentions to serve children more water (p≤0.02). Parents' reactions to the beverage messages did not differ by most demographic characteristics. Few differences in outcomes were observed among the 3 beverage message topics. Embedding beverage messages in storybooks is a promising, scalable strategy for motivating parents from diverse backgrounds to serve children more water and fewer sugary drinks.

Analyzing Patient Secure Messages Using a Fast Health Care Interoperability Resources (FIHR)-Based Data Model: Development and Topic Modeling Study.

BackgroundPatient portals tethered to electronic health records systems have become attractive web platforms since the enacting of the Medicare Access and Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act and the introduction of the Meaningful Use program in the United States. Patients can conveniently access their health records and seek consultation from providers through secure web portals. With increasing adoption and patient engagement, the volume of patient secure messages has risen substantially, which opens up new research and development opportunities for patient-centered care.ObjectiveThis study aims to develop a data model for patient secure messages based on the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard to identify and extract significant information.MethodsWe initiated the first draft of the data model by analyzing FHIR and manually reviewing 100 sentences randomly sampled from more than 2 million patient-generated secure messages obtained from the online patient portal at the Mayo Clinic Rochester between February 18, 2010, and December 31, 2017. We then annotated additional sets of 100 randomly selected sentences using the Multi-purpose Annotation Environment tool and updated the data model and annotation guideline iteratively until the interannotator agreement was satisfactory. We then created a larger corpus by annotating 1200 randomly selected sentences and calculated the frequency of the identified medical concepts in these sentences. Finally, we performed topic modeling analysis to learn the hidden topics of patient secure messages related to 3 highly mentioned microconcepts, namely, fatigue, prednisone, and patient visit, and to evaluate the proposed data model independently.ResultsThe proposed data model has a 3-level hierarchical structure of health system concepts, including 3 macroconcepts, 28 mesoconcepts, and 85 microconcepts. Foundation and base macroconcepts comprise 33.99% (841/2474), clinical macroconcepts comprise 64.38% (1593/2474), and financial macroconcepts comprise 1.61% (40/2474) of the annotated corpus. The top 3 mesoconcepts among the 28 mesoconcepts are condition (505/2474, 20.41%), medication (424/2474, 17.13%), and practitioner (243/2474, 9.82%). Topic modeling identified hidden topics of patient secure messages related to fatigue, prednisone, and patient visit. A total of 89.2% (107/120) of the top-ranked topic keywords are actually the health concepts of the data model.ConclusionsOur data model and annotated corpus enable us to identify and understand important medical concepts in patient secure messages and prepare us for further natural language processing analysis of such free texts. The data model could be potentially used to automatically identify other types of patient narratives, such as those in various social media and patient forums. In the future, we plan to develop a machine learning and natural language processing solution to enable automatic triaging solutions to reduce the workload of clinicians and perform more granular content analysis to understand patients’ needs and improve patient-centered care.

Celebrities, Advertising Endorsement, and Political Marketing in Spain: The Popular Party’s April 2019 Election Campaign

One of political marketing’s theoretical tenets is the translation of commercial advertising techniques to politics. This paper focuses on celebrity endorsement as a commercial technique which is translated into political campaigning. Celebrity endorsement relates directly to celebrity politics, that is, the result of celebrity culture getting in touch with politics, as a way of revitalizing the offering of parties and candidates. In this context, our study analyzes the representation and use of celebrity politicians in Spain by the conservative Popular Party (PP) during the April 2019 national election. In order to shed light on the way celebrities were used in the PP’s social media campaign, we content-analyze 1,117 Twitter messages taken from the party’s profile, as well as conservative presidential candidate Pablo Casado’s profile. Analytical variables include frequency of mentions, the strategic axis (rational/emotional) with which celebrities were depicted, the features which were highlighted, and the type of endorsement performed by the celebrities. Message topics and functions were also added to the analysis. Results indicate a weak and flawed strategic use of celebrities, who were scarcely mentioned, and depicted in a non-innovative, traditional fashion. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2021.1950099 .

Political discourses, ideologies, and online coalitions in the Brazilian Congress on Twitter during 2019

The aim of this research is to describe the pattern of interactions of Brazilian legislators on Twitter during 2019 in the construction of political discourses. Based on 20,076 replies during 2019, posted on Twitter by 514 Brazilian legislators, we conducted descriptive analysis of legislators’ Twitter profiles, social network analyses from their interactions, and content analysis of the messages. We found that (1) there are large disparities between legislators in the use of Twitter; (2) the pattern of interactions depicted five clusters defined by political affinities; (3) each cluster had different features regarding their composition and impact; (4) the centrality of the legislators within the network was positively associated with public endorsement on Twitter; and (5) the topics of messages within the clusters reinforce discourses aligned to political ideologies. We argue that the pattern of interactions on Twitter allows to identify online coalitions that reinforce particular discourses within the Brazilian parliament.

Improving access to health services for female entertainment workers in Cambodia: findings from the Mobile Link randomised controlled trial

BackgroundFemale entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia who work at karaoke bars, massage parlours, and beer gardens have higher rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), psychological distress, substance use, and gender-based violence than the general population. Reaching these workers with health education and services has been difficult because of their hidden and stigmatised status. This study evaluates the Mobile Link intervention, which aims to engage FEWs in Cambodia by connecting them to existing services for HIV, sexual and reproductive health, and gender-based violence using short message services and voice messages to ultimately improve their health. MethodsThe Mobile Link intervention consisted of text or voice messages on ten health topics, which were delivered twice a week for 10 weeks and the message topics were repeated every 10 weeks for 30 weeks (time 2) and 60 weeks (time 3). The messages were co-developed with FEWs over a 6-month period before the trial began. We used a stratified random sampling method to select 600 FEWs from a list of 4000 by age group (18–24 years old and 25–30 years old) and study sites (two sites in Phnom Penh and one site each in Battambang, Banteay Meanchey, and Siem Reap). Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention or standard-care control group. Primary outcome measures were self-reported HIV and STI testing, condom use, and contraceptive use. Secondary outcomes included contact with outreach workers, use of escorted referral services, forced drinking and gender-based violence. Intervention effects were modelled using repeated-measures multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression. FindingsBetween March, 2018, and June, 2019, we included 218 women in the intervention group and 170 in the control group in the per protocol analyses after removing dropouts. There were no differences between intervention and control groups over time for primary outcomes in fully adjusted models. However, evidence of positive intervention effects was noted for some secondary outcomes: contacting an outreach worker (group by time 2 adjusted OR: 3·288 [95% CI 1·277–8·469]), receiving an escorted referral (group by time 2, 2·861 [1·089–7·518]; group by time 3, 8·150 [1·650–40·250]), and never being forced to drink at work (group by time 3, 3·945 [1·622–9·597]). InterpretationThe Mobile Link intervention effectively connected female entertainment workers in Cambodia with outreach workers and escorted referrals and reduced rates of forced drinking at work. Longer-term messaging has the potential to increase access to services and could improve health outcomes for female entertainment workers. Funding5% Initiative through Expertise France (Grant No. 16SANIN210).

Нормативное правовое регулирование информационного сопровождения деятельности МВД России в контексте обеспечения права граждан на информацию

Achieving the goal of law, embodying the meaning of legislation, ensuring rights and freedoms, is carried out, inter alia, through the adoption of laws and the publication of bylaws. A significant role in this process is assigned to departmental rule-making. Through concretization in normative legal acts, rights and freedoms acquire certainty, acquire real existence. The right to information, as an essential human right, is no exception. Practical implementation, the implementation of the right to information in life, largely depends on the quality of departmental regulatory legal regulation. The article, using the example of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, reveals the nature of the normative legal regulation of informing the population by posting information on the Internet and in the media. The main normative documents governing the organization of interaction between the Russian police and the media, the procedure and issues of the content of the official website have been consistently analyzed. The study used methods of comparative analysis and synthesis, a formally logical, general scientific dialectical method. Based on the analysis of the normative legal acts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the field of mass media circulation, the practical significance of bylaws in the legal system of the Russian Federation, aimed at solving the problem of ensuring the right of citizens to information, is revealed. Departmental normative legal acts, regulating the activities of departments on interaction with the media and posting information on the Internet, are simultaneously aimed both at solving internal organizational problems and ensuring the right to receive information. Determining the main forms and topics of information messages, establishing the procedure for the circulation of information, the powers of officials, regulatory legal documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, allow you to obtain comprehensive, objective information about the activities of the internal affairs bodies.

What public health campaigns can learn from people’s Twitter reactions on mask-wearing and COVID-19 Vaccines: a topic modeling approach

Topic modeling, which uses machine learning algorithms to identify the emergence of topics, can help public health professionals monitor online public responses during health crises. This study used Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm to model the topics in Twitter messages (or “tweets”) from the US during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 20th to August 9th, 2020. Topic sizes and sentiment were calculated as the pandemic evolved, for major topics about vaccination and mask-wearing as a nonpharmaceutical intervention measure. Despite the pandemic, positive sentiments were found among most topics. While users were found to react more often to positive sentiment about mask-wearing, negative content on vaccination was found more popular. Noticeable trends in topic sizes and sentiment were observed for various topics, which correlated in time with some key pandemic events and policy changes, implying their impacts on social media responses. By analyzing such trends and impacts, this research offers insights on health campaign message design and how to outreach the general public most effectively.

Семантика военной коммуникации посредством боевой техники и поражающих элементов (сообщения между «своими») Статья 1

The article is devoted to the consideration of special forms of communication using military equipment and striking elements. The main part reveals the general features of the studied communications, off ers several ways of their typological ranking, – by the ratio of sender and recipient, delivery vehicles and thematic content. The presentation and analysis of factual material is based on all of the specifi ed typologies; fi rst of all, according to the ratio of addresser and addressee (within the framework of this issue – messages between «friends»), with the fixation of the thematic content of the identifi ed groups, as well as taking into account the factor of manifestation of the specifi city of the delivery means of «messages». Among the main themes implemented in the analyzed messages, there are the topics of national messages, intentions and direction of actions; revenge – both personal and group; images of ancestors; drawing on military equipment the names of the dead compatriots; and etc.

Social Media Message Designs to Educate Adolescents About E-Cigarettes

PurposeE-cigarette use is increasing among adolescents, despite potential harms. Social media messages are a promising way to educate youth about e-cigarettes, yet little is known about what message topics and formats will have beneficial impacts for message reception, reach, e-cigarette knowledge, and beliefs about harms. MethodsA national convenience sample of adolescents (n = 928, aged 15–18 years) in high school was recruited for an online experiment. In October 2019, participants were randomized to view one of three social media formats (visual based, quiz, and text only) or a no-message control. Participants in format conditions viewed six unique topics in a random order. Outcomes were e-cigarette knowledge and beliefs. Message reactions and sharing preferences were also assessed among youth who saw social media messages. ResultsSocial media messages led to greater knowledge (Cohen's f = .19; p < .001) and beliefs (f = .16; p < .001) about harms of e-cigarettes compared with the control, regardless of format. Almost four in five adolescents (79%) reported they would share the social media messages, most likely in person (49%) and with friends (52%). Message topics for missing out because of lung damage, having uncontrolled moods, and ingesting specific harmful chemicals elicited higher intended message reactions. ConclusionsSocial media messages can educate about e-cigarette harms. Social media campaigns are a promising e-cigarette education strategy to reach youth, directly and potentially through peer-to-peer sharing.

Conversational topics of social media messages associated with state-level mental distress rates

Background: Upstream public health indicators of poor mental health in the United States (U.S.) are currently measured by national telephone-based surveys; however, results are delayed by 1–2 years, limiting real-time assessment of trends.Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between conversational topics on Twitter from 2018 to 2019 and mental distress rates from 2017 to 2018 for the 50 U.S. states and capital.Method: We used a novel lexicon, Empath, to examine conversational topics from aggregate social media messages from Twitter that correlated most strongly with official U.S. state-level rates of mental distress from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.Results: The ten lexical categories most positively correlated with rates of frequent mental distress at the state-level included categories about death, illness, or injury. Lexical categories most inversely correlated with mental distress included categories that serve as proxies for economic prosperity and industry. Using the prevalence of the 10 most positively and 10 most negatively correlated lexical categories to predict state-level rates of mental distress via a linear regression model on an independent sample of data yielded estimates that were moderately similar to actual rates (mean difference = 0.52%; Pearson correlation = 0.45, p < 0.001).Conclusion: This work informs efforts to use social media to measure population-level trends in mental health.

Secure Messaging Through PositiveLinks: Examination of Electronic Communication in a Clinic-Affiliated Smartphone App for Patients Living with HIV.

Purpose: Secure messaging between patients and their health care team can facilitate chronic care management. PositiveLinks® (PL) is a clinic-affiliated smartphone application designed for patients living with HIV that includes a secure messaging feature for patients, PL staff, and clinic providers to communicate. Our aim was to examine the content and function of messaging within PL.Methodology: We examined messages exchanged through PL from November 2017 through January 2018. Qualitative analysis included categorization of topics as: related to the app, medical care, or social needs. Messaging functions were categorized as information exchange or rapport building.Results: Of the 1,474 PL messages analyzed, 44% were sent by PL staff, 38% by patients, and 18% by providers, whereas 61% were received by patients, 22% by providers, and 17% by PL staff. Message topics included app-related (57.6%), medical care (34.3%), and social concerns (12.4%). App-related messages addressed technical difficulties, software updates, or coordinating phone payments. Medical messages included medical information, medications, appointments, outreach, and care coordination for physical and mental health. Social messages related to insurance, transportation, housing, food, utilities, disability, finances, and work absences. Message function coding showed that 87.3% of messages contained information exchange and 33.8% contained rapport building. Messages sent by providers were most likely to contain rapport building at 54.8%.Conclusion: PL messaging was used to handle medical and social needs with potential impact on patients' health and offers an opportunity to strengthen patient–provider relationships through responsiveness and rapport building. Secure messaging through a clinic-affiliated smartphone app could enhance patient-centered care between clinical visits.

Основные компоненты коммуникативной ситуации деловых переговоров

The following article considers the concepts of communicative situation, business discourse and business negotiations, as well as the specificity of their functioning. The research focuses on the cinematographic representation of communicative situation per se, which is of great interest within the field of business discourse. Taking into account sustained attention of present-day linguistics to institutional discourse in general and business discourse in particular, the need for a detailed study of the functioning of professional discourse seems quite urgent. As examples of the present study scenes of business negotiations from several American films were taken. The research rests on the componential structure of the communicative situation developed by Teun A. van Dijk (2008), which includes six basic elements inherent in any communicative situation. During the study, the following methods were applied: visual material analysis (which allows of considering a scene from a movie as a qualitative source of data, mainly in terms of non-verbal communication), method of text interpretation (which allows a researcher to single out typical patterns of behavior of businessmen during negotiations), continuous sampling method (which helps to identify language units that indicate personal characteristics of interlocutors) and a method of discourse analysis (allowing to distinguish discursive characteristics of business negotiations). As a result of the research, the presence of the components of the communicative situation identified by Teun A. van Dijk in situations of business negotiations in cinematography was confirmed. The functions performed by these components were analyzed, and the answers to the following questions were given: who performs the role of interlocutors in the situation of business negotiations, what kind of relations they hold, what message topics are common for a situation of negotiations, what are the key features of the speech and nonspeech activity of business negotiations.

Community Evolutional Network for Situation Awareness Using Social Media

Social media is important for situational awareness during a disaster. During a disaster, the situation of emergence often changes over time and hence the topics of social media messages generated by social media users also change accordingly. Few studies quantitatively describe the topic evolution of social media during a disaster and the corresponding relationship between topic evolution and disaster process. We address this problem using co-word network analysis and present a new method based on the community evolution of the co-word network to analyze topic evolution over time in social media. The method uses communities of the co-word network in social media to represent topics. Based on the theory of community evolution, a community evolutional network is proposed to support and quantify the evolution of the topics. We implemented the proposed method in a case study, “July 2012 Beijing flood” using the Sina Weibo dataset. Results show that our method can well quantify the evolution process of topics and validate the effectiveness of our method in real-world applications. The method can facilitate the understanding of public expression dynamics during a disaster and be used to reveal the process and stages of a disaster.

A Process Analysis of Message Style and Persuasion: The Effects of Gain-Loss Framing and Emotion-Inducing Imagery

An experiment (N = 455) was conducted to examine the persuasive effects of two stylistic elements: gain-loss framing and emotionally evocative imagery. The theoretical model specified that perceived message valence is a direct result of the two elements and that valence subsequently influences emotional and cognitive responses and ultimately behavioral intention. With two positive, attractive message topics (free travel to the Caribbean and free tablet PC), three message conditions varied the coupling of frame and image (matched, mismatched, and no image). Results from structural equation modeling largely indicate that gain framing with matched image led to stronger effects on mediators and persuasion.

Perceived Effectiveness of Anti-Marijuana Messages in Adult Users and Nonusers: An Examination of Responses to Messages About Marijuana’s Effects on Cognitive Performance, Driving, and Health

Marijuana use is associated with negative cognitive and health outcomes and risky driving. Given the rapidly changing policies regarding legal recreational and medicinal marijuana use, it is important to examine what types of marijuana prevention messages may be effective in minimizing such outcomes. This study examined cognitive and affective responses to anti-marijuana public health messages in a sample of adult marijuana users and nonusers to determine the correlates of perceived message effectiveness. Participants (N = 203; mean age = 37.7 years) were adult marijuana users and nonusers recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (August 2017). After completing self-report measures of marijuana use, they viewed six anti-marijuana messages presented in a random order, addressing marijuana's effects in each of three topic areas: cognitive performance, driving, and adverse health outcomes (e.g., two messages per topic). Participants completed assessments of cognitive and affective perceptions after viewing each message. For each message topic, a linear regression model was used to determine which cognitive and affective perceptions were most predictive of perceived message effectiveness. For all message topics, nonusers perceived the messages as more effective than did users (p < .001). In the majority of analyses, greater message effectiveness was associated with increased perceived harm of marijuana and increased liking of the message. For driving and health messages, greater message effectiveness was also significantly correlated with lower pleasant affect. The findings suggest that audience perceptions may be uniquely predictive of message effectiveness, depending on the topic.

Log mining to re-construct system behavior: An exploratory study on a large telescope system

Abstract Context A large amount of information about system behavior is stored in logs that record system changes. Such information can be exploited to discover anomalies of a system and the operations that cause them. Given their large size, manual inspection of logs is hard and infeasible in a desired timeframe (e.g., real-time), especially for critical systems. Objective This study proposes a semi-automated method for reconstructing sequences of tasks of a system, revealing system anomalies, and associating tasks and anomalies to code components. Method The proposed approach uses unsupervised machine learning (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) to discover latent topics in messages of log events and introduces a novel technique based on pattern recognition to derive the semantic of such topics (topic labelling). The approach has been applied to the big data generated by the ALMA telescope system consisting of more than 2000 log events collected in about five hours of telescope operation. Results With the application of our approach to such data, we were able to model the behavior of the telescope over 16 different observations. We found five different behavior models and three different types of errors. We use the models to interpret each error and discuss its cause. Conclusions With this work, we have also been able to discuss some of the known challenges in log mining. The experience we gather has been then summarized in lessons learned.

Evaluating the influence of message framing and graphic imagery on perceptions of food product health warnings

Food product health warnings may be a valuable intervention strategy for helping reduce obesity rates and the negative health outcomes associated with consuming an unhealthy diet. Research into the efficacy of food product health warnings has shown promising effects on consumers’ beliefs and behaviour, but existing research has typically featured a single or limited number of simple, text-only warnings. Two studies are presented that tested the influence of text-only and text-and-graphic, positively and negatively framed health warnings on perceived efficacy, negative affect and motivation to change behaviour. Using a between-subjects design, Study 1 found that negatively framed health warnings and text-and-graphic health warnings produced more negative emotional responses than positively framed and text-only health warnings. Study 2 then featured the highest rated message topics from Study 1. Using a within-subjects design, Study 2 found that participants rated text-and-graphic health warnings as more effective than text-only warnings, and negatively framed warnings as more effective than positively framed warnings, though all warning groups scored above the scale mid-point on perceived efficacy. Negatively framed warnings produced stronger negative emotional responses, while positively framed warnings produced stronger feelings of motivation to change behaviour. Results indicate that food product health warnings were perceived as capable of effectively promoting behavioural change. While negatively framed warnings were seen as most effective, positively framed warnings may also be effective, possibly through a different persuasive pathway.

Questions and Concerns About HPV Vaccine: A Communication Experiment.

In 2017-2018, we surveyed a national sample of 1196 US parents of children aged 9 to 17 years. We recorded brief videos of a pediatrician providing messages that addressed 7 HPV vaccination topics that commonly elicit questions or concerns (eg, recommended age). We randomly assigned parents to 1 of the message topics; parents then viewed 4 videos on that topic in random order and evaluated the messages. Parents were more confident in HPV vaccine when they were exposed to messages that addressed lack of knowledge about HPV vaccine (b = 0.13; P = .01), messages that included information about cancer prevention (b = 0.11; P < .001), messages that required a higher reading level (b = 0.02; P = .01), and messages that were longer (b = 0.03; P < .001). Parents were less confident in HPV vaccine when exposed to messages in which urgency was expressed (b = -0.06; P = .005). Analyses conducted by using HPV vaccine motivation as an outcome revealed the same pattern of findings. We provide research-tested messages that providers can use to address parents' HPV vaccination questions and concerns about 7 common topics. Important principles for increasing message effectiveness are to include information on the benefits of vaccination (including cancer prevention) and avoid expressing urgency to vaccinate when addressing parents' questions or concerns. Additionally, providers may need to be prepared to have longer conversations with parents who express concerns about HPV vaccine, especially regarding safety and side effects.