Topical Treatment Methods Research Articles

Determination of the effect of topical application of N-acetylcysteine on the recovery rate of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after surgical treatment, based on SNOT-22 test scores

endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery ( FESS ) is the gold standard for the treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis worldwide. The task of the otorhinolaryngologist is aimed at restoring the function of the osteomyetal complex . However, the tactics of the postoperative period, especially the topical form of treatment, remain an extremely important issue. The purpose of the study: Determination of the influence of the topical form of N-acetylcysteine on the speed of recovery of patients after FESS, compared to standardized topical treatment, based on the sino-nasal outcome test. The study was carried out at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of Bogomolets National Medical University on the basis of the Oleksandriv Clinical Hospital of Kyiv together with the CNME "Kremenchuk City Hospital of Planned Treatment", Kremenchuk. A population of 96 patients aged 18 to 60 with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis after surgical treatment. The randomization method was two groups of patients were formed. 1st group (study) - 47 patients who received irrigation of the topical form of N-acetylcysteine. 2nd group (control) - 49 patients who received topical therapy using irrigation of 0.9% NaCl solution. The volume of surgical intervention of both groups of the study: Endonasal endoscopic maxillotomy, septoplasty , bilateral vasotomy of the lower nasal turbinates. To participate in the study, all participants had to sign an informed consent. All patients were surveyed using the SNOT22 test on the 1st day before surgery treatment and on the 3rd, 10th and 28th days after surgical treatment.According to the obtained results, the effectiveness of both methods of topical treatment was revealed (p=0.001). However, the use of topical N -acetylcysteine in patients of the study group has more effective dynamics of symptoms, according to the SNOT -22 questionnaire on the 3rd (p=0.034), 10th (p=0.002) and 28th day (p=0.001) after surgical treatment. Therefore, the topical form of N-acetylcysteine has an effective effect on the speed of recovery of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and improves the quality of life in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis after FESS.

A korszerű sebkezelés lehetőségei

Wound healing is a complex biochemical process involving many cell types. Normal wound healing takes 5–14 days. If the process is disturbed, prolonged wound healing occurs for a number of reasons. Correct diagnosis is important before treatment and complex treatment should be carried out accordingly, which in most cases involves a combination of appropriate systemic and top ical therapy. There are differet methods of topical treatment, which should be chosen according to the characteristics of the wound. This article summarises the treatment options available in the different stages of wound healing.

Medicinal plants in burns treatment – a systematic review

Introduction and aim. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that around 11 million people experience burn injuries each year.1,2 Burn injuries occur when tissue damage is caused by various factors such as UV radiation, heat, chemicals, or electric current.3,4 While burns primarily affect the skin, they can also extend to deeper tissues like bones or muscles. When the skin is burned, its vital functions, including protection against the external environment, pathogens, and evaporation, are compromised.1 The appropriate treatment method must be chosen based on the burn stage, the patient's condition, and the cause. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review based on literature, concerning superficial burns and sunburns treatment, with a focus on nature-derived topical treatment methods.
 Material and methods. PubMed database was searched for the following terms: “burns”, “burn treatment”, “aloe vera”, “sunburn”, “centella asiatica”, “climate change”, “wound healing” for the articles published between 2005-2023 and written in the English language.
 Conclusion. Herbal-derived compounds, with their diverse mechanisms of action, antibacterial activity, and safety profiles present a competitive alternative to conventional treatment of burns and sunburns, however, there are still not enough clinical trials to assess the effectiveness and safety profiles of nature-derived compounds.

EFFECT OF CERTAIN INSECTICIDES ON SURVIVAL OF TOBACCO CUTWORM, Spodoptera litura Fabricus (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The bio-efficacy of four insecticides viz. indoxacarb 14.5SL, fenvalerate 20EC, quinalphos 25EC and imidacloprid 17.8SL was tested against Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by artificial diet, leaf dip and topical treatment methods. Third instar larvae of F1 generation of field population artificially reared in laboratory were deployed in bio-assays. The mortality data was recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure of these larvae at three different concentrations viz. 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%. The susceptibility data obtained during the investigation indicated that the 3rd instar larvae were highly susceptible to Indoxacarb causing 100% mortality even at lowest concentration. The quinalphos and fenvalerate were similar in toxicity leading to 50% mortality at higher concentration. The order of toxicity was indoxacarb> quinalphos> fenvalerate> imidacloprid. Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide that works as a sodium channel blocker and reported to have a good field activity against a number of lepidopteran pests.

Effectiveness of four topical treatment methods in a rat model of superficial partial-thickness burn injury: the advantages of combining zinc-hyaluronan gel with silver foam dressing

BackgroundThere are several options available for conservative treatment of partial-thickness burns, however, reliable, affordable, and easily obtainable animal testing models are hard to find for the comparison of the different treatment methods. We aimed at developing a preclinical testing model and at comparing four treatment methods for superficial partial-thickness burns. MethodsBurn injury was induced in 90 adult male Wistar rats by placing the 130°C hot tip of a commercially obtainable soldering device for 30 s on the clipped skin of the interscapular region at a steady pressure. Skin histology was studied on days 5, 10, and 22 after the induction of the burn injury, on which days, respectively, the ratio of the not epithelialized wound (%), the extent of re-epithelialization (score), and the scar thickness (µm) were assessed. We compared 4 groups: silver-sulfadiazine cream, zinc-hyaluronan gel, silver foam dressing, and the combination of zinc-hyaluronan gel with a silver foam dressing. ResultsOn day 5, the induction of superficial partial-thickness burn injury was confirmed histologically in the rats. The zinc-hyaluronan gel and the combination treatment resulted in a markedly smaller ratio of the non-epithelialized area (29 ± 10% and 28 ± 13%, respectively) than silver-sulfadiazine cream (69 ± 4%; p < 0.01). On day 10, the extent of re-epithelialization was the lowest (∼0.2) in the silver-sulfadiazine cream group, while the other 3 treatments performed significantly better. The combination treatment lead to the maximal score of 2 in all rats, which was higher than in the other 3 treatment groups. On day 22, the scar thickness was the smallest in the combination treatment group (560 ± 42 µm), which was significantly less than in the silver-sulfadiazine cream group (712 ± 38 µm; p < 0.05). ConclusionsWe designed and histologically confirmed a reproducible method for induction of superficial partial-thickness burns in rats for preclinical testing. In our model, the combination of zinc-hyaluronan gel with silver foam dressing was more effective than either of its components alone or than silver-sulfadiazine cream.

P07.01.A Topical Fluorescent Probe for Visualization of Glioblastoma

Abstract Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of cancer that originates within the central nervous system (CNS). GBM represents 15% of all primary brain tumors, but the cause is unclear, and there is no clear way to prevent it. At the moment, various sophisticated and specific surgical procedures are being used, but there are relatively few simple methods. Material and Methods In this work, we used a turn-on type fluorescent probe that can sense cysteine (Cys) amino acid in the GBM site, and developed topical treatment methods for image-guided surgery (IGS). Results The probe can distinguish the GBM cells and disease sites in clinical samples from individual patients. Besides, the probe has no short or long-term toxicity and immune response. Conclusion The present findings hold promise for the application of the probe to a relatively simple and straightforward following of GBM at clinical sites.

Selection of Suitable Dosage Form in the Treatment and Management for Onychomycosis by Implementing Analytical Hierarchy Process

Onychomycosis is a significant nail disorder due to fungal infection, that causes damage to the finger or toenails. The infection involves the invasion of fungi into nail components like nail matrix, nail bed and nail plate. So the management of onychomycosis is necessary as it causes a negative impact on patients quality of life. The consequences of the disease include pain and disfigurement which in turn leads to burning, vesicle formation or stinging around the nails. The selection of topical treatment methods is a challenge for the dermatologist to achieve effective management of onychomycosis. The study aimed to benefit the dermatologist to select the best dosage form for the treatment by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process -a multicriteria decision-making tool. The various dosage forms available are for the Transungual route includes Nail lacquer, Nail patches, colloidal carriers, Nanoemulsions, Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Microemulsions, Hydrogels/In situ gels. The parameters that help to achieve the reproducibility and consistency for treatment are Drug permeation, Drug distribution, Treatment methods, Therapeutic efficacy, Patient compliance, Treatment strategy. So, it is necessary to incorporate all the factors that influence the dosage form selection in the decision-making process. Due to the side effects of oral antifungal therapies, the various transungual dosage form alternatives selected for the study are Nail patches, Nail lacquers, Nanoemulsions, Microemulsions and in-situ hydrogels. The ultimate ranking of the alternative is based on the composite score. These findings will enable the dermatologist to develop an adequate treatment strategy for the proper management of onychomycosis to improve the quality of life in patients.

Silver Nimesulide Complex in Bacterial Cellulose Membranes as an Innovative Therapeutic Method for Topical Treatment of Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Oxidative stress and inflammation act on skin squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC) development and progression. Curative therapy for SSCC patients is mainly based on surgical resection, which can cause various sequelae. Silver ions have in vitro activities over tumor cells, while nimesulide has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a silver(I) complex with nimesulide (AgNMS) incorporated in a sustained release device based on bacterial cellulose membrane, named AgNMS@BCM, on topic SSCC treatment. The antiproliferative effect of AgNMS complex was evaluated in the SCC4, SCC15 and FaDu SCC lines. AgNMS complex activity on exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) residues and multicaspase activation were evaluated on FaDu cells by flow cytometry. The AgNMS@BCM effects were evaluated in a SSCC model induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene/12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (DMBA/TPA) in mice. Toxicity and tumor size were evaluated throughout the study. AgNMS complex showed antiproliferative activity in SCC15 and FaDu lines in low to moderate concentrations (67.3 µM and 107.3 µM, respectively), and induced multicaspase activation on FaDu cells. The AgNMS@BCM did not induce toxicity and reduced tumor size up to 100%. Thus, the application of AgNMS@BCM was effective and safe in SSCC treatment in mice, and can be seen as a potential and safe agent for topic treatment of SSCC in humans.

Hyperhidrosis: disease aetiology, classification and management in the light of modern treatment modalities.

Hyperhidrosis is a disorder of sweat glands characterized by overproduction of sweat, which is inadequate to the thermoregulatory needs of the body system. Owing to the heavy social and economic burden of the disproportionate perspiration, current treatment methods still do not seem to be sufficient enough to reach patients’ expectations. Therefore, the researchers continue a robust pursuit of novel therapy modalities such as topical treatment methods, oral agents, minimally-invasive medical approach and surgical techniques. In this review article authors summarise the disease outline with the emphasis on the new era of hyperhidrosis treatment methods.

Системний огляд ефективності місцевого лікування виразок за синдрому діабетичної стопи з позицій доказової медицини

В роботі зроблено огляд різних методів місцевого лікування синдрому діабетичної стопи. Проведено аналіз робіт, дизайн і методи яких відповідають критеріям доказової медицини. Відзначено, що більшість досліджень були низької методологічної якості. Існують проблеми з чіткою оцінкою через різний ступінь компенсації цукрового діабету, супутньої патології (тобто гетерогенності клінічного матеріалу), що пов’язане з повільною реакцією виразок на різні методи терапії, а також із визначенням кінцевих точок контролю та лікування.

Topical treatments for acne: a bibliographic review/Tratamentos tópicos para acne: uma revisão bibliográfica

Objective: To relate the existing topical therapeutic approaches to combat acne and their mechanisms of action and particularities through bibliographic review. We shall analyze the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-seborrheic activities of these substances. Methods: The bibliographic review was based on research of published and unpublished articles, in English or Portuguese, in the Cochrane, Pubmed and Scopus databases, in vitro , in vivo and bibliographic reviews demonstrating the topical treatment methods in the fight against Acne vulgaris , considering data from 2010 to August 2020. Results: Topical therapy is based on the type and severity of acne. Despite the severity, it is often treated with topical retinoids or a variety of different substances, such as antibiotics, azelaic acid, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide, niacinamide and others, in addition to complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), such as resveratrol, vitamin C, tea tree oil, among others. Topical treatment has the advantage of reducing systemic absorption and increasing exposure of pilosebaceous follicles to treatment. Conclusions: Topical retinoids have been used in acne therapy for over forty years, due to both their efficacy (demonstrated in several clinical trials) and the development of third generation retinoids, which allowed for the reduction of side effects, better chemical compatibility and better stability of formulations. Other topical treatments adopted sought to complement the retinoids and antibiotics with mechanisms of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, comedolytic and keratolytic action. They are often used as a second line of treatment; and in some special cases for sensitive patients and pregnant women. Acne vulgaris is a chronic disease that affects not only the skin; it has a great psychological and financial factor in affected patients. Clinical follow-up is important because it is an exclusive long-term treatment, and awareness of this fact is important.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIAL LANDSCAPE OF TROPHIC ULCERS IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT METHODS OF LOCAL TREATMENT

Treatment of trophic ulcers of lower extremities is one of the most important problems of surgery. The aim of the study is to determine the features of the microbial landscape of trophic ulcers in various methods of local treatment. The results of studies on the microflora of trophic ulcers of lower extremities in 245 patients of the main and control groups were analyzed. In 96 patients with trophic ulcers (the main group), Miliacil and magnetolaser therapy were used locally in the treatment of trophic ulcers. For the treatment of 60 patients of the first control group with trophic ulcers, Miliacil and laser radiation were applied topically. In the second control group (59 patients), only Miliacil was used. In the third control group (30 patients), 1% dioxidine solution was used topically for the first 7–10 days, and then the treatment was followed by applying the sea buckthorn oil. The microbiological studies of the trophic ulcer contents demonstrated that Miliacil in combination with laser radiation and especially in combination with magnetic laser therapy had a more pronounced antimicrobial effect than only miliacil and even more so than the 1% dioxidine solution and sea buckthorn oil. It was found that in 161 (65.7%) patients the pathogens were inoculated in the form of a monoculture and in 84 (34.3%) - in the form of microbial associations. According to the composition of strains, among monocultures, 67 (41.6%) patients had Staphylococcus aureus, 39 (24.2%) - Proteus, 24 (14.9%) - E. coli, 20 (12.4%) - Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 11 (6.9%) -Streptococcus. The Staphylococcal associations were predominant, they were found in 68 (80.9%) patients. 336 strains of microorganisms were isolated and 296 (88%) of them were resistant to three or more antibiotics. At the end of treatment, in 87 (90.6%) patients of the main group, there was not observed any microflora in the ulcer inoculations. At the end of treatment, the ulcer microflora was not observed in 51 (85%) patients in the first control group, in 36 (61%) patients in the second control group, and in seven (23.3%) patients in the third control group. Thus, as result of studies conducted the specific features of the microbial landscape of trophic ulcers with different methods of topical treatment have been established.

A Combined Topical Treatment versus Surgical Treatment in Chronic Anal Fissure

In the treatment of chronic anal fissure, both surgical and topical treatment methods are used. The purpose of this study was to research a combined topical treatment that we prepared and to compare the effectiveness of lateral internal sphincterotomy in chronic anal fissure with this topical treatment. A total of 183 patients with chronic anal fissure were divided into two groups. One hundred and four patients had topical medical treatment (group 1) and seventy-nine patients underwent lateral internal sphincterotomy (group 2). In the first group, a topical combination of ointments consisting of bacitracin-neomycin sulfate, dexpanthenol, and diltiazem was applied to the anal area. Four weeks after treatment, pain and bleeding during defecation, gas/fecal incontinence, treatment-related adverse events and recovery rates were evaluated in both groups. Also, patients were examined for recurrence between the 8th and 10th weeks. There was no significant difference in recovery rates between the groups. In group 1, recovery rate was 82.7%, while in Group 2 it was 92.4% (p = 0.054). In both groups, gas/fecal incontinence ratio was significantly different, supporting the medical treatment (p = 0.02). The severity of pain and bleeding during defecation were compared between the groups. Only the severe pain was significantly higher in the medical treatment group (p = 0.018). The recurrence rate was 5.8% in the medical treatment group, but no recurrence was detected in the surgical group. Due to possible complications of surgical treatment and similar recovery rates, medical treatment of patients with chronic anal fissure can be tried before surgical treatment.

Alternative methods of delivering steroids to the middle ear in treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Introduction. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is the most common pathology of polyethological sound perception. Systemic glucocorticosteroid therapy has long been considered the main treatment method. In recent years, topical therapy has been of great interest. However, intratympanic injections cause considerable discomfort to the patient and require about 1 hour per day to perform the procedure.Materials. In order to modernize and reduce the time spent on delivering steroids into tympanic cavity, this article considers the experience of managing 41 patients with sudden unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Patients of the first group received dexamethasone 4 mg / ml in a volume of 1 ml by catheterization of the auditory tube, followed by introduction into the tympanic cavity. Patients of the second group were divided into 2 subgroups: in the first subgroup, dexamethasone 4 mg / ml in a volume of 0.5 ml was administered into tympanic cavity through a pre-imposed hole in the eardrum using a radio-wave device, and patients of the second subgroup received a classic intratympanic injection of dexamethasone 4mg / ml 0.5 ml after application anesthesia of the eardrum. The audiometry was performed before treatment, after 1, 2 weeks, 1 and 6 months.Results. The average time spent in the clinic of patients of the first group was 30 minutes, while patients of the first subgroup of the second group had 20 minutes a day. The longest time in the clinic was 2 subgroup of patients from 2 groups-about 1 hour.Conclusions. Radio-wave myringotomy is the safest and most convenient method. The smallest amount of time spent on the patient was observed in the subgroup of intratympanic injections that performed radio-wave miringotomy. It has been proved that the methods of topical treatment are not inferior in efficiency to each other.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE VACUUM-ASSISTED TREATMENT FOR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME

The nature of reparative and morphological changes in wounds was examined against the background of vacuum therapy in the comprehensive treatment of purulent and necrotic lesions of diabetic foot syndrome. We conducted comprehensive examination and treatment of 107 patients with DFS of grade II-IV according to Meggit-Wagner. The average age of patients was 53.2–4.3 years; there were 39 (36.4%) male and 68 (63.6%) female patients. Depending on the methods of topical treatment, patients were divided into two groups. The main group consisted of 55 (51.4%) subjects who underwent vacuum therapy during the topical treatment, and the comparison group comprised 52 (48.6%) patients who received standardized local treatment depending on the course of the wound process. In addition to the clinical studies, all patients underwent a comprehensive laboratory and instrumental examination, as well as measuring the area and pH of wounds on the 1st, 4th, 7th, 10th and 13th day after surgery. The analysis of the obtained results gives ground to establish that at a certain level of pH, there is a corresponding cytological pattern. The wide range of fluctuations in the pH of the wound medium in patients with purulent and necrotic lesions of diabetic foot syndrome leads to corresponding changes in cells, which is manifested by a long-lasting inflammatory process. In the main group, the rate of wound reduction was greatest on the 8th-10th days, and in the comparison group – on the 14th-15th days. Inpatient treatment was 14.2 bed-days in the main group and 23.5 ± 2.9 in the comparison group (p &lt;0.05), respectively. Therefore, there is an acceleration of positive changes in clinical manifestations, cytological, morphological and pH-metric pattern against the background of conducting VT for an average of 5-7 days. The use of vacuum therapy makes it possible to accelerate the transition to the second phase of the wound process, which affects not only the time of treatment but also the outcome – preservation of the lower extremity in patients with diabetic foot syndrome.

Comparison of topical treatment methods used in recurrent anterior epistaxis: a randomized clinical trial

IntroductionRecurrent epistaxis is a common medical problem faced by ENT specialists, emergency physicians, and pediatricians. The facts that many treatment modalities are being searched and no single treatment method is universally accepted yet support this information. ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the clinical efficacy of topical antiseptic ointment, topical decongestant ointment and chemical cauterization treatments, which are frequently used in recurrent anterior epistaxis, both singly and in combination. Material-methodsBetween August 2017 and February 2018, 137 patients who were diagnosed with recurrent anterior epistaxis were randomly divided into 5 groups. group I received topical antiseptic ointment, group II received topical decongestant ointment, group III received chemical cauterization, group IV received topical antiseptic ointment + chemical cauterization and group V received topical decongestant ointment + chemical cauterization treatment. All patients were phoned 2 weeks and 1 month after the treatment and questioned about the presence (failure) or absence (success) of at least 1 episode of epistaxis. Patients with comorbid diseases were excluded. Treatment success was statistically analysed. ResultsThere was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the groups in the success rate at 15th day after treatment. Group IV and group V had higher success rates at 30th day after treatment compared with group I and group II (p < 0.05). In group III 30th day treatment success was not different from the other 4 groups (p > 0.05). ConclusionAlthough the number of patients who improved with chemical cauterization (group III) was higher in our study, no significant difference was observed in single treatment modalities (group I‒III) at 14th day and 30th day after treatment. Although no statistically significant difference was observed between combined treatments (group IVV) and single treatments (group I‒III) in the 2nd week after treatment, combined treatments were significantly more effective in the 1st month.

Title: Morphea - selected local treatment methods and their effectiveness. Tytuł: Morphea - wybrane metody leczenia miejscowego oraz ich skuteczność.

Localised scleroderma is an uncommon connective tissue disease of multifactorial aetiology occurring in the paediatric and adult population. It is relatively difficult to conduct any research on the subject of this disease entity treatment due to the low number of patients suffering from morphea, a tendency of the disease to remit spontaneously, and not yet well recognised aetiology. Hence, there has been developed no causal treatment of well-proven effectiveness, and schedules of symptomatic therapy are not yet clearly determined. The paper depicts most widely used topical treatment methods in morphea therapy, which due to minor risk of systemic adverse effects seem to be a beneficial therapeutic alternative. The main aim of this article was to analyse different topical treatment options used in localised scleroderma therapy and to indicate the most appropriate, safe, and effective one.

Modern external therapy moderately severe forms of rosacea

The scientific review of modern approaches to the etiology and pathophysiology of rosacea is presented. The features of the disease, importance and possibility of reducing or eliminating the symptoms of the disease for the patient and the doctor in the early stages are shown. The various sources highlighted the frequent and specific, common and rare species of clinical picture of the disease are analyzed. Specific and differentiating symptoms are presented. The “steroid rosacea”, the reasons for occurrence, the difficulty faced by the doctor during the treatment and the possibility of torpid course are described. There was a contradiction of researcher’s views about approaches to the etiology, pathogenesis of the disease and the experimental data. The classification of the rosacea forms, drugs and therapy of moderately severe forms of rosacea are presented. The new topical drugs for the treatment of this disease are described. Results on the methods of topical treatment of moderate forms of rosacea, the results of several double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in the US and Canada, the effectiveness of treatment of rosacea with modern drugs (ivermectin, brimonidine) compared to traditional (in particular, with azelaic acid) are presented. In conclusion high effectiveness, good tolerability and safety of drugs ivermectin (Soolantra) and brimonidine (Mirvaso® Derm) (Galderma, Switzerland) are shown. It is suggested to include the above-mentioned drugs to the Russian standards of treatment of moderately severe forms of rosacea.

About the treatment of gonorrhea in the former Soviet Union

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Evidence for Role of White-Tailed Deer (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in Epizootiology of Cattle Ticks and Southern Cattle Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Reinfestations Along the Texas/Mexico Border in South Texas: A Review and Update

From 1907 when the fever tick eradication campaign began until 1933, the tick eradication methods of dipping cattle in an acaricide or "pasture vacation" were enormously successful in eradicating southern cattle ticks [Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini)], until failures began to occur in some areas of Florida. Regarding the failures in Florida, the consensus was that populations of white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann)] infested with southern cattle ticks were responsible. After numerous deer in several counties were killed, eradication was achieved in Florida. As in Florida, in Texas increasing numbers of failures of the pasture vacation approach to tick eradication from the 1970s to the present are known to be related to the abundance of white-tailed deer and perhaps other wild ungulate species. A sizable body of evidence confirms the hypothesis that white-tailed deer support the dispersal and maintenance of both cattle ticks [Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus (Say)] and southern cattle ticks (cattle fever ticks) within the permanent quarantine or buffer zone in South Texas along the Rio Grande, as well as in the so-called free ("cattle fever tick-free") area north and east of the buffer zone and extending to the east coast of the United States. As of August 2009, in addition to the permanent quarantine zone of approximately 2233 km2, three temporary preventative or blanket quarantines were established. Currently, only two methodologies exist to control ticks feeding on white-tailed deer: (1) a systemic treatment method involving dispersal of ivermectin-medicated corn, Zea mays L.; and (2) two topical treatment methods, '4-poster' deer treatment bait stations and '2-poster' deer treatment feeder adapters, both of which passively apply topically active acaricide to deer for the eradication of populations of cattle fever tick associated with white-tailed deer. This study presents and summarizes confirmational support for the role of white-tailed deer derived from historical accounts, circumstantial evidence from review of recent infestations, and cattle fever tick infestations on white-tailed deer that were live-captured and examined specifically for cattle fever ticks.