Topical Antibacterial Agents Research Articles

Study of microbiological activity of topical antibacterial agents for treatment of combat injuries

The problems of combat injuries are determined by the issue of treatment of purulent complications, because wounds received during combat operations are usually infected, and the most serious complication of such wounds is the development of purulent infection. Objective — to study the features of the aerobic component of combat wounds, the sensitivity of causative agents of wound infection to antibacterial drugs, and the antimicrobial activity of individual drugs in relation to extensively resistant and polyresistant microbial agents in order to develop external therapy algorithms as part of the complex treatment of these injuries. Materials and methods. The data of microbiological studies of patients with combat wounds were used in the work. Results and discussion. Based on the results of monitoring causative agents of purulent­inflammatory complications of wound injuries, a range of leading types of microorganisms was revealed. The isolation of flora resistant to most antibiotics from wounds dictates the need to change the strategy of infection control with strengthening measures to prevent nosocomial transmission, which should be considered when prescribing antibiotic therapy. Conclusions. Based on the results of monitoring the causative agents of purulent-inflammatory complications of wound injuries, a range of leading types of microorganisms was revealed: K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, S. haemolyticus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli. The dominant microorganisms (by isolation frequency) in the wound contents were: staphylococci (3.0—5.69 lg CFU/ml), enterobacteria (4.69—7.0 lg CFU/ml), enterococci (3.0—4.69 lg CFU/ml). In addition, aerobic bacilli (3.0—3.69 lg CFU/g) and pseudomonads (5.69—7.0 lg CFU/g) were determined in the wound contents, which did not have a dominant character.The use of a topical agent containing dioxidin can contribute to the improvement of the effectiveness of the local treatment of purulent wounds infected with strains of gram-negative bacteria, in particular E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, with poly and extensive resistance to antibiotics both in monocultures and in microbial associations, in particular with strains of S. aureus, including MRSA.

Experience of using homeopathic ointment in the treatment of patients with anal itching

Introduction. Anal contact or conduction in the anal canal and rectum is a common condition in the coloproctological field, occurring in 5% of the population that affects this country. Treatment consists of hygiene and the use of topical steroids, antibacterial and antifungal agents. No generally accepted attitude towards a private person has been developed.Aim. To study the effectiveness of using homeopathic ointment in the treatment of patients with anal itching.Material and methods. A prospective comparative randomized study was conducted in a specialized advisory center of the Clinics of Samara State Medical University. The study included 96 patients with anal itching without fungal infection of the perianal skin and concomitant purulent pathology. In the main group (n = 46), treatment was carried out using homeopathic ointment in the perianal area 2–3 times a day for 14 days. In the control group (n = 50), treatment was carried out with topical steroid ointments 2–3 times a day for 14 days.Results and discussion. From the data obtained on the use of homeopathic ointment, it follows that it is not inferior in effectiveness to topical steroid ointments in reducing symptoms of the disease (Student’s t-test = 0.35; p > 0.05 and Student’s t-test = 0.28; p > 0.05), and by the number of relapses (χ2 = 0.535; p > 0.05).Conclusion. The use of homeopathic ointment for topical application appears to be a promising new treatment for patients with anal itching and is as effective as topical steroid ointments.

Alginate and Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Enhance Antibacterial Agent Activity on Topical Application.

Untreated topical infections can become chronic, posing serious health issues. Optimal skin adherence is crucial in addressing such infections. In this context, chitosan and alginate emerge as promising candidates for use as a foundation in the development of topical hydrogels. The aim of this review is to examine the literature on topical hydrogel formulations that use chitosan and alginate as foundations, specifically in the context of topical antibacterial agents. The research methodology involves a literature review by examining articles published in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The keywords employed during the research were "Alginate", "Chitosan", "Hydrogel", and "Antibacterial". Chitosan and alginate serve as bases in topical hydrogels to deliver various active ingredients, particularly antibacterial agents, as indicated by the search results. Both have demonstrated significant antibacterial effectiveness, as evidenced by a reduction in bacterial colony counts and an increase in inhibition zones. This strongly supports the idea that chitosan and alginate could be used together to make topical hydrogels that kill bacteria that work well. In conclusion, chitosan and alginate-based hydrogels show great potential in treating bacterial infections on the skin surface. The incorporation of chitosan and alginate into hydrogel formulations aids in retaining antibacterial agents, allowing for their gradual release over an optimal period. Therefore, hydrogels specifically formulated with chitosan and alginate have the potential to serve as a solution to address challenges in the treatment of topical bacterial infections.

Immediate Hypersensitivity to Chlorhexidine: Experience From an Allergy Center in China

(Anesthesiology. 2023; 138:364–371) Chlorhexidine is a commonly used topical antibacterial agent for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and can be found in a great variety of antibacterial products. As use has increased, instances of allergic reactions to the compound have been reported, including contact dermatitis and anaphylaxis. As chlorhexidine is a component ingredient in many products used perioperatively, allergic reactions occurring in this setting can often be attributed to other factors rather than chlorhexidine as the true source. This study was designed to summarize the experience of an allergy center in China with chlorhexidine reactions.

The effect of Locally Applied Bacillus safensis Strain 440-1 from Antarctic Soil on the Course of Experimental Wound Staphylococcal Infection

Relevance. Infections caused by methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus are an urgent problem of hospital epidemiology, and control measures involve the development of new antimicrobials. Probiotics based on bacterial strains isolated fro natural habitats are considered promising means of combating MRSA.Aims. To test the possibility of using the Bacillus safensis 440-1 strain isolated from Antarctic soil. as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of experimental staphylococcal infection.Purpose of the study – check the possibility of using the Bacillus safensis 440-1 strain, isolated from Antarctic soil, as a topical antibacterial agent for the treatment of experimental staphylococcal infection.Material and methods. The potential virulence of Bacillus safensis strain 440-1 was studied on a mouse peritonitis model, and its activity against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SA776 test strain was studied on a localized wound infection model.Results and discussion. Our study demonstrated the safety of the tested strain due intraperitoneal use. We found that the use of the studied strain reduces the staphylococci amount in wounds from the third day from the start of the study to the end of the observation period, without aggravating the course of the infection.Conclusion. Bacillus safensis strain is a promising potential probiotic and it can be used as a part of complex antiseptic or disinfectant after additional studies aimed at developing an optimal mode of its use.

Proguanil and chlorhexidine augment the antibacterial activities of clarithromycin and rifampicin against Acinetobacter baumannii

The emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii infections as a significant healthcare concern in hospital settings, coupled with their association with poorer clinical outcomes, has prompted extensive investigation into novel therapeutic agents and innovative treatment strategies. Proguanil and chlorhexidine, both categorized as biguanide compounds, have displayed clinical efficacy as antimalarial and topical antibacterial agents, respectively. In this study, we conducted an investigation to assess the effectiveness of combining proguanil and chlorhexidine with clarithromycin or rifampicin against both laboratory strains and clinical isolates of A. baumannii. The combination therapy demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity against planktonic multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, exhibiting efficacy in eradicating mature biofilms and impeding the development of antibiotic resistance in vitro. Additionally, when administered in conjunction with clarithromycin or rifampicin, proguanil enhanced the survival rate of mice afflicted with intraperitoneal A. baumannii infections, and chlorhexidine expedited wound healing in mice with skin infections. These findings are likely attributable to the disruption of A. baumannii cell membrane integrity by proguanil and chlorhexidine, resulting in heightened membrane permeability and enhanced intracellular accumulation of clarithromycin and rifampicin. Overall, this study underscores the potential of employing proguanil and chlorhexidine in combination with specific antibiotics to effectively combat A. baumannii infections and improve treatment outcomes in clinically challenging scenarios.

Development of a Nanoemulgel for the Topical Application of Mupirocin.

Mupirocin (MUP) is an effective topical antibiotic with poor skin permeability; however, its skin permeability can be improved by a nanoemulsion formulation based on eucalyptus oil or eucalyptol. Despite this improvement, the nanoemulsion has limitations, such as low viscosity, low spreadability, and poor retention on the skin. To overcome these limitations, the aim of this study was to develop a nanoemulgel formulation that would enhance its rheological behaviour and physicochemical properties. The MUP nanoemulgel was prepared by incorporating a preprepared MUP nanoemulsion into Carbopol gel at a concentration of 0.75% in a 1:1 ratio. The nanoemulgel formulations were characterised and evaluated for their physicochemical and mechanical strength properties, rheological behaviour, and in vitro skin permeation and deposition, as well as antibacterial studies. Both nanoemulgels exhibited stability at temperatures of 4 and 25 °C for a period of 3 months. They had a smooth, homogenous, and consistent appearance and displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour, with differences in their viscosity and spreadability. However, both nanoemulgels exhibited lower skin permeability compared to the marketed control. The local accumulation efficiency of MUP from nanoemulgel after 8 h was significantly higher than that of the control, although there was no significant difference after 24 h. Micro-CT scan imaging allowed visualisation of these findings and interpretation of the deposited drug spots within the layers of treated skin. While there were no significant differences in the antibacterial activities between the nanoemulgels and the control, the nanoemulgels demonstrated superiority over the control due to their lower content of MUP. These findings support the potential use of the nanoemulgel for targeting skin lesions where high skin deposition and low permeability are required, such as in the case of topical antibacterial agents.

Efficacy and optimal dose of acetic acid to treat colonised burns wounds: protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial

IntroductionDespite of recent advancement in the burns wound management, burn wound infection (BWI) is still one of the major cause of burns mortality. Patients who survive their burns injury still...

The Effect of Adjunctive Use of Hyaluronic Acid on Prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Subgingival Biofilm in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review.

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that plays an important role in the development and progression of periodontitis. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan that has previously demonstrated antibacterial potential in vitro against multiple bacterial species, including P. gingivalis. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of HA as an adjunctive topical antibacterial agent to non-surgical mechanical therapy of periodontitis in reducing the prevalence of P. gingivalis in subgingival biofilms. Five clinical studies were identified that satisfied the eligibility criteria. Only three trials were suitable for the meta-analysis as they provided data at three and six months. Data on the prevalence of P. gingivalis in each study were collected. The odds ratio (OR) for measuring the effect size with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was applied to the available data. The results did not favor the use of HA during non-surgical mechanical therapy to reduce the prevalence of P. gingivalis in subgingival biofilm (odd ratio = 0.95 and 1.11 at three and six months, consecutively). Within their limitations, the current data do not indicate an advantage for using HA during mechanical periodontal therapy to reduce the prevalence of P. gingivalis.

Honey-based Silver Sulfadiazine Microsponge-Loaded Hydrogel: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation for Burn Wound Healing.

Silver sulfadiazine has often been used as a topical antibacterial agent for burn wounds. Aim of this study is to develop silver sulfadiazine-loaded microsponge along with honeyimpelled hydrogel for improved burn wound healing activity. Microsponge were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. Formulation variables such as concentration of emulsifier and Internal phase volume were optimized by using 32 factorial design. Further, SSD microsponge-based Hydrogel was prepared using carbopol 934 and honey as natural healing agents. In vitro drug release, ex vivo drug deposition, skin irritancy study, and in vivo antibacterial activity were evaluated for optimized hydrogel formulations. The MTT assay was used to determine the safety of the optimized hydrogel using epidermal keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines. At the 12th hour, in vitro drug release was found to be 85.11±0.89. An adjusted microspongeloaded hydrogel increased medication retention ability in the epidermal layers when compared to the commercial product. There was also less application time, no skin irritation, low cytotoxicity on dermal cell lines, and better wound contraction. The prepared microsponge-loaded hydrogel can serve as a potential alternative for burn wound as compared to the marketed product.

Intrastromal Injections in the Management of Infectious Keratitis.

Infectious keratitis is a major global cause of vision loss and blindness. Prompt diagnosis and targeted antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing the condition. Topical antimicrobials are the most effective therapy for bacterial keratitis, but they can lead to unsatisfactory results due to ocular perforation, scarring, and melting. Intrastromal injection is a newer technique for delivering antimicrobials directly to the site of infection and has been successful in treating severe, treatment-resistant infectious keratitis, especially when surgery is not recommended. In cases where deep stromal disease is resistant to topical treatment, intrastromal antimicrobial injections may be necessary to achieve higher drug concentration at the infection site. However, the use of intrastromal antibiotics is limited, as topical antibacterial agents have better penetration than antifungal agents. Bacterial and fungal keratitis have been extensively researched for intrastromal medication injections, while there is limited evidence for viral keratitis. This review emphasizes the potential of intrastromal antimicrobial injections as an alternative for managing severe refractory infectious keratitis. The technique offers direct targeting of the infection site and faster resolution in some cases compared to topical therapy. However, further research is needed to determine the safest antimicrobials options, minimal effective doses, and concentrations for various pathogens. Intrastromal injections may serve as a non-surgical treatment option in high-risk cases, with benefits including direct drug delivery and reduced epithelial toxicity. Despite promising findings, more studies are required to confirm the safety and efficacy of this approach.

Efficacy and Safety of Ozenoxacin in the Treatment of Bacterial Skin Diseases in Adult and Paediatric Patients

Background: Ozenoxacin, a novel topical antibacterial agent with incredible bactericidal recreation in opposition to gram-positive bacteria, has been established as a cream with 1% energetic drug for the cure of Adult and Paediatric Patients. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety level of ozenoxacin in the treatment of bacterial skin diseases in adult and paediatric patients. Methods: This is an observational study. This study was carried out on 130 patients the find out about the population including male and female patients in the Department of Dermatology, US-Bangla Medical College Hospital, Narayangonj, Bangladesh. The duration of the period from June 2021 to May 2022. The period from Data was entered in MS Excel and Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-24. Results: This study shows that according to age of 130 Patients aged ≥2 months to <18 years. Here according to Age distribution. Skin diseases were 35.1%, 52.6%, 11.4% when age was ≥2 months to < 12 months. When age was 12 months to <18 years, skin diseases were 26.1%, 65.2%, 8.7%. And skin diseases were 46.4%, 42%, 11.6% when age was ≥18 years.The Pathogens isolated chart (n=130). Here Staphylococcus aureus were 55.8%, Streptococcus pyogenes were 9.2% and other pathogens were 55.8%. Conclusion: Topical ozenoxacin is active and well-tolerated in the treatment of Adult and Paediatric Patients. This impact is demonstrated by rapid onset of response and most efficient medical and microbiological response. Topical ozenoxacin represents a novel option for the treatment.

First Report on Medical Treatment and Outcome of Burnt Cattle

The management of livestock affected by fire often comes down to two options: euthanasia or slaughtering. However, the therapeutic approach can be attempted for high-value cattle. The aim of a primary assessment is to identify signs of smoke inhalation injuries, cardiovascular impairment and shock and to determine the severity and extent of burn injuries. Full-thickness burns covering 40% or more of the body are highly unfavorable prognostic factors and are usually fatal. Moreover, it can take several days for the burns to appear in their full extent, leaving the prognosis uncertain. In this case report, the clinical findings, treatment and outcome of two burnt Holstein heifers are described. Daily wound care required cleaning, the removal of eschars and the application of topical antibacterial agents for seven months in order to discharge one heifer. The topical use of honey with a solution of povidone-iodine proved to be affordable and successful, with no residue risks. The other heifer was more severely wounded, and despite the administration of fluid therapy, pain management, anti-oxidants and anti-microbials, after initial stabilization, the animal's condition worsened, leading to euthanasia. This confirms that the treatment of burnt cattle is possible but challenging due to the late onset of multi-organ failure.

Synthesis, In Silico Study, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of N-phenylbenzamides.

Antibiotic and antifungal resistance problems have been prevalent in recent decades. One of the efforts to solve the problems is to develop new medicines with more potent antibacterial and antifungal activity. N-phenylbenzamides have the potential to be developed as antibacterial and antifungal medicine. This study aimed to synthesize N-phenylbenzamides and evaluate their in silico and in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. The in silico studies conducted absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) predictions along with molecular docking studies. ADMET predictions used pkCSM software online, while the docking studies used MVD software (Molegro ® Virtual Docker version 5.5) on Aminoglycosid-2 ″-phosphotransferase-IIa (APH2 ″-IIa) enzyme with protein data bank (PDB) ID code 3HAV as antibacterial and aspartic proteinases enzyme (Saps) with PDB ID code 2QZX as an antifungal. In vitro, antibacterial and antifungal tests were carried out using the zone of inhibition (ZOI) method. The five N-phenylbenzamides (3a-e) were successfully synthesized with a high yield. Based on in silico and in vitro studies, compounds 3a-e have antibacterial and antifungal activities, where they can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and Candida albicans. Therefore, compounds 3a-e can be developed as a topical antibacterial and antifungal agent.

Development of Nanoemulsions for Topical Application of Mupirocin.

Mupirocin (MUP) is a topical antibacterial agent used to treat superficial skin infections but has limited application due to in vivo inactivation and plasma protein binding. A nanoemulsion formulation has the potential to enhance the delivery of mupirocin into the skin. MUP-loaded nanoemulsions were prepared using eucalyptus oil (EO) or eucalyptol (EU), Tween® 80 (T80) and Span® 80 (S80) as oil phase (O), surfactant (S) and cosurfactant (CoS). The nanoemulsions were characterised and their potential to enhance delivery was assessed using an in vitro skin model. Optimised nanoemulsion formulations were prepared based on EO (MUP-NE EO) and EU (MUP-NE EU) separately. MUP-NE EO had a smaller size with mean droplet diameter of 35.89 ± 0.68 nm and narrower particle size index (PDI) 0.10 ± 0.02 nm compared to MUP-NE EU. Both nanoemulsion formulations were stable at 25 °C for three months with the ability to enhance the transdermal permeation of MUP as compared to the control, Bactroban® cream. Inclusion of EU led to a two-fold increase in permeation of MUP compared to the control, while EO increased the percentage by 48% compared to the control. Additionally, more MUP was detected in the skin after 8 h following MUP-NE EU application, although MUP deposition from MUP-NE EO was higher after 24 h. It may be possible, through choice of essential oil to design nanoformulations for both acute and prophylactic management of topical infections.

In vitro efficacy of 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

There is a need for alternative topical therapies as a consequence of the increased prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) skin infections in dogs. Sodium oxychlorosene has been used as a topical antibacterial agent in human medicine since 1955. To determine whether 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene solutions have a bactericidal effect (>3-log reduction) on MRSP strains isolated from canine skin infections. A genetically heterogeneous collection of MRSP isolates from dogs was assembled from laboratories across the United States. Time-kill assays were performed with 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene on a 0.5 McFarland standard [approximately 108 colony-forming units (cfu/ml)] suspension of each strain. The average bacterial counts (cfu/ml) of each MRSP strain then were determined at 5, 10, 20 and 60 s after exposure to sodium oxychlorosene; cfu/ml data were converted to log10 scale to calculate microbial reduction. The average bacterial counts following exposure to the 0.2% solution at 5, 10, 20 and 60 s were 6.94 × 104 , 5.63 × 103 , 2.96 × 102 and 1.48 × 102 cfu/ml, respectively. For the 0.4% solution, the average bacterial count at 5s was 2.12 × 103 cfu/ml. No bacterial growth was observed for any MRSP strain by 10s. The greatest reduction in cfu/ml occurred within 5s following exposure to each solution 3.4-log and 4.9-log reduction for 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. 0.2% and 0.4% sodium oxychlorosene solutions have a bactericidal effect (>99.9% reduction) against MRSP in vitro. Further in vivo studies are necessary to determine whether it is an appropriate alternative therapy for canine pyoderma.

TOPICAL ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF THE MICROBIOME (AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TOPICAL ANTIBACTERIAL (ANTISEPTIC) AGENTS)

The problem of antibiotic resistance is currently one of the most urgent challenges for public health at the global level. An assessment by international experts shows that the resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents is the cause of more than 700.000 deaths annually. Hence, only in the countries of the European Union, more than 25 thousand people die every year from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Despite the widespread use of systemic antibiotics in all fields of medicine, topical treatment of pathological processes continues to successfully serve in dermatology, gynecology, pediatrics, surgery, dentistry, and other areas of healthcare. Worldwide, one can observe a significantly increased interest in the development of topical antiseptic (non-antibiotic by origin) agents and their introduction into clinical practice, both for separate use and in combination with specific medications of systemic action (iodine derivatives, chlorhexidine bigluconate, cidipol, cimesol, etc.). We analyzed the current crisis situation in medicine and its causes related to the progressive polyresistance of the microbiome to antibiotics. The paper provides an overview of modern antibacterial, antibiotic and antiseptic agents on the domestic pharmaceutical market. We draw the attention of scientists and the creative medical community to the insufficient number of domestic innovative developments of antibacterial drugs and the importance of a demanding attitude to antibiotic treatment in connection with polyresistance of microbial flora. The study emphasizes that the development of new non-toxic medicinal products and a wider introduction of already known topical antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory agents with proven effectiveness and a scientifically based application scheme are extremely relevant and necessary under conditions of antibiotic resistance of the microbiome.

Silver Sulfadiazine: Action on Burn Wound Sepsis and Infections

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-review has shifted from assessing the consequences of silver sulfadiazine with most different drugs (SSD) for burn recovery and contamination prevention to different novel dressings, without or with silver. Burn units have to be able to better control sepsis. The degree to which a burn topical antibacterial agent is absorbed determines its effectiveness. Absorption of a topical antibacterial agent may be evaluated against the absorption of a test solute in isolated preparation of the stratum corneum in a cell in an in vitro model. Despite the fact that adding silver sulfadiazine (AgSu) to pure deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) resulted in the formation of silver sulfadiazine (AgSu)the formation of AgSu-DNA complexes, no such complexes were detected in bacteria treated with AgSu. In treated bacteria, AgSu inhibited macromolecular syntheses as DNA synthesis was slightly more sensitive. A tiny amount of sulfadiazine appears to be active in this situation. Pediatric patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either Silva-Sorb® Gel or Silvadene® silver sulfadiazine cream for up to 21 days or to the point of full reepithelialization of the wound.
 Keyword: Silver, Sulfadiazine, Silvasorb, Bacteria, Burn, Wound.

Preclinical development of sodium fusidate antibiotic cutaneous spray based on water-free lipid formulation system

Topical antibiotics are a key component in the management of mild to moderate skin and soft tissue infections. There are, however, concerns about the emerging bacterial resistance against topical antibacterial agents such as fusidic acid, due to the prolonged treatment period of its marketed dosage forms. Improving the efficacy of topical formulations could potentially shorten the treatment period and avoid the resistance growth. To provide a more effective drug delivery, a water-free lipid-based formulation system (AKVANO®) which can be applied by spraying, has been developed. In the current paper, different formulations containing sodium fusidate were evaluated for their in vitro skin permeability using artificial skin mimicking membranes and antibacterial properties using ex vivo and in vivo skin wound infection models. The novel formulations containing sodium fusidate showed a much higher skin permeation (up to 60% of nominal amount) than the commercially available Fucidin® cream (3%). These formulations also gave a significantly stronger antibacterial effect than Fucidin cream showing a clear dose-response relationship for the sodium fusidate content. A spray product based on the described formulation technology would therefore require a shorter treatment time and thereby lower the risk for the development of bacterial resistance. Spray administration of these formulations provides an even layer on the skin surface from which the solvent quickly evaporates and thereby facilitates a non-touch application where no rubbing is required.

Application of a topical antibacterial agent for an infected skin lesion in a cat (clinical case)

Application of a topical antibacterial agent for an infected skin lesion in a cat (clinical case)