Rhetorical Tool Research Articles

Moms in Chief: The Rhetoric of Republican Motherhood and the Spouses of Presidential Nominees, 1992—2016 by Tammy R. Vigil

Reviewed by: Moms in Chief: The Rhetoric of Republican Motherhood and the Spouses of Presidential Nominees, 1992—2016 by Tammy R. Vigil Sara Hillin Tammy R. Vigil, Moms in Chief: The Rhetoric of Republican Motherhood and the Spouses of Presidential Nominees, 1992—2016. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2019. 272 pp. ISBN: 9780700627486 In a thoroughly researched and timely study of women’s participation in American political life, Tammy R. Vigil explores how partners of presidential nominees have navigated the thorny territory of public and private spaces, often battling the media’s representation of their roles as wives, mothers, and public political figures in their own right. The text concerns itself in part with how presidential nominees’ partners offer insights into “the expectations of presidential partners” despite the fact that, as Vigil acknowledges, there are no established guidelines for evaluating the work of [End Page 100] the (almost always) women who fulfill that role (2). Though the book gives special emphasis to the years between 1992 (hailed as the Year of the Woman) and 2016, Vigil begins with a rich historical discussion of presidential wives’ involvement in their husbands’ campaigns, mentioning, for example, how Louisa Adams “used open house receptions to court potential supporters for her husband’s bid for the presidency” (5). Such examples, which involve women facilitating a salon type of discourse, echo suggestions from rhetoricians such as Christine de Pizan, who championed women’s ability to use influence as a rhetorical tool. Vigil’s ethos in this historical and rhetorical analysis is firmly established in the introductory chapter, where she takes readers as far back as 1808, noting that evidence of smear campaigns against presidential candidates’ wives may have begun with women such as Dolley Madison, who was in 1808 “accused of having had an affair with incumbent president Thomas Jefferson” (3). Vigil’s sharp attention to the fact that some sort of media presence has, almost from the beginning, either helped or hampered presidential nominees’ spouses, provides a corrective to any notion that such interference is a more recent phenomenon. Vigil spends much of the introductory and first chapters exploring the evolution of women’s involvement in political life, noting how, although women “were initially conceived of as apolitical beings” (34), they were actively involved in all facets of decision making in certain “public roles customarily closed to them” during men’s absence through the American Revolution (22). Noting the restrictive view of women’s ability to “function outside the home” (17) promulgated by influential writers such as David Hume, Vigil illustrates how women were indeed more than capable of rising to the challenge of political participation as more opportunities became available to them. Vigil also notes how nineteenth-century ideologies about women began to shift and how changing beliefs regarding the necessity of women’s public participation—as evidenced by texts such as John Stuart Mill’s 1869 On the Subjection of Women (23)—allowed women to go to work outside the home and, therefore, move more fluidly between the public and private sphere (24). The first chapter also introduces a concept that anchors much of the discussion of political wives/mothers in the rest of the text: republican motherhood, which Vigil notes was a “rhetorical strategy” (28) to push the notion of an “ideal female patriot” (27). The republican mother, Vigil notes, was a concept that left women “duty-bound to protect and cultivate the home” but also encouraged debates concerning “women’s appropriate concerns and actions outside the home” (28). The essential historical groundwork laid in the introductory and first chapters allows readers to much more fully appreciate both the political opportunities that have opened up for women since and the challenges that those opportunities have presented. The subsequent chapters of Moms in Chief explore more specifically how various presidential nominees’ partners have been seen to either adhere to or deviate from the republican motherhood framework. The second chapter concerns itself with Barbara Bush and Hillary Rodham Clinton, two seemingly [End Page 101] diametrically opposed figures when discussed from the terministic screen of republican motherhood. If the ideal republican mother was, as Vigil notes, “other-centric, self-sacrificing, primarily concerned with domesticity, and...

КОММУНИКАТИВНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ ПРЕЗИДЕНТОВ США И РФ 2000-2008 ГГ.

The public communication practices of U.S. and Russian presidents are built on the basis of legal norms, political culture and established national traditions. The key genres of public communications of presidents in both the U.S. and Russia are: messages to parliaments, inaugural and crisis speeches, press conferences, and interviews. In the practice of the United States and Russia, the genres of messages and inaugural speeches practically coincide in this case. This is not coincidental, since the institution of the presidency in Russia is much younger and the key genres of public communications have been borrowed from Western practices. However, there are also certain specifics. In particular, the genre of crisis speeches is quite often used in the public communication practices of American presidents. In Russia, the practice of crisis speeches is used as a rhetorical tool of presidential communication much less frequently. The exceptions include presidential speeches about the most critical events; as a rule, they are broadcast on record. The know-how of presidential communication in Russia is the format of multihour direct lines with the president, which are broadcast by federal TV channels. The genre of press conferences is used by Russian presidents much more frequently. The rhetoric used by specific presidents adds to the peculiarity of their communication practices.

Silence and Resistance in Margaret Atwood’s Alias Grace

Silence is a concept both praised and criticised when put to practice. The latest trends in society encourage individuals to be their true selves; simultaneously, some are reproached for presenting too much of themselves to the world. In this sense, discretion is arguably closely linked to a performative silence used as a rhetorical tool for self-protection. The question is whether silence and performativity are opposite or complementary terms. The main purpose of this article is to analyse this binary logic from an intersectional perspective. More specifically, to ascertain whether resistance to society’s limitations can be performed through silence or necessarily through performative actions. The case study is Margaret Atwood’s novel Alias Grace (1996) set in mid-nineteenth century, puritan Canada. Atwood’s postmodern fictionalization of Grace Marks makes her a conflicted character with a duality that terrorises society. She is, in Hegelian terms, both the Master and the Slave. Grace’s discretion later becomes performative, in the sense that it alters reality and brings something new into existence: her social resistance. This article has led to the conclusion that Grace makes a calculated use of her silence in an attempt to balance the lack of control that she seems to have over the press’s representation of her identity.

Power and Peril: Paul's Use of Temple Discourse in 1 Corinthians by Michael K. W. Suh

Reviewed by: Power and Peril: Paul's Use of Temple Discourse in 1 Corinthians by Michael K. W. Suh Eyal Regev michael k. w. suh, Power and Peril: Paul's Use of Temple Discourse in 1 Corinthians (BZNW 239; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2020). Pp. 363. $99.99. In this book, based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to Emory University (2018; supervised by Luke Timothy Johnson), Michael Suh examines 1 Cor 5:1–13, 10:1–22, and 11:17–34 in light of temple discourse in the Mediterranean world to describe the experience of the Corinthians. S. maintains that these three passages "unpack in greater detail the concept of the assembly as the Temple of God that is first noted in 1 Cor 3.16" (p. 25). Nonetheless, the reader may recall that the temple is not mentioned in 1 Cor 5:1–13, 10:1–22, and 11:17–34. The table on pp. 19–20 shows the themes common to the three passages: the assembly, language of power/spirit, the exodus tradition, evil forces, judgment, danger, consequences of actions, and christology. Although none of these themes is explicitly related to the temple, S. regards 1 Cor 1:16 ("Do you not know that you are the temple of God?") as the key to understanding the entire letter, and he attempts to show that the three passages "explain further what it means for the Corinthians to be the temple of God" (p. 29). He claims, therefore, to offer the first comprehensive study of all three passages. The first chapter serves as a methodological introduction to and survey of previous scholarship on Paul's temple discourse. S. criticizes as "overly simplified" the understanding of Paul's temple imagery as merely a rhetorical tool to maintain the unity of the Corinthian community (p. 11). [End Page 147] In chap. 2 ("Constructing Temple and Identity in 1 Corinthians"), S. discusses the exodus tradition in all three passages. Most of the chapter deals with the subject of power in 1 Corinthians as well as the themes of power and peril. He concludes that in the three passages the assembly's meal involves power, either harmful or beneficial. God's spirit resides inside the community, whereas Satan and his demons reside outside of it. Time and again S. associates meals with the temple of God (e.g., pp. 86, 104–8), but without any real justification apart from a reference to M. Douglas ("Deciphering a Meal," Daedalus 10 [1972] 61–81). One may argue that not every ritual is equivalent to sacrifice in a temple. He concludes that "the traditions about the tabernacle, participation in meals, experience of divine power, and potential for destruction all explicate the experience of the Corinthians' as God's temple" (p. 107). It should be noted, however, that the tabernacle is not really present in the relevant passages (with the possible exception of 1 Cor 10:18). In chap. 3 ("Accessing Sacred Spaces in Greek and Roman Contexts"), S. seeks parallels for this experience of the sacred, especially in relation to sacred spaces and rituals, in the Greco-Roman milieu. Surely there are many, including those in which salvation and punishment are linked to one's behavior within the sacred space, especially in the Greek world. Yet the differences that mark Paul's discourse as special are his stress on moral behavior and the effect of the individual on the community. It is scriptural authority that justifies the requirements in relation to the sacred. In chap. 4 ("Accessing Sacred Space in Jewish Contexts"), S. turns to Jewish parallels for the community as a sacred space. These are manifold, especially in the Qumran scrolls. The people of the scrolls, like Paul, apply the notion of sacred space to community gatherings. In the next chapter ("Temple Discourse in 1 Corinthians"), S. compares 1 Corinthians with the evidence collected earlier in chaps. 3 and 4. S. surveys the pagan cultic situation in Corinth during Paul's days and suggests that Paul resisted Qumranic self-exclusion, preferring to provide the Corinthians with guidelines for maintaining sanctity in their assembly, albeit with clear restrictions. To this end, Paul emphasized the community's cohesiveness and...

Video games in the context of screen technoculture and media education: new rhetorical strategies and educational potential

Video games have become a prominent part of on-screen technoculture today, breaking the purely entertaining social labelling framework. They contribute to the generation of new social activities, and also become an innovative media space for the explication of artistic and aesthetic values, political meanings and educational practices. The aim of the study is the reconstruction and analysis of the cultural constitution of video games, revealing the features of their screen rhetorical capabilities, as well as revealing the educational potential of gamification practices and Digital Game Based Learning strategies. This is intended to form the competence-thematic framework of video games as a platform for modern media education. The methodological basis of the work is the cultural-historical and dialectical approaches, as well as the methods of systemic and structural-functional analysis. The study made it possible to trace the genesis of the cultural formation of video games, which demonstrated many strategies for their integration into the space of mass media culture. The main rhetorical models implemented in video games are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the comprehensive consideration of procedural rhetoric as an original way of convincing the user through gameplay, interactive involvement in virtual practices. The foundations of the practice of gamification and the strategy of Digital Game Based Learning in education are considered. It identifies the possibilities of gamification as an innovative methodology for organizing incentives and rewards, and also identifies the range of difficulties and risks of total gamification of the educational process. Based on the results of the study, it was determined that video games use an original complex of rhetorical techniques that combine both traditional audiovisual formats of narrative, characteristic of other on-screen media, and procedural-interactive techniques. They made it possible to directly integrate the user into virtual narratives, turning them from a passive recipient into an actor. The importance of gamification as a tool for building strategies of internal stimulation with elements of entertaining practices in the dynamics of learning is also revealed, which increases the effectiveness of education. It has been revealed the significant educational potential of video games as a promising media platform in the framework of the implementation of the Digital Game Based Learning strategy. They can act both as carriers of knowledge and as a virtual environment for the formation of competencies in the field of history, economics, literature and social management. Procedural and rhetorical tools allow a person to become a part of an interactive scenario, which greatly increases the likelihood of assimilating information and developing professional skills.

Jan Zamojski as a Representative of the Belz Voivodeship at the Warsaw Convocation Sejm in 1573

The main purpose of the article is to study the position of Jan Zamojski as the sole ambassador of the Belz Voivodeship at the Warsaw Convocation Sejm in 1573. Such work will provide a better understanding of the sejm activities of the nobility of the Belz land in the late 16th century. The methodological basis of the article is the general scientific methods of critical analysis and synthesis. Among the special historical methods can be distinguished historical-comparative and problematic-chronological approaches. Legislative achievements of the pre-convocation sejms of Belz, Kalisz, Krakow, Poznan and Sandomierz voivodeship, resolutions of the Warsaw Convocation Sejm in 1573 and private correspondence of Jan Zamoyski in this period were used as a source base. Comparing the provisions of the instructions of the Belz pre-convocation sejm with the proposals of Wielkopolska and Malopolska ambassadors, as well as analysing Zamoyski’s letters at this time, we came to the conclusion that the views of the Ukrainian voivodeship largely coincided with those of Wielkopolska and Malopolska. In particular, in the instructions adopted in Belz, Wisla and Schröd, we come across mentions of necessity to agree on the time, place of election and form of participation of the nobility in this process, as well as to determine the principles of domestic and foreign policy for the interregnum. In addition, the Belgian ambassador Zamoysky in a letter to the provincial officer of the Ruthenian voivodeship Yakub Herburt put forward the idea of a common Sejm for all Ukrainian lands. In part, such statements can be interpreted as a rhetorical tool that helped Zamoyski achieve the main political goal at the time — to expand the circle of his supporters in different regions of the Commonwealth.

War and Apocalypse Metaphors in Media Discourse on the Pandemic and Earthquake in Croatia 2020/2021

The way we talk about complex and abstract ideas is abundant in metaphors. Many research studies have shown that even the most subtle metaphor can have a significant influence on the way people try to tackle various social problems. Thus, the assumption is that metaphors are not just a simple rhetorical tool, but also have a profound effect on how we conceptualize reality and respond to important social issues. In the last two decades, scientists have studied the impact of metaphorical framing on political discourse from different research perspectives. Metaphors are often used for framing political topics, and these metaphorical frames are considered to affect the way people regard these issues, perceive the world, and act, on both the individual and collective level. In accordance with these research studies, in this paper, we will regard the metaphor as a cognitive tool that classifies our conceptual system and enables the understanding of our experiences. The objective of this paper is to examine the use of conceptual metaphors in media discourse on the corona crisis and the earthquake crisis caused by the quake in Petrinja. The research was conducted in three steps, following the methodology of critical metaphor analysis (Charteris-Black, 2004). In the first step, the identification of metaphorical expressions was performed by using a big data corpus of articles published by Croatian web-portals from the beginning of the pandemic (from January 2020 to April 2021) and after the Petrinja earthquake (from 29 December 2020). In the second step, the dominant conceptual metaphors employed in communicating the two crises were interpreted. The results of this interpretation are that war metaphors are ubiquitous in reporting on the COVID-19 disease pandemic, and the apocalypse metaphor is used in reporting on the earthquake. In the third step of the analysis, the reasons and implications of the occurrence of these metaphors are explained.

Dyskurs diet odchudzających we współczesnej włoskiej prasie kobiecej. Analiza jakościowa

The discourse of slimming diets in contemporary Italian women's press. Qualitative analysis. Based on a corpus of articles extracted from contemporary Italian female magazines (2021) Donna Moderna and Grazia, this paper examines the nature of discourse of slimming diet. It is shown that the discourse has changed compared to the study conducted on the material from 2005-2008. Altogether 29 monthly issues have been analyzed. Currently emerging corpus does not contain many persuasive techniques related to emotions (Aristotle's pathos), the credibility of provided advice is enhanced mostly by arguments from authority (ethos). The innovation thus lies in the references to currently important societal topics, such as ecology (a manifestation of linguistic fashion). The research based on a rhetorical tools and analysis of press discourse shows that the topic of weight loss is treated nowadays with greater awareness and is being transferred to the pages of the men's press, in women's magazines its place is taken by e.g., cosmetic-surgical, or ecologic discourse. The conclusions from own research have been preceded by a review of theoretical issues in the field of a modern concept of a slimming diet, myth of beauty, development of the press in Italy, the role of cuisine and food in the Italian women's press.

A Feminist Rhetorical Analysis of Anti-feminist Poetry in English and Arabic

Language is the fundamental element of communication and understanding in society. It relates immediately to human thoughts and is embodied in written or spoken signs or signals. The field that scientifically studies language (its forms and structures) is called Linguistics. Among the linguistic studies of language is Rhetoric which studies the importance of speech or texts for the audience. Rhetoric is the art of persuasion; it comprises different arguments raised by the speaker/writer depending on social, religious, moral or even traditional evidence in order to prove that the raised arguments are real. In this way, the writer/speaker associates the language to similar or related realities in order to reach the purpose of her/his language. However, presenting arguments and evidence it not always accurate because there are arguments that rely on weak evidence. The purpose of argumentative techniques is still to persuade the audience about a personal view or a societal concept. From this perspective, the feminist linguists suggest that rhetoric is actually masculine; that is, rhetoric is anti-feminist. Therefore, linguists presented a great deal of evidence to prove this theory and bring the feminist ideology into rhetoric. This study aims at providing a feminist rhetorical analysis of the anti-feminist poetry to study the status of women in rhetoric and whether the arguments that demean women are true or not. For this purpose, the current study utilizes Fiorenza’s (1995) model of analysis; a feminist rhetorical tool to analyze anti-feminist poems written by male poets in English and Arabic in order to study the arguments as well as the evidence the poets present against women.

Metamodernism and Language: Pandemic Era Advertising

In cultural theory, metamodernism becomes a new cultural paradigm of the twenty-first century, epistemologically with (post) modernism, ontologically between (post) modernism, and historically beyond (post) modernism. It appears in the context of political changes following the fall of the Berlin Wall and the environment of digital progress, but also in periods of financial and ecological crises. Rather than simple “zeitgeist”, metamodernism as an arriving cultural paradigm is to be understood more as a “structure of feelings” or sentiment so pervasive that it becomes structural. Metamodernism is symbolically presented by the dual nature of God’s messenger Eros, who operates between the worlds of mortals and immortals. Another metaphor to illustrate metamodernism is a pendulum that constantly fluctuates between opposites such as modern hope and postmodern melancholy, empathy and apathy or enthusiasm and irony.
 This paper examines Italian advertisements during the largest contemporary health crisis, the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak. The semiotic textual analysis is performed on the audio-visual commercials of well known companies, such as Vodafone and Barilla. In addition to this, several print advertisements of a local company for funeral services Taffo are considered. Different metamodern characteristics are recognised in all examined texts. In already confirmed pandemic narratives (such as “the celebration of being Italian and patriotic solidarity”, “the juxtapositioning of the “inside” and the “outside”, and the “humanization of technology at the service of human affections and emotions''), now the metamodern characteristics, as a new structure of feeling that brings hope, continuous oscillations between contrasted polls and a certain quirkiness, are being identified. The most relevant morphosyntactic, lexical and semantic traits of the Italian language in pandemic advertising are being compared with the same language tools in postmodern Italian advertising. Finally, different stylistic and pragmatic, rhetorical and semiotic tools are being interpreted and analysed, defining more closely the unique characteristics of “metamodern” pandemic advertising.

Ministerial Education Councils’ Capacity for Policy Decision-Making in Canada, Germany, and Switzerland: Finding a Balanced Perspective

Scholars have become increasingly vigilant about leaders, the role of government and wider governance bodies, and their influence on education policy. Councils in Europe and North America, generally, and education councils, specifically, are good examples of influential bodies whose decision-making processes have rightfully come under scrutiny; however, many scholarly assessments have been characterized by rhetorical claims that focus on these bodies’ limited ability to make decisions and address social challenges. This article details a qualitative, comparative case study conducted in 2018 that investigated how Councils of Ministers of Education in Canada, Germany, and Switzerland address national educational issues of collective interest. The resulting dataset is comprehensive, and this research invites colleagues to refine or rethink some of their limiting rhetorical tools and underlying assumptions.

Why Medieval Allegory?

Why Medieval Allegory?

Introduction: Measurement at the Crossroads

Introduction: Measurement at the Crossroads

Love Motifs in Prudentius

AbstractBy analysing three paradigmatic passages, this paper explores how Prudentius uses classical love motifs and imagery not only to lambast paganism, but also as a powerful rhetorical tool to convey his Christian message. The ‘fire of love’ imagery is conspicuous inPsychomachia53–57, which wittily blends Christian and erotic language. In an entirely different context (C. Symm.2.1071–1085), theflamma amorisis also fully exploited to depict lustful young Vestal Virgins, in combination with other classical metaphors of passion, such as the ‘wound of love’ and thesigna amoris. Additionally, the contrast between heat and cold is a central element in the description of the Vestals’ tardy nuptials, redolent of classical satirical portraits ofvetulae libidinosae. Finally, inHamartigenia628–636 the relationship between the soul and God draws from a Christian tradition of bridal (and coital) representation, but the lapse into sin is portrayed as the love triangle, typical of the Latin love elegy. These examples illustrate how Prudentius creatively and consciously frames love and sex imagery in new contexts, exploring their potential and infusing clichés with new meanings and forms.

The Saints of Progress: A History of Coffee, Migration, and Costa Rican National Identity

The Saints of Progress: A History of Coffee, Migration, and Costa Rican National Identity

A tale of two Europes: How conflating the European Court of Human Rights with the European Union exacerbates Euroscepticism

This article focuses on the phenomenon of conflating the European Court of Human Rights with the European Court of Justice and European Union in British political and media discourse. Scholars of the European Court of Human Rights and Euroscepticism often acknowledge conflation, but rarely specify the forms it takes or its specific effects on British perceptions of the legitimacy of European institutions. This article identifies three main forms of conflation: muddled conflation, ambiguous conflation, and deliberate conflation. It shows that conflation can be both a symptom of deeper Eurosceptic disregard for the roles and purposes of distinct European institutions, and a deliberate rhetorical tool, intended to weaken the legitimacy of separate institutions by tying criticisms of one to the other. The article demonstrates that conflating the different Europes contributes to the persistence of Strasbourgsceptic narratives in the British political sphere by exacerbating pre-existing concerns and providing additional opportunities to raise them in public.

Tracing the usage of the term ‘culture of reading’ in South Africa: A review of national government discourse (2000–2019)

Background: South Africa’s long-standing reading crisis is well recognised. At various stages since 2000, national government has presented the inculcation of a culture of reading as a solution to this crisis.Objectives: This article critically interrogated the term ‘culture of reading’ as used in national government discourse with reference to basic education. By tracing the patterns of use of the term since 2000, it aimed to show the shifts and continuities in the government’s understanding of the term ‘culture of reading’ and how this has shaped the reading landscape.Method: Drawn from a corpus of 331 texts, a sample of 58 texts produced by national government was analysed. Employing discourse and thematic analysis, key themes were extrapolated and their relation to reading within South Africa was explored.Results: The government’s call for a culture of reading occurs predominantly in response to poor literacy results and at launches of campaigns and strategies focused on addressing these results. This occurs repeatedly without clear delineation of the term or justification for recycling failed initiatives. Instead, the term acts as a rhetorical tool to obfuscate the unsuccessful implementation of reading programmes.Conclusion: The government’s failure to clarify what constitutes a culture of reading prohibits a clear picture of its understanding of the term. The frequency with which ‘culture of reading’ is promoted indicates a failure to consider alternative approaches to addressing the reading crisis.Contribution: This article highlights the need for government to re-evaluate its response to the reading crisis, taking cognisance of the South African context.

Using real-world cases, innovation and rhetorical tools to teach social pharmacy

Background: Innovation refers to the process in which individuals or organisations transform ideas into novel products, services or processes. Pharmacy graduates are increasingly expected to have the competencies necessary to find innovative solutions to medicine-related challenges, particularly solutions addressing patient´s need and societal aspects of medicine use. Objective: To describe and discusses the rationale, development, implementation and evaluation of the pharmacy course ‘Contemporary Social Pharmacy’ (CONSOC), and to summarise lessons learned. Methods: Several methods and models were used to develop, run and evaluate the course. The course examination consisted of a written report and an oral presentation and defence of the report. The course was evaluated through a student assessment questionnaire and oral and written feedback from case providers and the teachers. Results: Three selected case reports representing particularly innovative solutions are described. The student evaluations revealed that nine out of 14 course learning objectives were either fully or partly fulfilled, and that what students liked best from the course were the teamwork, the open discussions, the real-world cases and the innovation features. The teachers and case providers also found the course rewarding and extremely positive. Conclusion: Teaching innovation opens up new possibilities for educators and researchers. The CONSOC course introduced several novel components, but the increased complexity of the course also presented challenges to students and faculty alike.

There is nothing new under the sun

A novel and original take on the history of popular science showcases that making science accessible to the public has been part of scientific activity since ancient times. Under this lens, and through twenty-one case studies, current trends such as sci-art and virtual technology can be seen as part of a continuum that was already present in the use of aesthetic and rhetorical tools by the ancient Greeks. Thanks to a careful curation of the collection of texts, this volume as a whole offers more than the sum of its parts (chapters).

Rhetorical tools in a collection of poems Masih Ingatkah Kau Jalan Pulang by sapardi djoko damono and rintik sedu

This study aims to analyze the form of rhetorical tools in a collection of poems <em>Masih Ingatkah Kau Jalan Pulang</em> by Sapardi Djoko Damono and Rintik Sedu. Data analysis was carried out in a descriptive-qualitative manner consisting of words, phrases, or sentences in poetry. The results of the research are in the form of rhetorical means, consisting of simile, metaphor, personification, and synecdoche display, repetition structure manipulation, parallelism, polysyndeton, asyndeton, hyperbole, rhetoric, and climax, as well as images of sight, hearing, smell, touch, and motion. The function of rhetoric means is to intensify, enliven, provide clarity of imaginary images, aesthetically, emphasize, rhetorically, generate more effective associations of meaning, make it concrete, and make it easier to imagine. The dominant use of rhetorical means, in structural manipulation, is parallelism and repetition, in images are images of motion, sight, and hearing, in a presentation are metaphors and personifications. The learning design in SMP must be student-centered, paying attention to individual differences and selecting the right learning model.