Tons In Weight Research Articles

AMAGER BAKKE: A steel building with the design challenge of creating a world famous recreational roof

ABSTRACTAmager Bakke is a spectacular construction. The 43,000 m2 combined waste to energy plant and artificial ski slope has a full height of 85 m. The roof provides public access for a park with the size of 2½ soccer fields. The park includes hiking, climbing, skiing area, viewing platform, café and trees.The building has a high complexity due to the exterior architectural expressions require the correct shape for a double curved skiing slope, which was merged with the interior demands for machinery. The result is a complex geometrical structure for which steel was the only feasible material to apply when forming the superstructure. Furthermore, the fire compartmentation of the plant and the park gave special design issues concerning structural robustness and municipality's approval of the regulatory fire safety strategy.Early in the engineering process it was decided that an innovative approach was required. Therefore, the limits of BIM tools were challenged and widened. The 3D‐model was used for design layout, collision check, quantity surveyor and illustrating the erection timeline. Additionally, the model was continuously operated for interchanges with the client, the architect, and the contractor.The steel superstructure was executed in S235, S355, and S460 steel. A total of approximately 7,500 tons of weight was applied to the building parts. Various forms of large span roof steel girders were used with different static systems, to carry ∼1,000 concrete slab elements on the roof. The facade is covered with ∼1,000 aluminum bricks on steel sandwich panels and the cantilevered chimney hangs on the gable side starting more than 50 m up and reaching 124 m above ground level. This required a tuned mass damper in the top. The building complex also includes an 11‐storey office building, which caused additional demands regarding acoustical vibrational damping through the structures and floors.

A swirl static mixer with diluent for reducing the flammable extent of venting gases in a low-flashpoint fueled vessel

Analyses on the gas dispersion from a vent mast have been conducted using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) for a 50000 dead weight tonnage (DWT) gas-fueled bulk carrier, under the assumption that methane and propane gases are discharged through a pressure relief valve in the vent system of the fuel storage tank. To assess the transient flammable extents for representative vent scenarios, the initial conditions of venting gases were selected as propane at–30 °C and methane at–150 °C, when wind velocity was set to 2 m/s in the ship exterior. The same ship layout was applied in each of these scenarios with different configurations of the inner components of the vent mast outlet. As a result, the cases with a plate head in the current vent mast outlet did not satisfy international code requirements for the safety distance of the vent mast location in ships powered by low-flashpoint fuels. However, the flammable extents of the venting gases could be significantly reduced by a novel vent system in which a swirl head and nitrogen diluent at 20 °C were adopted. Therefore, a safety design procedure considering gas dispersion characteristics was required to determine the location of the vent mast outlet in the gas-fueled vessel to satisfy the minimum requirements of the international code.

Geomorphology of a Holocene Hurricane Deposit Eroded from Rhyolite Sea Cliffs on Ensenada Almeja (Baja California Sur, Mexico)

This work advances research on the role of hurricanes in degrading the rocky coastline within Mexico’s Gulf of California, most commonly formed by widespread igneous rocks. Under evaluation is a distinct coastal boulder bed (CBB) derived from banded rhyolite with boulders arrayed in a partial-ring configuration against one side of the headland on Ensenada Almeja (Clam Bay) north of Loreto. Preconditions related to the thickness of rhyolite flows and vertical fissures that intersect the flows at right angles along with the specific gravity of banded rhyolite delimit the size, shape and weight of boulders in the Almeja CBB. Mathematical formulae are applied to calculate the wave height generated by storm surge impacting the headland. The average weight of the 25 largest boulders from a transect nearest the bedrock source amounts to 1200 kg but only 30% of the sample is estimated to exceed a full metric ton in weight. The wave height calculated to move those boulders is close to 8 m. Additional localities with CBBs composed of layered rock types such as basalt and andesite are proposed for future studies within the Gulf of California. Comparisons with selected CBBs in other parts of the world are made.

Ship Sales and Purchases Market: Modeling the Influences of Seaborne Trade and Charter Rates/Freight on Dead Weight Tonnage of Global new Building Orders

Ship Sales and Purchases Market: Modeling the Influences of Seaborne Trade and Charter Rates/Freight on Dead Weight Tonnage of Global new Building Orders

WOODEN TRUSSES RECONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS THROUGH PARAMETRIC 3D MODELING

Abstract. This paper aims to indicate a new methodological approach, based on generative algorithms, to attempt a more in-depth and transversal understanding of the behavior of these wooden structures. The developed method accelerates modeling procedures and brings on new tools for analyzing these structural systems when surveyed through TLS devices. The main topic of this work is the most recent step of a wider research project that has analyzed a few wooden roofing structures in the area of bologna. These case studies are represented by a set of important churches in Bologna, all built between the 16th and 18th centuries, whose pitched roofs are supported by timber trusses. Among them, the most impressive is the wooden truss in the St. Peter Cathedral that has approximately 26 meters of span, 7 meters of height for nearly 9 tons of weight. It also shows a complex static conception with the coexistence of an external nondeformable triangle and an internal virtual discharging arc. The focus is on the transformation of the point cloud into 3D models using parametric modeling tools such as Grasshopper generative algorithms. These algorithms, once created for a single truss, allow to automatically generating 3D models of all trusses, changing only input parameters.

A Low-Cost, Well-Designed Catalytic System Derived from Household Waste "Egg Shell": Applications in Organic Transformations.

A waste feedstock-derived economical basic alternative catalyst is described in this review. Eggshell is one of the household wastes created in tons of weight daily. Therefore, in order to reduce the environmental pollution-related problems, its use in heterogeneous catalysis can be attributed as a great contribution for the chemical and material science society to carry out several known reactions and for the much-needed energy alternative biodiesel production as low-cost catalytic system. Keeping green chemistry in mind, industrial use of these catalysts may also reduce the use of other traditionally used high-cost chemical catalytic systems.

Comparison of Berthing Energy Between Indian Standard (IS: 4651:1974: III) & British Standard (BS: 6349: 1994: IV)

Ports and harbours are the lifeline structures as they are used for cost effective transportation of huge amount of goods. These structures also play a significant role in the transportation system in terms of evacuation of people before or after natural disasters. These are useful to supply relief materials after the natural disaster. In present study, deterministic approach has been adopted, in order to compute berthing energy with Indian standard and British standard. All parameters such as berthing velocity, softness coefficient, mass coefficient, eccentric coefficient, berthing configure coefficient etc. is compared with Indian standard (IS: 4651: 1974: III) and British standard (BS: 6349: 1994: IV).Each coefficient is compared quantitatively and qualitatively. In present study Bulk carrier type of vessel is consider for comparison berthing energy with respect to both standard. Ship characteristics such as length of vessel, breadth of vessel, maximum draft, displacement tonnage, dead weight tonnage, length between perpendicular etc. is taken from PIANC guideline as a reference. Comparison each terminology is tabulated and explained briefly.

Evaluation of the ventilation safety requirements for the fuel gas supply system room of a gas-fueled vessel: Simulated leaks of methane and propane

This study conducted the ventilation and gas dispersion analysis using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) for fuel gas supply system (FGSS) room of a 50000 dead weight tonnage (DWT) gas-fueled vessel sailing at a constant velocity, under the assumption that methane and propane gases leak in the fuel preparation room containing the FGSS. To assess the transient flammable extents for representative risk scenarios, four gaseous leak scenarios with the same mass flux were selected as follows: Propane at–30 °C and at 20 °C, and methane at–150 °C and at 20 °C. The same ventilation capacity was applied in each of these scenarios, with different inlet/outlet configurations. As a result, all cases satisfied the international code requirements for the hazardous areas of ventilation inlet/outlet and the gas detector locations. However, only the ventilation capacity requirement was insufficient to ensure optimum ventilation performance of the FGSS room. Therefore, a safety design procedure considering ventilation efficiency was required to determine the most appropriate number and location of ventilation inlets/outlets in the FGSS room beyond the international code.

Supersized ESR—Strategies for a Further Optimization and Size Increase of the Process

Wirhin the last decades, the Electroslag Remelting process has come to be seen as a mature, reliable, and attractive production route for big forging ingots of more than 100 tons in weight. This material is further used for hollow or solid forgings in the power generation industry. The advantages in solidification structure, mechanical properties, and yield of the ingot are making the ESR process more and more attractive for modern forging companies.

Production of Steel Ingots Without Zonal Chemical Inhomogeneity for the Billets of Parts of Power-Generating Units

We study the technological specific features of the production of steel ingots without zonal chemical inhomogeneity aimed at manufacturing the billets of various parts of power-generating units made of 15KhN3MFA and 15Kh2MFA steels. The technology of pouring in a vacuum is developed with regard for the results of the numerical analysis of the process of solidification of a steel ingot 13.56 tons in weight by using the Poligon system of automatized modeling of the pouring processes. In order to get high-quality ingots, steel was melted in an EAF-12 according to a special technology guaranteeing low contents of sulfur, phosphorus, nonmetallic inclusions, and hydrogen. The specific structural features of an ingot with a mean diameter of 922 mm and the ratio H/D = 2.05 are taken into account in the development of the technology of forging in a 3000-ton press. Forging is performed for billets 900 × 930 × 1200 mm in size with the axial channel located at the top of the billets. To avoid confusions, sulfur prints were made from the top and bottom surfaces of the billet. The investigations demonstrate that the sulfur prints are practically identical for both surfaces, and small separate sulfur inclusions are uniformly distributed. The macrostructure corresponds to the GOST-10243. The results of UT testing demonstrate that the billets of the parts contain no defects with an area greater than 5 mm2. The mechanical properties at temperatures 20°C and 350°C are practically identical and higher more than the requirements of normative documents by 15–20%. For the additional metallurgical quality examination of the metal, we manufactured a test shell with a height of 1100 mm, an outer diameter of 870 mm, and a wall thickness of 250 mm.

Application of strain gauge method for investigating influence of ship shaft movement by hydrodynamic propeller forces on shaft alignment

To ensure the stability of marine propulsion shafting system, series of studies regarding shaft alignment have been performed under quasi-static conditions. In the shaft system of a ship, the increase of local load in the stern tube bearing, which supports a propeller shaft, occurs prominently due to the influence of the propeller weight at the shaft end, similar to the case of the cantilever beam. In particular, the aft stern tube bearing is likely to receive a concentrated load in the bottom of aft side. While such magnitude and distribution of local load are determined by the relative inclination angle between the shaft and bearing, the aft bottom of aft stern tube bearing is more severely affected by the local load than other bearings. Such local load can significantly deflect towards the aft end of aft stern tube bearing in case that the shaft sags down, when the eccentric thrust force acts downward due to the propeller force in the hydrodynamic transient status. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of the propeller shaft is evaluated for a medium-sized oil/chemical product carrier with 50,000 dead weight tonnage acknowledged as a highly efficient eco-friendly ship type. As a result of the analysis, it is confirmed that shaft behaviour would be affected by hydrodynamic propeller forces by the variation of ship draught and main engine load. Further, it is found that the propeller forces during ship acceleration acted as a force lifting the propeller shaft from the aft stern tube bearing and it reduced the possibility of damage to the aft stern tube bearing, thereby, contributing to improving the reliability of the shaft system. This paper deals with the new application of strain gauge method to evaluate the shaft stability. The research results are consistent with those from the previous studies based on the direct measurement in the vicinity of the propeller. The Research findings demonstrate that this new application would be excellent and practical as an alternative to the direct measurement method performed at the propeller position.

Springing Responses Analysis and Segmented Model Test on a 550,000 Dead Weight Tonnage Ore Carrier

In hydroelastic model tests, segmented ship models are usually used to make sure that the model scale and the full size ship satisfy the similarity law of structural natural frequency and distribution of ship bending stiffness. However, springing barely occurs in those tests because the natural frequency of segmented ship models is too high for the regular waves required to be generated in a tank. In order to investigate the springing effect, three sets of backbone of variable cross section are adopted in the test. One set of backbones satisfies the similarity law of natural frequency, and two extra sets of low stiffness backbones are used so that the springing effect can appear and be measured. Experimental results show that the springing occurs when the wave encounter frequency coincides with the first elastic natural frequency of the ship, or with half or one-third of it. A good agreement has also been obtained between the experimental and the numerical results by a three-dimensional (3D) hydroelasticity method. Based on these results, the contribution of the springing responses to the fatigue damage of the ship is estimated and analyzed.

Harnessing Nature's Hidden Material: Nano-Cellulose

Now a days machines replace men in every aspect. But the trend that observed is, the machines are also undergoing mechanical failures. Earthquakes are the major threat for bridges, buildings, dams and almost all mechanical structures. They cannot survive from the extreme vibrations which are produced during the earthquakes. But actually we are blessed with wide varieties of materials in nature. For example: sequoia tree maintains tons of weight for hundreds of years in cold and warm climates, UV lights. Analyze the structure by high-resolution electron microscope and it is made of sugar. It’s actually a nano-fiber called nano-crystalline cellulose.

Technical Suitability and Static Stability of Sungkur Fishing Boats for Fish and Shrimp Catching

Sungkur fishing gear is operated actively on one the side of fishing boat, which requires technical suitability and fishing gear stability to ensure success in fish catching. This is a case study which aimed to analyze some technical issues related to the boat, boat’s hydrostatic parameters, and the boat’s stability. The data were collected though observation, measuring the boat to obtain the offset table. The data were analyzed numerically and descriptively. The data were processed with technical formula, Microsoft Office’s Excel software, graphic display, minitab, statistical data processing, and maxsurf program. The research results showed that: (1) the sungkur fishing boat dimensional ratio L/B (6.47 – 7.00); L/D (10.90 – 11.20) and B/D (1.60 – 1.668) is within the range value of Indonesian fishing boats suitable to operate the fishing gear by towing or dragging. However, during fish catching operation, there have been problems in a hydrodynamic force due to the fishing gear movement, which affect the fish catching efficiency. (2) The boat’s coefficient of fineness is in the fine type shape; the displacement on each waterline has increased; the loads of the boat are getting larger following the increase of waterline from one to five; this is also shown from the increasing midship area value. Ton per centimeter immersion to change wl 1 by 1 cm needs 0.04 tons of weight. (3) Sungkur fishing boat have a good static stability, which is proven by the positive value of angle of maximum GZ by 79.1 – 83.6. In other words, the boat has the ability to return to its original position after tilting; however, stability dynamics happens because fishing gear operation are located on just one side of boat.

19.03: Amager bakke: Design challenges for a steel building with a recreational roof

ABSTRACTIn every way, Amager Bakke is a spectacular construction. The 43,000 m2 combined waste to energy plant and artificial ski slope has a full height of 85 m. In its final form, the roof will provide public access for a park with the size of 2½ soccer fields. The park includes hiking, climbing, skiing area, viewing platform, and a café.The building has a high complexity due to several reasons. The exterior architectural expressions require the correct shape for a double curved skiing slope. This is merged with the interior demands for waste to energy machinery. The result was a complex geometrical structure for which steel was the only feasible material to apply when forming the superstructure. Furthermore, the fire compartmentation of the energy plant and the park gave special design issues concerning structural robustness and municipality's approval of the regulatory fire safety strategy. Finally, the roof needed to be prepared to carry natural trees.Early in the engineering process it was decided that an innovative approach was required. Therefore, the limits of BIM tools were challenged and widened. The 3D‐model has produced more than 3,000 drawings, and all structures are designed in the model. The model was also used for design layout, collision check, quantity surveyor, and for performing a building sequence illustration the erection timeline. Additionally, the model was continuously operated for interchanges with the client, the architect, and the contractor.The steel superstructure was executed in S235, S355, and S460 steel. A total of approximately 7,500 tons of weight was applied to the building parts. Various forms of large span roof steel girders were used with different static systems, to carry ∼1,000 concrete slab elements on the roof. The facade is covered with ∼1,000 aluminum bricks on steel sandwich panels and the cantilevered chimney hangs on the gable side starting more than 50 m above ground level and reaching 124 m above ground level. This construction required a tuned mass damper in the top, which gave rise to an interesting calibration to the actual natural frequency. The building complex also includes an 11‐storey office building, which caused additional demands regarding acoustical vibrational damping through the structures. It was solved by an innovative damped floor construction.

Measuring the total factor productivity for international seaport in South East Asia (ASEAN)

Aim: The goal of this paper is to quantify the contribution of ports to GDP in three different nations. Singapore’s port, Malaysia’s Bintulu port, and Thailand’s Leamchabang port are the ASEAN ports examined in this paper.Methodology: Cargo throughput (tons) is the output variable, and the four inputs (ship count, vessel handled capacity (DWT: Dead Weight Tonnage), number of employees per terminal, and terminal area) are all described in the published data (m2). The weighted aggregative technique is used to construct inputs and outputs data details.Findings: Progress in port efficiency in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand is demonstrated by the findings. Singapore’s port is the most productive of the three and has the least disruption to throughput (TFP).Novelty/Implications: While trade and maritime transport cooperation between Korea and ASEAN has been strengthened, little research has been conducted on analyzing container port efficiency in ASEAN. Since this is the first study of its kind in ASEAN, it can be considered the beginning of port studies in the region. Based on these findings, we can select candidate cities and nations for a port cooperation initiative on a global scale.

Opto-Mechanical systems design for polarimeter-interferometer on EAST

An 11-channel Far-InfaRed (FIR) three-wave POlarimeter-INTerferometer (POINT) system has been successfully operated in 2015 EAST experimental campaign. For high accuracy measurement of POINT system, optimized optical system to reduce the stray light and crosstalk is very important. Optical design is done and improved by using ZEMAX software, in which spot size and energy distribution can be calculated in any position. The crosstalk and stray light can be reduced by optimized design of optical components and putting high extinction ratio materials in some key positions. Vibration isolation coefficient of optical platform is set to 90%. The optical platform and vibration isolation system are about 5 and 20 tons in weight respectively. To reduce vibration caused by the EAST hall, a more than 30 tons in weight stainless steel tower, filled with sand and mounted independent of the EAST machine, is constructed to ensure the stability of optics. Based on the optimized opto-mechanical design, the POINT system resolutions for Faraday rotation and line integral electron density measurements are 0.1° and 1×1016m−2, respectively.

The effect of land reclamations and sediment extraction on the suspended sediment concentration in the Ems Estuary

Natural sediment sinks have been removed in many estuaries and tidal basins, and the resulting loss in accommodation space likely led to an increase in the suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The effect of land reclamations and changes in other sediment sinks on SSC has been investigated using the Ems Estuary as a well-documented example. Coastline reconstructions and stratigraphic observations in the Ems Estuary, on the Dutch–German border, have been used to quantify the long-term (centennial) changes in sediment sinks. These data indicate that approximately 2–3·106dry weight tons of fine-grained sediments annually accumulated in the estuary from the end of the 16th century up to the beginning of the 20th century. In the 20th century and especially from 1960 to 1994, large amounts of sediment were dredged and removed from the Ems Estuary. Since the 1990s, sediment removal rates through dredging activities sharply decreased, while available monitoring data show that on average SSC in the estuary increased during this period. The potential impact of sediment sinks on SSC has been investigated using a simple mass balance and a complex numerical model. Both methodologies indicate that the reduction in sediment sinks lead to an increase in suspended sediment concentration of several 10s of mg/l averaged over the estuary. The numerical model also resolves the spatial variation in changing suspended sediment concentrations, suggesting that locally the increase may exceed 100mg/l. This work reveals that a decrease in accommodation space for fine-grained sediments by land reclamations or by reducing fine-grained sediment extraction will lead to an increase in suspended sediment concentrations, and provides methodologies to estimate the impact of interventions on SSC of estuaries and tidal basins.

실선시험에 의한 DWT 8,000톤 선박의 선회성능 – Semi–balanced rudder and flap rudder –

This study is intended to provide navigator with specific information necessary to assist the avoidance of collision and the operation of ships to evaluate the maneuverability of dead weight tonnage 8,000 tons Oil/Chemical tanker. The actual maneuvering characteristics of ship can be adequately judged from the results of typical ship trials. Author carried out sea trials based full scale for turning test in ballast condition and full load condition, semi balanced rudder and flap rudder. The turning circle maneuvering were performed on the starboard and port sides with rudder angle at the normal continuous rating. The results from tests could be compared directly with the standards of maneuverability of IMO and consequently the maneuvering qualities of the ship is full satisfied with its.

실선시험에 의한 DWT 8,000톤 선박의 조종성능 – Semi–balanced rudder and flap rudder –

This study is intended to provide navigator with specific information necessary to assist the avoidance of collision and the operation of ships to evaluate the maneuverability of dead weight tonnage 8,000 tons Oil/Chemical tanker. The actual maneuvering characteristics of ship can be adequately judged from the results of typical ship trials. Author carried out sea trials based full scale for turning test, Z maneuvering test, man overboard rescue maneuver test, inertia stopping test. Consequently, Overshoot yaw angle of the semi balanced rudder and flap rudder in zig-zag test showed and , respectively. The maneuverability of the vessel was good in the flap rudder. The man overboard rescue maneuver maneuverability test was most favorable in the flap rudder and the full load condition. The results from tests could be compared directly with the standards of maneuverability of IMO and consequently the maneuvering qualities of the ship is full satisfied with its.