Tons Of Raw Materials Research Articles

Effects of Water Reuse, Recycling and Resource Recovery on Food Processing Waste Treatment in Thailand

Two food processing industries in Thailand, namely pineapple canning and tuna/sardine canning, were studied over a 10 year period to document effects of water reuse, recycling and resource recovery (both energy and product) on waste treatment needs and actual operations. Changes in terms of water consumed, energy required, waste generated, and costs per ton of raw material processed were calculated. Lower overall annual costs resulted from all water conservation and energy recovery schemes even though stricter pollution control laws were the motivating factor behind the changes. Unit design parameters of water use, energy use and waste load generated per ton of raw material processed are included for both industries to permit extrapolations for future waste treatment plant designs.

NEOGENE MAMMALIAN FAUNAS OF ERTEMTE AND HARR OBO IN NEI MONGGOL, CHINA——1. REPORT ON FIELD WORK IN 1980 AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS

At the mammalian localities Ertemte and Harr Obo in Nei Monggol(Inner Mongolia) of China, known since 1919, new excavations and washing operations have been carried out. About 6.5 tons of raw material(4.5 tons from Ertemte, 2 tons from Harr Obo) produced, besides a few remains of larger mammals, ich micromammalian faunas(Ertemte: morethan 10,000 teeth; Harr Obo first microfauna, more than 1000 teeth). These materials are briefly described and yield much new information on the 24 species of insectivores, rodents and lagomorphs, already knowm. In addition, more than 25 species can be newly reported, and many of them have not yet been known from China or Asia. Both faunas are of uppermost Miocene age(upper Turolian), possibly lower Pliocene(Ruseinian). Besides many endemic species, the faunas show paleobiogeographic relations to Europe as well as to North America.

Preliminary analysis of a baseline system model for lunar manufacturing

This paper describes a Lunar Base with a capability to produce 100,000 metric tons of raw materials and stock per year. This material can be used for the construction of solar power systems (SPS) or other spacecraft in the geostationary orbit or other space locations. The Lunar base consists of 19 elements. The Earth-Lunar Space Transportation System is supported by two Space Operations Centers in GEO and Lunar orbit. At the present time, this transportation system uses LOX/LH 2 propulsion systems only, to establish a base of reference with a high confidence level. LOX is produced on the lunar surface, the liquid hydrogen required by the space ferries is imported from Earth. Preliminary figures indicate lunar production cost of less than $5 (1980)/kg and specific transportation cost between the lunar surface and GEO in the order of $45/kg. Some 480 people are needed to operate the Lunar base, which has a power requirement of about 300 MW.

Environmental experts in the glass and allied industries

The glass industry uses millions of tons of raw materials per annum and is concerned essentially with high temperature melting processes. General pollutants include sulphur dioxide and particulate matter but do not appear to constitute a hazard to health. Manufacture of special glasses may cause emission of toxic substances such as lead and may be scheduled under the Alkali Act (U.K.). Allied industries such as pottery and clayware also involve high temperature processes. Auxiliary operations such as grinding and polishing of glass have liquid effluent problems. The policy of the glass industry is to co‐operate with other industries which have common problems, and with technical institutions which can contribute to solutions of the problems involved. Technical work on pollution requires special emphasis on methods of measurement and analysis, detailed studies of production processes, and the design of pollution control equipment.

The Evolution of Soluble and Straight Cutting Oils

IT WAS NOT UNTIL 1850 when the brilliant chemist, Young, from his earlier experiments in Derbyshire, turned his attention to the shale deposits in Midlothian, Scotland. Young successfully mined, fractionated, and by distillation, recovered about six gallons of shale oil per ton of raw material mined, and it was from these roots that the Petroleum Industry as we know it, was to grow and prosper.