Tongue Tip Research Articles

AUSSIE ARTICULATION UNRAVELED: DISENTANGLING SYLLABLE AND VOWEL CONTRIBUTIONS TO MID-SAGITTAL TEMPORAL COORDINATION OF LATERAL APPROXIMANT

The objective of this research was to analyse the articulatory movements linked with the mid-sagittal plane in Australian English /l/. For this purpose, the investigation employed the experimental paradigm introduced by Sproat and Fujimura (1993) as a methodological framework for analysis. The study involved monitoring the production of syllable-initial and -final /l/s in four distinct vowel environments (/æ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/ and /u/) by six speakers, using three-dimensional electromagnetic articulography (3D EMA). The timing lag difference between the tongue tip (TT) and the tongue middle (TM) was measured, along with the lag between the tongue tip (TT) and the tongue back (TB). Results revealed that during the articulation of the alveolar lateral approximant /l/ in initial and final positions within syllables, the timing and coordination of tongue movements differ. The findings align with previous research on the articulation of lateral approximant /l/ in American-accented English. The temporal coordination between coronal (i.e., TT) and dorsal (i.e., TM/TB) articulatory movements would be influenced by syllable position. In syllable-initial /l/s, coronal and dorsal articulatory movements are nearly simultaneous, whereas in syllable-final /l/s, dorsal articulatory movement precedes the coronal articulatory movement. Regarding the vowel effect, we observed that the influence of vowels on timing differences is not consistent across all measurements. While adjacent vowels partly affected timing discrepancies, particularly in the tongue tip-to-middle (TT-TM) measurement in syllable-final positions, the tongue tip-to-back (TT-TB) measurement does not show the impact of surrounding vowels, except in the /æ/ vowel environment.

Depth of resection predicts loss of tongue tip sensation after partial glossectomy in oral tongue cancer: A pilot study

Objective(s)To characterize the change in sensory function following partial glossectomy for oral tongue cancer (OTC) and to identify predictors of loss of tongue-tip sensation (LoTTS). Materials and methodsPatients with at least three months follow-up after partial glossectomy for primary OTC were included. All patients underwent a qualitative tongue sensation assessment and an objective tongue sensory exam of the native tongue tip. Additional details regarding the oncologic resection, surgical reconstruction, and pathological stage were collected. Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used for statistical analysis. ResultsSixty-four patients were enrolled, including 34 (53%) men with a median age of 65 at enrollment. Ten (15%) patients reported LoTTS. Increased depth of resection (DOR) was an independent predictor of LoTTS on multivariate analysis, with an increased risk at a threshold of 1.3 cm. LoTTS was also associated with worse subjective quality of life and perceptive speech performance in our qualitative tongue assessment. ConclusionsIn this pilot study, we found that DOR is a critical prognostic factor in predicting post treatment function. Patients with an increased DOR, particularly above 1.3 cm, are at greatest risk of LoTTS and associated morbidity. These findings may be used to predict post-operative sensory deficits, manage patients’ expectations, and optimize the reconstructive approach. Future studies are needed to validate and replicate our results.

Caring for Infants with Robin Sequence Treated with the Tübingen Palatal Plate: A Review of Personal Practice.

The Tübingen Palatal Plate (TPP) is a minimally invasive yet highly effective functional orthodontic treatment for upper airway obstruction in infants with Robin Sequence (RS). It consists of a palatal plate to cover the cleft and a velar extension that shifts the root of the tongue forward. We review our practical experience with this approach. First, upon admission, our local orthodontists perform an (3-D) intraoral scan of the maxilla. Based on the scan data, the TPP is manufactured in a semi-digital workflow. The length and angulation of its extension is checked via awake laryngoscopy and the effectiveness confirmed by a sleep study. Plates are kept in place by adhesive cream. When inserting the TPP, the tip of the tongue must be visible. Next, metal fixation bows should be secured to the forehead using tape and elastic bands. Plates are removed daily for cleaning, and the oral mucosa is then checked for pressure marks. Feeding training (initially only via finger feeding) may even start before plate insertion. Breathing often normalizes immediately once the plate is inserted. For isolated RS, we have never had to perform a tracheostomy. This has largely been possible through our highly dedicated and competent team, particularly the nursing staff, and the early involvement of parents.

On the Novel Chinese Modifier-Head Construction Shejian Shang de X : An Analysis of Meaning Construction

Abstract Since the documentary A Bite of China (i. e. Shejian shang de Zhongguo ( 《舌尖上的中国》), where shejian shang literally means “on the tip of the tongue”), was broadcast in May 2012, a great number of expressions like shejian shang de Russia/world/Olympics/safety have begun to gradually converge into a novel modifier-head construction Shejian Shang de X, illustrating a typical evolution of modern Chinese.This study aims to analyze the construction’s meaning from the perspective of cognitive linguistics. Our investigation and analysis indicate that (1) Shejian Shang de X differs from the classic Chinese construction PP de X in both semantics and syntax; (2) as a modifier-head construction, Shejian Shang de X shows its variations in the head X’s multiple category options (noun, verb and adjective), therefore extending the scope of nominalization in Chinese and simultaneously triggering the construction’s diversified meanings; (3) the construction’s non-compositionality results mainly from its modifier components shejian and shang and is in general construed metonymically and metaphorically; (4) as a whole, the construction is a double-scope network consisting of two different organizing frames: the frame of shejian (“tip of the tongue”), a body part term and the frame of X, a dynamically changing entity (physical or abstract). The surface semantic incompatibility between the modifier and the head can be solved only by virtue of conceptual blending, producing the novel meaning [X relevant to the function of the tip of the tongue] of the whole construction.

Wearing individualized 3D printed oral stent to protect normal tissues in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma during radiotherapy.

To demonstrate a new individualized 3D printed oral stent in radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and carry out a comparative analysis combining with clinical case. Thirty NPC patients treated in our institution from September 2021 to October 2022 were prospectively enrolled. An individualized 3D printed oral stent was designed for each patient, and one set of computed tomography (CT) slices were obtained with /without wearing the oral stent, respectively. After delineation of target volumes and organs at risk (OARs) on the two CT slices, we finished two treatment plans by using the same target objectives, critical constraints and plan setup for each patient. Finally, the dose distribution and other dosimetric parameters of target volumes and OARs between the two plans were compared. Tongue volume and tongue length outside of mouth was 10.4±2.5cm3 and 2.8±0.6cm, respectively, distance between dorsal surface of oral tongue and plate increased from 0.3±0.3cm to 2.2±0.5cm by wearing the oral stent. For the target volume, there was no significant difference. However, Dmax of tongue, tongue tip and periglottis decreased significantly from 6352.6±259.9cGy to 5994.9±478.9cGy, 3499.8±250.6cGy to 3357.7±158.0cGy and 6345.5±171.0cGy to 6133.4±263.3cGy, respectively (p=0.000); Dmean of tongue, tongue tip and periglottis decreased significantly from 3714.7±204.2cGy to 3169.7±200.9cGy, 3060.8±216.2cGy to 2509.6±196.7cGy and 3853.3±224.9cGy to 3079.3±222.0cGy, respectively (p=0.000). The individualized 3D printed oral stent can reduce the dose of oral tissues and organs, so as to reduce the oral adverse reactions and improve the compliance of patients and the quality of their life. The technique can be used in radiotherapy of NPC patients.

An Overview of Oral Thin Film Drug Delivery Systems with Fast Dissolving Films

Fast-dissolving oral thin films (OTFs), rather than tablets, are the product of choice for many pharmaceutical businesses. The benefits of tablets (precise dose, simple administration) and liquid dosage forms (easily swallowed, quick bioavailability) are all present in films. Four out of five patients, according to statistics, prefer orally disintegrating dose forms over traditional solid oral dosage forms. Children, the elderly, people who are bedridden, people who are emetic, and those who have CNS illnesses have trouble swallowing or digesting solid dose forms. Many of these individuals refuse to take solid dose forms because they are afraid of choking. OTFs are immediately moistened by saliva when put on the tongue's tip or base. Because of this, OTFs quickly hydrate before dissolving or disintegrating to release the drug for local or systemic absorption. This technology offers a solid foundation for the creation of patent-compliant items and for extending the patent protection of currently available goods. Fast-dissolving oral thin films can be used for a variety of purposes, including gastroprotective and sublingual delivery systems in addition to buccal fast-dissolving systems. This study emphasizes the composition, detailing the numerous natural and synthetic polymer kinds, diverse manufacturing processes, packaging materials, and assessment tests for OTFs.

Diode Laser Aided Frenectomy for Severe Ankyloglossia – A Case Report

Ankyloglossia is a congenital disorder that develops when the inferior lingual frenulum is excessively short and attaches to the tip of the tongue, restricting its movements. It results in limited tongue mobility, which in turn affects speech and also leads to growth discrepancies. Diode lasers can be utilized as a secure surgical tool for correcting tongue tie using a minimally invasive dentistry technique and for also easing young patients' anxiety towards dental treatment. The use of a diode laser with a 976 nm wavelength for frenectomy procedures has been reported only in a few numbers till date. Hence, this paper describes the case of 13 year old male patient with the complaint of restricted tongue movements and speech difficulties and its management. Early detection and appropriate surgical intervention are the crucial factors to avoid problems related with Ankyloglossia and help the patients to lead a better life.

Boz Irk Sığırlarda Dil Papillalarının Anatomik Yapısının Elektron Mikroskobik İncelenmesi

This study was carried out to determine the surface of the papillae in the dorsal and lateral parts of the tongue surface and the features in the non-papillary parts of Turkish Grey. In the study, 7 male Turkish Grey tongues were used. Materials obtained from the apex, corpus and radix lingua of the upper (dorsal) side of the tongue were taken for scanning electron microscopic examinations. The routine procedure was applied for scanning electron micro- scopic images.In the study, the presence of large ruminant tongue papillae, papilla filiformis, papilla fungiformis, papilla conica, papilla lentiformis and papilla vallata, was observed. It was determined that the root part of Papilla filiformes had a depression in the form of a ditch. It was observed that the papilla filiformis at the tip of the tongue had very few secondary papillae. Papilla filiformis in the corpus lingua was found to have 2-4 secondary papillae.On the surface of the papilla fungiformis, cell borders were seen at 2000 magnification, taste pores were detected, and the microridge structure was clearly detected at 10000 magnification. A weak annular pad was seen in the papilla vallata. Cell borders were seen at 2500 magnification on surface images. Taste pores were detected at 5000 magnification. In this study, the tongue papillae of Turkish gray, which is very few in Turkey and resistant to harsh conditions, were examined, and it was aimed to contribute and own the missing literature about tongue papillae.

A Review on Acupuncture Treatment for Post-Stroke Aphasia

Post stroke aphasia is a communication disorder that occurs after stroke which affects their daily life. With the aging of the population, an increasing number of stroke sequelae patients have brought a heavy burden to their families and society. For the treatment of post stroke aphasia, western medicine mostly uses a combination of western medicine treatment with speech rehabilitation training which are not particularly satisfying. Meanwhile acupuncture plays an important role in treating this disease due to its own unique effectiveness. The objective of this study is to review the effectiveness of the different types of acupuncture methods on treating post stroke aphasia. All the data are collected from online databases based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collection is tabulated using the Microsoft Excel and results are discussed. There are 40 selected journals that are eligible for inclusion criteria. Based on the results, the highest clinical efficacy in tongue acupuncture is needling the tongue tip without retending the needle method whereas in scalp acupuncture, the highest clinical efficacy is language I, II, III area method, while in body acupuncture, the highest clinical efficacy is Bai Hui, Feng Chi, Jin Jin, Yu Ye, Lian Quan, He Gu, Ren Zhong, Nei Guan, Ji Quan and San Yin Jiao method. Overall, the combined acupuncture method has the highest frequency and effectiveness rate among the four different types of acupuncture methods in treating post stroke aphasia. In conclusion by reviewing all the recent experimental articles, acupuncture showed higher effectiveness in treating post stroke aphasia compared to conventional therapy.

THE INFLUENCE OF WORD STRESS ON EFL LEARNERS' ToT STATE

Tip of the Tongue (ToT) is a condition that hinders the production of fluency in speech. This study aims to identify stress patterns and factors that influence the emergence of ToT states. This research used a quantitative approach with the basis of ToT analysis theory from Brown and McNeill. For collecting data, it used an experimental design with EFL students in Kampung Inggris Pare as the objects by involving total 15 participants aged from 18th to 21st years old or late teens. The results show that the language features appearing from the experiment including words (65%), first syllables (24%), last syllables (3%), and letters (6%). The first syllable shows 21% occurrences more than that of the last syllable. There is no identification of stress in the completion of ToT in terms of the appearance of the dominating first syllable. It means that stress does not affect the completion of the ToT, but the frequency of syllables. The other factors that affect ToT in EFL include the mental processes of EFL learners, the sound imitations towards direct communication, and the teacher's role in teaching pronunciation.

Adenoid hypertrophy-​diagnosis and treatment: the new S2k guideline.

Hyperplasia of the pharyngeal tonsils is to be considered pathologic when nasopharyngeal symptoms of mechanical obstruction and/or chronic inflammation occur. Chronic Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in various middle ear diseases such as conductive hearing loss, cholesteatoma, and recurrent acute otitis media. During examination, attention should be paid to the presence of adenoid facies (long face syndrome), with apermanently open mouth and visible tip of the tongue. In the case of severe symptoms and/or failure of conservative treatment, adenoidectomy is usually performed on an outpatient basis. Conventional curettage remains the established standard treatment in Germany. Histologic evaluation is indicated for clinical evidence of mucopolysaccharidoses. Due to the risk of hemorrhage, the preoperative bleeding questionnaire, which is obligatory before every pediatric surgery, is referred to. Recurrence of adenoids is possible despite correct adenoidectomy. Before discharge home, otorhinolaryngologic inspection of the nasopharynx for secondary bleeding should be performed and anesthesiologic clearance obtained.

КОРРЕКЦИЯ АНОМАЛЬНОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ НИЖНИХ ТРЕТЬИХ МОЛЯРОВ ПРИ ИХ ЗАТРУДНЕННОМ ПРОРЕЗЫВАНИИ

Retention of the third lower molars is quite common. Surgery for this pathology is one of the most complicated in ambulatory surgical dentistry and is often accompanied by inflammatory complications. The antiinflammatory drug therapy is used to stop the inflammatory process in the retromolar area, in combination with the pocket rinsing under the operculum with solutions of antiseptics, antibacterial drugs and physiotherapy, as well as the sorbent SUMS-1. The authors proposed an effective method of correction of vestibular and lingual tilt of the lower third molars, allowing them to be preserved. A three-part incision is made on the side of the third molar dystopia under local anesthesia on the background of premedication After acute inflammatory phenomena in the area of an erupting tooth subside,. Then the mucosal-periosteal flap is peeled off from the vestibular and lingual sides of the jaw and the compact plate is perforated with a round bur in a staggered pattern, without penetrating into the cancellous bone substance. The compact plate is perforated only in the area of the root apex of the dystopian tooth on the inclined side; the perforations are made in the projection of the tooth root along its entire length on the opposite side of the inclined tooth. The number of holes depends on the degree of inclination of the tooth and the direction of movement. The operating wound is washed with a suspension of the sorbent SUMC-1 in physiological solution of sodium chloride in a ratio of 1:2 after the weakening of the bone tissue. The mucosal-periosteal flap is put on the place and the wound is sutured. After 1-2 days, orthodontic correction of the wisdom tooth position is started. The patient undergoes a selective cusps grinding of the upper and lower eighth teeth and further prescribes mechanotherapy, which consists in pressing on the tooth with the tip of the tongue or finger pressure on the tooth depending on the direction of the inclination. The original method developed for the correction of the abnormal position of the lower wisdom teeth expands the possibilities of preservation and reduces the incidence of inflammatory complications during their difficult eruption.

Compensatory articulatory mechanisms preserve intelligibility in prodromal Parkinson's disease

IntroductionDysarthria is highly prevalent in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and speech changes have already been detected in patients with prodromal PD on the acoustic level. However, the present study directly tracks underlying articulatory movements with electromagnetic articulography to investigate early speech alterations on the kinematic level in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and compares them to PD and control speakers. MethodsKinematic data of 23 control speakers, 22 speakers with iRBD, and 23 speakers with PD were collected. Amplitude, duration, and average speed of lower lip, tongue tip, and tongue body movements were analyzed. Naive listeners rated the intelligibility of all speakers. ResultsPatients with iRBD produced tongue tip and tongue body movements that were larger in amplitude and longer in duration compared to control speakers, while remaining intelligible. Compared to patients with iRBD, patients with PD had smaller, longer and slower tongue tip and lower lip movements, accompanied by lower intelligibility. Thus, the data indicate that the lingual system is already affected in prodromal PD. Furthermore, lower lip and especially tongue tip movements slow down and speech intelligibility decreases if motor impairment is more pronounced. ConclusionPatients with iRBD adjust articulatory patterns to counteract incipient motor detriment on speech to maintain their intelligibility level.

English-Arabic Language Contact Phenomena In Social Media As Communicative Learning

The issue of contact meaning in communicative learning has received considerable critical attention. Translation and contact meaning are two terms that have enjoyed interpretation in modern language studies. Contact meaning is required to understand translation. Language contact is the social and linguistic phenomenon by which speakers of different languages. This paper describes Arabic and English contact phenomena. This article aims to identify relationships between English-Arabic contact meaning elements and increase forms of communicative learning in social media through social media. This study has limitations; the data were collected from one social media platform, Instragram reel account english_with_ms_zainab. This study shows that the English-Arabic contact phenome has some categories: interlanguage, the tip of the tongue, hypercorrection, and cross-cultural understanding. Using social media could improve students’ communication ability by learning through an Instagram reel as a social media.

How do honeyeaters drink nectar?

We investigated the kinematics and biomechanics of nectar feeding in five species of honeyeater (Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, Acanthagenys rufogularis, Ptilotula penicillata, Certhionyx variegatus, Manorina flavigula). There is abundant information on honeyeater foraging behaviors and ecological relationships with plants, but there has never been an examination of their nectar-feeding from kinematic and biomechanical perspectives. We analyzed high-speed video of feeding in captive individuals to describe the kinematics of their nectar feeding, with specific focus on describing tongue movements and bill-tongue coordination, and to characterize the mechanism of nectar uptake in the tongue. We found clear interspecific variation in kinematics and tongue filling mechanics. Species varied in lick frequency, tongue velocity, and protrusion and retraction duration, which, in some cases, are relevant for differences in tongue filling mechanisms. We found support for the use of capillary filling in Certhionyx variegatus only. By contrast, Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, Acanthagenys rufogularis, Ptilotula penicillata, and Manorina flavigula employed a modified version of the expansive filling mechanism seen in hummingbirds, as there was dorsoventral expansion of the tongue body, even the portions that remain outside the nectar, once the tongue tip entered the nectar. All species use fluid trapping in the distal fimbriated portion of the tongue, which supports previous hypotheses describing the honeyeater tongue as a "paintbrush."

Wait, Wait ... Do Tell Me!: Answers may only feel like they're on the tip of your tongue.

Wait, Wait ... Do Tell Me!: Answers may only feel like they're on the tip of your tongue.

Glossectomy for the treatment of oral cavity carcinoma: Quantitative, functional and patient-reported quality of life outcomes differ by four glossectomy defects

ObjectiveThe goal was to characterize four clinically distinct glossectomy defects to establish significant quantitative cut points using functional metrics, the MD Anderson Dysphagia Index (MDADI) and speech intelligibility. MethodsPopulation included 101 patients treated with surgery, adjuvant radiation per NCCN guidelines, and ≥ 12 months follow-up. ResultsDefect groups: subtotal hemiglossectomy (1), hemiglossectomy (2), extended hemiglossectomy (3) and oral glossectomy (4) were compared: All outcomes supported a four defect model. Intergroup comparison of outcomes with subtotal hemiglossectomy as reference (p value): Tongue Protrusion <0.001,<0.001,<0.001; Elevation <0.001,<0.001,<0.001; Open Mouth Premaxillary Contact Elevation <0.001,<0.001,<0.001; Obliteration 0.6,<0.001,<0.001; Normalcy of Diet, <0.3,<0.001,<0.001; Nutritional Mode, <0.9,<0.8,<0.001; Range of Liquids, <0.4,<0.016,<0.02; Range of Solids, <0.5,<0.004,<0.001; Eating in Public, <0.2,<0.002,<0.03; Understandability of Speech, <0.9,<0.001,<0.001; Speaking in Public, <0.4,<0.03,<0.001; MDADI, <0.4,<0.005,<0.01; Single Word Intelligibility, <0.4,<0.1,<0.001; Sentence Intelligibility, <0.5,<0.08,<0.001; Words Per Minute Intelligibility, <0.6,<0.04,<0.001; Sentence Efficiency Ratio, <0.4,<0.03,<0.002. Proportion of patients by 4 defect groups who underwent: tissue transplantation, 51%,93.9%,100%,100%.Radiation,24%,67%,88%,80%.Between hemiglossectomy and extended hemiglossectomy, the defect extends into the contralateral floor of the mouth and/or the anterior tonsillar pillar; resection of these subunits limits tongue mobility with an impact on functional outcome and MDADI. Between extended hemiglossectomy and oral glossectomy, the defect extends to include the tip of the tongue and appears to impact functional outcome and MDADI. ConclusionsSubtotal hemiglossectomy, hemiglossectomy, extended glossectomy and oral glossectomy are associated with quantitative (elevation, protrusion, open mouth premaxillary contact and obliteration), qualitative (speech and swallowing) and MDADI differences, suggesting that these 4 ordinal defect groups are distinct.

The cross-linguistics perception of liquids: Motivation for the superclass

Liquids, comprised of rhotics and laterals, are complex segments that pattern together across languages with respect to phonological and phonotactic behavior. However, there has been little if any unifying phonetic properties. This sets apart the liquids from other classes where there are clear phonetic correlates. Some researchers have suggested that there is a complex coordination of the tongue body/dorsum and the tongue tip and that this quality unites the class of liquids. However, recent researchers have found that not all liquids across languages share this phonetic property raising questions about what phonetic qualities, if any, unite the class of liquids. This project investigates the cross-linguistic acoustic-perceptual qualities of liquids by collecting data from English, Mandarin, and Hindi. We manipulated formants from a retroflex rhotic along F2 and F3 measures and had L1 perceivers listen to and identify the stimuli they heard as either /w, r, l, j/. The data revealed clear boundaries in the acoustic-perceptual space between liquids and /w, j/. However, there was a less clear boundary for liquids, which appear to share the same F2 space in the acoustic-perceptual map. We suggest that the shared acoustic-perceptual space between the liquids facilitates classhood in the internal representation.

LINGUAL PHRENECTOMY WITH THE USE OF IODINE LASER IN INFANT PATIENT

Objective: to approach the surgical process better known as frenectomy to solve Ankyloglossia, a condition that restricts the movement of the tongue. This change is characterized as congenital, consisting of fibrous connective tissue, which affects the tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Case report: A 3-year-old female patient attended the Children’s Dental Clinic at the University Center of the State of Pará, presenting the Linguinha Test report proving the ankyloglossia. In the preoperative period, Ibuprofen 50mg / ml was prescribed, 18 drops 1 hour before the surgical procedure and 6/6 hours after surgery for 2 days. However, surgery was performed for the better development of the patient using high intensity iodine laser therapy ((2300mW-0: 00-continuous Surgery-DMC), successfully finishing the procedure. After 24h and 48h, the laser was applied low intensity (66 NM, 100 mW, 2J-DMC) to enhance the benefit of iodine laser. Conclusion: The present case indicates the use of the laser as a safe and effective technique for performing lingual frenectomy in a child patient.

Taste Detection of Maltooligosaccharides with Varying Degrees of Polymerization.

Previous studies have shown that humans can taste maltooligosaccharides [MOS; degree of polymerization (DP) of 3-20] but not maltopolysaccharides (MPS; DP of >20) and that their taste detection is independent of the canonical sweet taste receptor. The objectives of this study were to determine the DP ranges of target stimuli that are tasted and further to investigate the impact of DP on taste detectability. To achieve this goal, we prepared three food-grade MOS samples with narrow DP ranges using flash chromatography: low (4-6), medium (7-12), and high (14-21) DP samples. Following sample preparation, we asked subjects to discriminate the MOS stimuli from blanks after the stimuli were swabbed on the tip of tongue. All stimuli were initially presented at 75 mM. Acarbose, an α-glucosidase inhibitor, was added to all stimuli, including blanks, to prevent oral hydrolysis of MOS. After determining that all three MOS samples were detected at a significant degree, we conducted follow-up studies to explore whether the detection of these samples differed at a range of concentrations (18-56 mM). The results showed that detection rates of medium- and high-DP MOS varied in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). In contrast, low-DP MOS showed a consistent detection rate across concentrations tested. These results demonstrate that humans can taste MOS stimuli of all chain lengths and that relative taste detection rates are generally similar across MOS with varying chain lengths.