Tone Values Research Articles

Risk stratification of cardiac autonomic neuropathy based on multi-lag Tone–Entropy

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is an irreversible condition affecting the autonomic nervous system, which leads to abnormal functioning of the visceral organs and affects critical body functions such as blood pressure, heart rate and kidney filtration. This study presents multi-lag Tone-Entropy (T-E) analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) at multiple lags as a screening tool for CAN. A total of 41 ECG recordings were acquired from diabetic subjects with definite CAN (CAN+) and without CAN (CAN-) and analyzed. Tone and entropy values of each patient were calculated for different beat sequence lengths (len: 50-900) and lags (m: 1-8). The CAN- group was found to have a lower mean tone value compared to that of CAN+ group for all m and len, whereas the mean entropy value was higher in CAN- than that in CAN+ group. Leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation tests using a quadratic discriminant (QD) classifier were applied to investigate the performance of multi-lag T-E features. We obtained 100 % accuracy for tone and entropy with len = 250 and m = {2, 3} settings, which is better than the performance of T-E technique based on lag m = 1. The results demonstrate the usefulness of multi-lag T-E analysis over single lag analysis in CAN diagnosis for risk stratification and highlight the change in autonomic nervous system modulation of the heart rate associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy.

A New Algorithm for Human Face Detection Using Skin Color Tone

Human recognition systems have gained a considerable attention during last decade due to its vast applications in the field of computer and advantages over previous biometric methods. There are many applications with respect to security, sensitivity and secrecy. Face detection is the most important and first step of recognition system. This paper introduces a new approach to detection systems using the skin color of a subject. This system can detect a regardless of the background of the picture, which is an important phase for identification. The images used in this system are color images which give additional information about the images than the gray images provide. In detection, the two respective classes are the face and the non-face This new approach to detection is based on color tone values specially defined for skin area detection within the image frame. This system first resizes the image, and then separates it into its component R, G, and B bands. These bands are transformed into another color space which is YCbCr space and then into YC'bC'r space (the skin color tone). The morphological process is implemented on the presented image to make it more accurate. At last, the projection area is taken by this system to determine the area. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is good enough to localize a human in an image with an accuracy of 92.69%.

A Study of Color Variance between Vacuum Plate of Aluminum and Aluminum Foil Using UV Offset Printing

In packaging market, Vacuum Plate of Aluminum by UV offset printing is light impediment effectively, moisture-proof, and forgery-proof and reaches the request of the green packaging production. Thus, the packaging of Vacuum Plate of Aluminum is used widely. This study was a true experimental research. The test form employed was the printing quality control strip from international printing specification. It was used to record and analyze the color variance between Vacuum Plate of Aluminum and Aluminum Foil with white board and no white board using UV Offset Printing. The study indicated the comparison of Tone Value Increased & the difference of Color Gamut Range among these three packaging materials via C, M, Y, K four colors tone value and RGB area testing, and results reveals that the tone value on the Vacuum Plate of Aluminum with white board increased most among these three materials; the dot gain percentage of the Vacuum Plate of Aluminum is less than 15% which with the highest stability than others. All signature findings are given in Fig.1 and Fig.2. These results are entirely consistent with research hypotheses.

A Study of Print Quality of UV Ink-Jet Printing on Glass

The global trend of digitization has totally varied the printing production processes. Among different printing technologies, digital ultraviolet (UV) ink-jet printing has strengths of easy to dry, printing on unsmooth surface, easy to print with different substrates and lower cost, and hence was commonly adopted by different industries. This study was to evaluate the print quality and weathering resistance of UV ink-jet printing on glass. The UV inks, from companies of AGFA and Anderson companies, and Primer adhesive and white ink from a domestic company were adopted in this study. Four types Primer were applied, i.e. without Primer, one layer of Primer, three layers of Primer, and five layers of Primer, before the print test target was printed. Two types of inks from AGFA and Anderson were used by a UV ink-jet printer to print out the test target. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the test charts, and the print quality was analyzed in terms of color contrast, solid ink density, ink trapping, dot gain or tonal value increment, gray level, etc. The experiment showed that test targets printed with two types of inks had no significant difference both on printability and print quality. However, the Anderson ink had slightly better print quality, weathering resistance, wear resistance, and adhesion compared to those of AGFA’s. Glass printed with Primer and white ink layers in advance had better printability and color quality in the experiment. Overall, UV ink-jet printing on glass had excellent printability and color performance. The results of this study can be referred by industries.

The Study on Color Print Quality Attributes of In-Mold Roller Using Digital Inkjet Printing

The In-Mold Roller is a revolutionary printing process by which objects are 3D decorated. The products decorated by In-Mold Roller are protected from water and fading. These kinds of decorations strongly increase the beauty, desirability and value of the objects. The In-Mold Roller is now using either of gravure printing and screen printing to print PET film. However, there are some problems with these two techniques. This research is to investigate the potential use of combining In-Mold Roller with digital inkjet printing in 3D decoration, e.g. in personalized printing services. The study results found show that digital inkjet printing to the PET film and then transfer to the ABS, the solid ink densities (SIDs) of primaries would increase. The tone values increases (TVIs) from highlight and middle (around 0~60%) were generally higher than those in shadows. The shapes and sizes of color gamut were also varied according to different kinds of digital UV inkjet printing processes. Moreover, after transferred, the color gamut became smaller.

Effect on Gray Balance Caused by Slight Chromaticity Deviation of Paper in Image Reproduction

Gray balance is the basic and critical control parameters of color reproduction, which plays important rule as lever in color reproduction which balance the correlation of material characters and process control parameters. This paper focused on investigation about gray balance data variation caused by slight chromaticity deviation of printing material. In the experiment the creation procedure of gray balance curve was simulated by EPSON Stylus Pro7880c ink-jet printer, and delivered curves were compared with each other. Accordingly the tone value variation of primary color was analyzed in terms of chromaticity deviation of paper. Meanwhile the variation tendency of gray balance impacted by ink and paper property was qualitatively discussed according to data comparison with G7 method. Results show that tone value of Y is so sensitive to paper chromaticity deviation that even the dominant relation between Y and M tone will be altered. At the same time, the more the ink and paper property coincide with ISO standard, the more curve of gray balance curve coincide with theoretically ideal value.

Lasersonic® LIFT Process for Large Area Digital Printing

The currently used digital printing methods e.g. Inkjet or Xerography are very costly on an industrial scale, because they use expensive consumables, specific inks and specially-coated substrates for the printing process. The laser-induced forward transfer of inks from a donor ribbon or roller to substrates allows for the use of inexpensive inks and paper as they are commonly used in today’s industrial rotogravure or offset printing. The challenge of this approach is to develop a fast direct laser writing unit which can cover an area of more than 1 m/min with a screen resolution of 300 dpi to 600 dpi and which allows for laser spot pointing accuracy of less than 4 μm and for a fine (8 bit) reproduction of each grey tone value of the printed image pixels. Due to the large area and the desired high printing speed, the laser power (mean) needs to be within a range of a few hundred Watts. At 20 to 25 MHz modulation rate of the high power laser beam and at a laser spot scanning speed of 800 to 2116 m/s over a scan field length of 530 mm, we demonstrated reproducible printing of commonly used, water-based environment-friendly and inexpensive inks.

Light and Heavy Touch Reduces Postural Sway and Modifies Axial Tone in Parkinson’s Disease

Background. Light touch with a stable object reduces postural sway by increasing axial postural tone in healthy subjects. However, it is unknown whether subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD), who have more postural sway and higher axial postural tone than healthy subjects, can benefit from haptic touch. Objective. To investigate the effect of light and heavy touch on postural stability and hip tone in subjects with PD. Methods. Fourteen subjects with mid-stage PD and 14 healthy control subjects were evaluated during quiet standing with eyes closed with their arms (a) crossed, (b) lightly touching a fixed rigid bar in front of them, and (c) firmly gripping the bar. Postural sway was measured with a forceplate, and axial hip tone was quantified using a unique device that measures the resistance of the hips to yaw rotation while maintaining active stance. Results. Subjects with PD significantly decreased their postural sway with light or heavy touch (P < .001 vs arms crossed), similarly as control subjects. Without touch, hip tone was larger in PD subjects. With touch, however, tone values were similar in both groups. This change in hip tone with touch was highly correlated with the initial amount of tone (PD, r = −.72 to −.95; controls, r = −.74 to −.85). Conclusions. The authors showed, for the first time, that subjects with PD benefit from touch similarly to control subjects and that despite higher axial postural tone, PD subjects are able to modulate their tone with touch. Future studies should investigate the complex relationship between touch and postural tone.

Botulinum Toxin Type a in Cervical Dystonia

Cervical dystonia is a syndrome characterized by anomalous postures and unintentional repetitive movements of the head and the neck. Aim of this study is to show the effectiveness of the combined treatment botulinum toxin-FKT through the use of a recent methodic of investigation, myoton, and of the classical clinical evaluations, such as Tsui and VAS scales. 15 patients (9 females, 6 males) have been selected. During the initial visit and in the following controls, performed every month, patients have been submitted to physiatric examination, clinical evaluation of the dystonia through the Tsui scale, clinical evaluation of the pain through the VAS scale, myometric evaluation. We obtained a statistical reduction of muscular tone values in passive elongation (t0=16,34&#x00B1;1,23) until 4 month (t4 =16,11&#x00B1;1,23), when we performed a second infiltration. After 4 months from the second infiltration (t8=15,99&#x00B1;1,11) value did not present more some statistical correlation and was necessary to perform a new infiltration. Values of elasticity, stiffness, Tsui and VAS scale followed the same course of the tone. Our study demonstrates that combined treatment botulinum toxin-FKT is effective. It emerges that if to the treatment with botulinum toxin follows a suitable FKT treatment, the effect of the drug lasts 4 months and not 3 months as described by the literature. Our study has underlined that using myometric measurement we can consider least changes in muscular tone, elasticity and stiffness; we have a broader view of the spastic muscle, and we can better plan appropriate rehabilitative care for each patient.

Sound absorption and print density properties of recycled sheets made from waste paper and agricultural plant fibres

A number of thin biocomposites through wet lying methods were prepared from old corrugated boards with blends of luffa fibres (LF) and yarn waste (YW) at 15 and 30%. Mechanical, optical, printability and sound absorption properties of manufactured materials were determined. Addition of both LF and YW improved the brightness of control sheets, but unfortunately significantly reduced the burst and tensile indexes. Sound absorption values were found to be improved by both LF and YW parallel to the increase in the air permeability. Thermal stabilities of prepared sheets were also slightly improved by LF and YW as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, addition of LF and WY were noted to increase both the changes in print density and tone values of resultant materials. It is concluded that LF and YW could be better utilized with recycled cellulose fibres in producing some insulation and packaging materials. Key words: Recycling, print density, sound absorption, insulation, luffa fibres, waste textiles.

Interaction between vestibulo-spinal and corticospinal systems: a combined caloric and transcranial magnetic stimulation study

We investigated the interaction between vestibular and corticospinal stimuli in 8 healthy volunteers. Vestibular stimulation was induced with unilateral ear caloric irrigation (30°C) with subjects supine. Single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses were delivered (double-cone coil, intensities 60-75% maximal output) every 10-20s during vestibular activation and during baseline. Bilateral surface electromyography (EMG) from splenius capitis, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), obliquus externus abdominis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior and peroneus longus was obtained. During whole-body maximal rotatory voluntary isometric contraction (MRVC), only SCM and BF displayed EMG activation/inhibition patterns indicating axial rotatory action. TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) after caloric irrigation revealed that only SCM showed consistent vestibular-mediated excitation/inhibition responses, i.e. an increase in MEP area contralateral to the irrigation and a decrease in MEP area ipsilaterally (+12.7 and -6.3% of the MRVC, respectively). A putative head turn induced by this SCM activity pattern would be in the same direction of the slow-phase eye movement. EMG in the 100ms preceding TMS showed muscle tone values of approximately 10% of MRVC. After caloric irrigation, these values increased by ca. 2% for all muscles bilaterally and hence cannot explain the direction-specific SCM MEP changes. Thus, SCM MEPs show caloric-induced amplitude modulation indicating that SCM is under both horizontal semicircular canal and corticospinal control. This vestibular modulation of corticospinal SCM control likely occurs at cortical levels. The direction of the MEP modulation indicates a directional coupling between vestibularly induced head and eye movements.

'Mannigfaltigkeit des Farbenspiels': Goethe and Heinrich Meyer on Harmony Through Colour Variation

In Zur farbenlehre (1810), Goethe argued that colour harmony in painting required the presence of all three pairs of complementary colours, but did not specify in any detail how artists should put this principle into practice. Before his time, they had tended to handle colour in one of two distinctive ways, based either on the relationship of the different hues to one another, or on their tonal values. Goethe's and Heinrich Meyer's many scattered observations on the subject show them rejecting tonalism in favour of purely hue-based harmony, using local colour and the colours of reflected light, including cangianti. Their advocacy of this approach, exemplified for them by Veronese but also by ancient fresco artists and by Pietro da Cortona and Gottlieb Schick, brought them closer to Romantic art theorists such as A. W. Schlegel than to their classicizing contemporaries, who tended to diminish the role of colour in painting.

Quality of electrophotographic prints on foil substrates

Electrophotographic printing uses many types of substrates, our study focuses on plastic substrates. Six types of regular and self-adhesive foil substrates were chosen to be printed using two electrophotographic presses: Xerox Colour 1000 Press and Canon imagePress C7000VP. A test chart containing tone value scales and a set of samples for profiling was created, spectrophotomety and densitometry was applied to obtain the optical and colorimetric properties of the substrates investigated. Xerox Color 1000 Press produced larger densities and tone value increase on every type of substrate. The largest TVI values and reproducible colour gamut was observed on the smoothest foil in case of both presses. Large colour differences were found between patches of full tone process colors on the different substrates investigated.

Das Dekodieren der Intonation von andauernden Intonationsphrasen

This article re-examines models of phonetic realization of tones offered by certain autosegmental-metrical models of intonation, taking into consideration knowledge of conversation analysis and approaches derived from conversation analysis applied on phonetic and phonological researches. These autosegmental-metric models of intonation record H and L tones usually according to its position within pitch range of individual speaker in an intonational phrase. According to this, listener's decoding of intonational realization is possible only in fully realized intonational phrase, since the highest and the lowest tone values that determine pitch range used in an intonational phrase can be realized within any syllable of intonational phrase. This kind of decoding of the intonational realization would mean that speaker cannot use intonation to make transition relevance place projectable before it is realized, which is contrary with intonational research knowledge within conversation analysis and approaches derived from conversation analysis applied on phonetic and phonological researches.

Calibration Color Patch Reduction for Electrophotography

This paper presents results of reducing color patches printed during a calibration using a variable selection approach for color electrophotography (EP). During a calibration, primary color patches at different halftone levels are printed on a belt and measured using on-board sensors. Regression models are used to predict primary color tone values on output media from these onboard sensor measurements. Then necessary adjustments using tone correction or other control variables can be applied to compensate tone deviation. Laying down and measuring color patches consumes time and toner. It is desired to determine a minimal set of color patches for the regression models while ensuring their prediction accuracy. This work proposes a procedure that reduces color patches in regression model development. The procedure applies variable selection algorithms to identify the appropriate number of color patches and their associated halftone levels. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can use 45% fewer color patches for the regression models while maintaining prediction accuracy effectively the same as that of models using all the available color patches.

Effect of CeO2 and Sb2O3 on the phase transformation and optical properties of photostable titanium dioxide

AbstractIn the present work, the effect of individual additives calculated as molar fractions of Sb2O3 and CeO2 (x Sb 2O3 range: 0.03–0.08 %, x CeO 2 range: 0.05–0.14 %), on the phase composition, phase transformation, and optical properties of photostable rutile titanium dioxide was studied using selective leaching method, ICP-AES technique, XRD method, spectrophotometric analysis and S BET measurements. The starting material was hydrated titanium dioxide. It was observed that the addition of Sb2O3 to TiO2 did not influence the anatase-rutile phase transformation, but increasing the CeO2 addition caused a decrease in the rutilization degree. Thus, CeO2 acted as an inhibitor of the TiO2 phase transformation. Sb2O3 addition to TiO2 presumably caused the formation of a co-phase of Sb with Ti. Cerium formed a separate phase, CeO2, and reacted partly with titanium, probably creating co-phase, Ce0.8Ti0.2O2. Comparing the colour of modified rutile titanium dioxide according to the type of the additive introduced, it was found that TiO2 with CeO2 had higher brightness but lower white tone values when compared with TiO2 modified with Sb2O3. The relative lightening power and grey tone of the modified TiO2 were higher in TiO2 modified with Sb2O3. The values of the photocatalytic activity measured in all TiO2 samples modified either with Sb2O3 or CeO2 were very similar and varied around the value of 21.

Research on the Method of Determining the Optimum Parameters for Offset Ink

By experimental method, the optimum parameters for offset ink were investigated under standard printing conditions. Firstly, the relationship between solid ink density and print contrast was established, and the optimum values of solid ink densities and print contrasts were calculated. Then, perfect tone reproduction was achieved by dot gain compensation, in which the calibration curves were obtained by the target curves and the initial tone value increase(TVI) curves based on optimum SIDs. The results showed that this method of determining the optimum parameters for offset inks were practicable and reliable, it can be used to research the printability of inks and papers, optimize printing process, improve printing quality, and provide method of standardization of process control for printing institutions.

A Genealogical Classification of the Tone Value Systems of Mandar in Chinese

A Genealogical Classification of the Tone Value Systems of Mandar in Chinese

Tone recognition of the two checked tones in Taiwanese.

The present study uses the gating paradigm to investigate the processing of the checked tones in Taiwanese. Taiwanese checked tones are the tones in syllables ending in stops /p, t, k, ʔ/. In terms of tone value, there are two kinds, high falling (e.g., kut5 “slippery”) and mid falling (e.g., kut3 “bone”). The two checked tones are each other’s sandhi tone and since both of them are so short in duration that some people claim that they are under a merging process. Therefore, gating, a paradigm that provides us with precise control of processing details, is used to show that the two checked tones are distinguishable in processing. Stimuli are CaC syllables spoken in isolation (ISO) and taken from four different boundary positions: IP‐initial, tone‐group‐initial, word‐initial, and syllable‐initial. In the gating task, the initial consonant of each syllable forms the first gate, and the subsequent gates are constructed with 40 ms increments. The subjects are asked to identify the tone for each gated stimulus and give a confidence rating for the judgment.

Beckett's Shades of the Color Gray

In Beckett's work gray becomes a serial motif that brings a number of tonal values to his writing for the stage. Gray supports spatial, visual, and narrative ambiguity, and its effects highlight the conditional states that characterize subject, object, and image. As his work develops, shades of the color gray become more nuanced, but their status as key players in his work can be observed as early as and . His experience as a writer for the mechanical media has a profound influence on the role shades of gray have on the concept and coordination of the new and profound images his late work brings to the stage.