Tomsk Province Research Articles

Everyday Life of Invalid Companies and Military Invalids in the 19th century (Based on Materials from the Tomsk Province)

Everyday Life of Invalid Companies and Military Invalids in the 19th century (Based on Materials from the Tomsk Province)

Advertising in Commercial and Industrial Journals Issued in the Tomsk Province in 1894–1903

Advertisements are an important source on the history of regional entrepreneurship and trade. The article considers the development of advertising in the Tomsk Province in the context of local modernization processes. Trade and industrial journals highlighted the socio-economic development of the region. They also revealed public interests and attitude to commerce, as well as pointed at the systemic changes that took place in Siberia in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The author used the methods of historical-systematic and content analyses to classify advertisements published in 1894–1903 by goods and services, territorial affiliation, and design. Local, metropolitan, nonresident, and foreign entrepreneurs offered the Tomsk population a diverse range of non-food, food, medical, and agricultural goods and services. The ads provided information on sale details, products, current prices, new offers, sales, and discounts. The growth of business activity in the Tomsk province in the late XIX – early XX centuries boosted the development of a single trading space, both on the provincial and domestic market.

The head of Defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer Squad is Captain Boris Mikhailovich Mikhailovsky

The article is devoted to the military biography of the participant of the First World War, the civil war in Siberia, the governor of the Tomsk province during the reign of Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, the organizer of the Yakut campaign and the chief of defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer squad, Captain Boris Mikhailovich Mikhailovsky, whose biography is currently incomplete and focuses on the events when B. M. Mikhailovsky held the position of manager The province. Meanwhile, all that is known about B. M. Mikhailovsky as the chief of defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer squad is that he disobeyed the order of the commander of the squad A. N. Pepelyaev on the transfer of civil power to representatives in Okhotsk and usurped power in the Okhotsk region. The work was carried out in compliance with the basic scientific principles of objectivity, historicism and multifactoriality. Within the framework of the problems of intellectual history, it is considered justified to apply an approach based on microhistoric analysis. The author pays special attention to the period of Mikhailovsky's participation in the organization and implementation of Lieutenant General Pepelyaev's campaign in Yakutia, as a poorly illuminated area in the biography of a white officer. Documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are introduced into scientific circulation, which contain orders, proclamations, letters from participants in the events of 1922-1923. Special attention is paid to the situation of the city of Okhotsk during the civil war in Yakutia, the cold confrontation between Mikhailovsky, as a representative of the Siberian Volunteer Squad and the Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government. The author concludes that Captain Mikhailovsky was not the last officer in the Civil War and the Yakut campaign, and played an important role in the events under consideration. This work is important for a comprehensive and objective coverage of the events of the civil war in Russia, filling in the white spots in the biography of Mikhailovsky, who is widely known as the governor of the Tomsk province during the Kolchak government, but remains unknown during the years of the campaign of the squad in Yakutia, one of the organizers of which he was. In addition, this work allows you to get to know Lieutenant General Pepelyaev's entourage better through studying his associates. The article is a continuation of the study of the biography of the command staff of the Siberian Volunteer squad.

Vliyanie gosudarstvenno-konfessional'noj politiki na chislennost' i rasselenie staroobryadcev v Tomskoj gubernii v poslednej chetverti XIX – nachale XX v.

The article is devoted to the study of the number and geography of the settlement of the Old Believers in the Tomsk province in the last quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The authors identified the main reasons for the discrepancy between the statistical data between official secular and diocesan sources and the data of the anti-schismatic Brotherhood, and also identified the main reasons for the increase in the number of the Old Believers. The authors also found that the process of resettlement of the Old Believers was a consequence of the state-confessional policy carried out on the territory of the Tomsk province and the Russian Empire as a whole.

Kuzbass in the West-Siberian Academic Environment (1885–1917)

In the Russian Empire, Kuzbass was an administrative part of the Tomsk Province. However, the local education belonged to the West-Siberian District, which united the entire Asian Russia. Its development coincided with the launch of the Great Trans-Siberian Railroad and P. A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform. These events brought about serious changes in the local economy, demography, and mentality, which increased the role of education in the region. The region had no institutions of higher education, and the secondary schools were also scarce. The education was mostly represented by primary schools, which were subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education. The Mariinsk and Tomsk Provinces were in the focus of modernization processes: a lot of rural and urban schools were opened there. However, by 1917, the West-Siberian District was still short of schools, and some areas had no educational institution of any level.

Commercial Advertising in Tomsk Province Periodicals (1881-1895)

The article attempts to review and systematize the informational content of commercial advertisements on the pages of periodicals of the Tomsk province (18811895). The publication analyzes advertising publications in the context of product promotion on the local market; identifies the main classes of advertised goods and groups of services; highlights common and distinctive features in advertising of public and private newspapers. Periodicals at the end of the nineteenth century became an effective channel of direct communication between an entrepreneur and a potential buyer. The authors conclude that advertisements are important as a historical source on the history of regional entrepreneurship and trade. Advertising was directly related to the sale of products and informed readers about the range of products, current prices, new arrivals, sales and discounts. Advertisements on the pages of state and private periodicals indicate that Siberian and metropolitan entrepreneurs offered the population of Tomsk province a diverse range of goods and services. The advertised products reflected not only the economic and socio-cultural specifics of the region, but also system-wide changes characteristic of the all-Russian level.

Жанр очерка на страницах «Томских губернских ведомостей»

The paper is devoted to a thorough understanding of the essay genre based on the material of ‘Tomskie gubernskie vedomosti’ (Tomsk Provincial Gazette). The study aims to identify the peculiarities of the poetics and typology of the essay prose published in ‘Tomskie gubernskie vedomosti’, the first official periodical of the Tomsk province, in the second half of the XIX century. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the relationship between the process of formation of the Siberian essay, development of its poetics and typology and the emergence of periodicals in the region. The results of the study have shown that, firstly, the development of literature in Tomsk was somewhat lagging behind the development of all-Russian literature and depended on regional printed publications up to the late XIX century. Secondly, the main and most popular genre among contributing authors turned out to be the essay due to its genre properties. During the analysis of typological features, the spectrum of the most priority topics addressed by the authors of essays has been determined. Historical, ethnographic, statistical and memoir-biographical essays have been distinguished on the thematic basis among the essays published on the pages of ‘Tomskie gubernskie vedomosti’. The study of the essay journalism of the selected thematic blocks has made it possible to determine the poetological peculiarities of the Siberian essay: interrelation of documentary and belles-lettres features, free composition, pronounced journalistic orientation.

Wooden church construction in Tomsk province late in the 19th and early 20th centuries

Purpose: The purpose is to study wooden churches in the Tomsk province late in the 19th and early 20th centuries.Methodology: Archival documents and bibliographic research are used to identify wooden churches in the Tomsk province, namely in Tomsk, Kainsky, Kuznetsk, Mariinsky, Barnaul. The analysis is given to compliance of these churches with standard projects of the years 1857 and 1899.Research findings: Based on systematized historical, archival and bibliographic documents and their analysis, wooden churches of the Tomsk province are identified.Practical implications: The possibility of using the results obtained for wooden religious architecture in Russia in preparing lectures, reports and messages on the history of the Siberian architecture and in activities of security and local government bodies, for the project implementation of conservation and restoration of surviving objects.

Provincial Budget and Agronomic Assistance in the Tomsk Province in the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries

The article presents the history of planning, discussion, and approval of the Tomsk provincial budgets by the central departments in the early XX century. The analysis included documents on preparation and adoption of three-year estimates and revealed a high degree of interest in agrarian transformations, both on the part of the local population and the provincial administration. The appropriations approved and implemented in practice included the allocation of funds for dairy experts and experimental farms. However, the budgets drafted by the provincial administration faced significant restrictions from the central departments as a result of the poor legislative grounds. While planning the draft budget for 1915–1917, the Tomsk provincial agronomist put forward a large-scale project for agricultural development, which included a big experimental station. The proposals were discussed by the local committees and received a mixed assessment, e.g., the Biysk committee supported the plan, but the Zmeinogorsk committee was very skeptical about it. Despite the considerable preparatory work, the central department reduced the final version of the provincial budget by 53%.

Turko-Tatar Population of Tomsk Province at End of 19<sup>th</sup> Century (First General Census of 1897)

The historical-demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of the Tatar population of the Tomsk province at the end of the 19th century are presented. The ethno-demographic and urbanization processes that took place during this period are considered on the basis of the materials of the First General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The class, professional structure of the Tatar population of the province is described. Particular attention is paid to the problem of ethnic differentiation of the indigenous Turkic-Tatar population of the region. The scientific novelty of the study is largely determined by the poor knowledge of the issue. The relevance of the study is due to the need for further study of the stages and factors of the formation of this large group of Western Siberia population, denoted by the common ethnonym ‘Tatars’. It is shown that the Turkic-Tatar population of the Tomsk province was characterized by the heterogeneity of its composition. It is noted that the complexity of the ethnic picture in the Tomsk province was determined by the diversity of the indigenous Turkic population. It is emphasized that over 90 thousand people indicated Tatar as their native language, but not all of them subsequently became part of the emerging Tatar community. It was revealed that the Tatars of the Tomsk province, as well as the Tatar community of Western Siberia as a whole, were characterized by a weak involvement in the all-Russian economic processes.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ РЕКЛАМА В ЧАСТНЫХ ПЕРИОДИЧЕСКИХ ИЗДАНИЯХ ТОМСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ (1884-1913 гг.)

The purpose of the article is to review and systematize the information content of social advertising in periodicals of Tomsk province in the late XIXth - early XXth century. The author has made an attempt to highlight certain types of social ads in newspapers. The periodicals presented advertising publications about theatrical productions, concerts, literary, musical and dance parties, masquerades, festivities, sales, allegri lotteries, public lectures and other events, the proceeds from which were partially or completely received by the funds of various charitable societies.

Practice in the Pedagogical Class of the Barnaul First Women's Gymnasium in the Beginning of the 20th Century

Modernization, which consisted in the transition from feudalism to capitalism in post-reform Russia, had a significant impact on education. Due to the fact that the Russian Empire was a classic world economy with a large city at its center, it varied in the development of different territories. In the Tomsk Province, as well as in the center of the country, there was a large city — Tomsk, and smaller cities in the same way included the surrounding territories in their sphere of economic and socio-cultural influence. In order to replenish the staff, pedagogical classes were organized in gymnasiums. They were of particular relevance for Siberia, where there was only one university at the beginning of the 20th century. Detailed sources remained on the pedagogical class of the Barnaul First Women's Gymnasium. In this regard, it is relevant to study this topic on the materials of this gymnasium. The preserved protocols of the trial lessons contain information about the requirements for teachers and students in pedagogical class. The experience of prerevolutionary gymnasiums can be useful in our time.

Identification and quantification of anthocyanins in honeysuckle under the conditions of Tomsk Province

Background. Honeysuckle is a promising berry crop for food and medical uses, which has recently become increasingly popular. Searching for sources with high content of bioactive substances to obtain new fruit cultivars with improved chemical composition continues to be relevant. Anthocyanin content and composition in honeysuckle cultivars depend on many factors, including plant reproduction conditions (temperature and humidity). Studying chemical composition of Siberian honeysuckle cultivars grown under the conditions of Western Siberia will make it possible to identify sources of high BAS content for various uses.Materials and methods. The target materials of the study were fruits of 21 honeysuckle cultivars grown in Western Siberia before and after freezing. The qualitative and quantitative composition of anthocyanins was assessed in ethanol extracts of honeysuckle fruits using HPLC technique.Results. The content of anthocyanins was higher in the fruits of honeysuckle grown in Western Siberia compared with the published data for the same cultivars reproduced in Belgorod Province (Central Black Earth Region). After freezing, the anthocyanin level in honeysuckle fruits remained the same and in some cases even increased.Conclusions. The obtained data helped to ascertain that honeysuckle fruits reproduced in Western Siberia are valuable sources of such bioactive compounds as anthocyanins.

Peasant farms of Western Siberia on the way to commodity-market relations: factor analysis of data from the Tomsk Provincial Agricultural Census of 1901

The article considers the application of factor analysis in the study of peasant farms of the Oyashinsky volost of the Tomsk province on the materials of the Tomsk provincial agricultural Census of 1901. The analysis of the primary materials of the agricultural census of 1901 was carried out on the basis of factor analysis, namely, the method of main components, which provides "compression" of information, explaining the many available features through a small number of generalized factors, which allowed us to consider the internal structure of the peasant economy of the agricultural and livestock specialization of the Oyashinsky parish, and also compare the results obtained with the results of factor analysis According to the census of 1901, the analysis of the socio-economic structure of peasant farms of agricultural and livestock specialization of the transition zone showed that the entrepreneurial way of life was leading in all peasant farms, but the general small-scale farms reduced the level of their involvement in capitalist relations. Peasant agricultural farms and livestock specialization of the transition zone of the Tomsk province at the beginning of the XX century never joined the developed capitalist relations. The materials of the 1901 census make it possible to analyze in detail the influence of various factors on the state of the peasant economy of Siberia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. These materials are suitable as a mass source for studying the peasantry of Siberia and for local research.

Томск читающий. Рецензия на учебное пособие «Проблема читателя в Томске и Томской губернии в конце XIX - начале XX в.» (под ред. Т.Л. Воробьевой. Томск: Издательский Дом Томского государственного университета, 2020. 226 с.)

Preparation of a training manual “A reader’s problem in Tomsk and Tomsk province at the end of XIX - beginning of XX century” by a group of Tomsk researchers is seen as not only relevant and natural but also as a long-awaited phenomenon in the sphere of modern liberal education. Book culture and reading practices in the context of a certain epoch represent interest to specialists not only from theoretical but also from practical and metodological point of view. The purpose of the manual stated by the authors is to “identify the main trends regarding building reading practices at the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries and determine their value in book culture at the turn of the century” is being implemened based on the unique archival materials from the collections of the Tomsk State University Scientific Library, the Tomsk Local Lore Museum, the Tomsk Regional Archive. Diversity, richness and originality of the factual material coupled with research sensivity and thoroughness make it possible to trace the dynamics of reading practices becoming and developing in Tomsk and Tomsk province and to evaluate their impact on both regional literary process and social and spiritual changes taking place in society as a whole. Study of a reader in the context of the famous N. A. Rubakin’ triad “society - author -work” enables to understand the complex interaction mechanism of literary process, publishing strategies and reading practices existing in inextricable link and in many aspects defining the life of society in its spiritual dimension. The training manual aimed at youth audiences is written in clear language, filled with vivid images of people - readers and book lovers as well as with archaeographic factors introduced by the authors in scientific circulation. Publication has a clear-cut structure set by the logic of promoting a book - from the centre of a province to a rural reader, from the state publishing policy to the forms of readers’ amateur activities. For the convenience of readers, sections are prefaced with annotation, include questions and tasks for self-study as well as the list of additional literature on the topic of study. Such an approach updates research issues, introduces them in the context of vital pedagogical objectives and designates prospects of developing a conscious and qualified reader. And this is the central task, which - in our opinion - the authors of the training manual are well aware of. We believe that this noble task has been perfectly implemented in the book: uniqueness and diversity of the material, depth of its comprehenson, methodical thoroughness make the presented work a modern and timely educational publication and reveal rich traditions in preservation and continuation of high literary culture. That is precisely why the training manual is useful not only for publishers and philologists but also for future specialists with the broad range of expertise who together with professional knowledge in the high school acquire skills of meaningful and productive work with a book.

Старообрядческий комикс: к истории появления креолизованного текста в Сибири

The article aims to consider the history of the appearance of the creolized text (CT) on Siberian materials of the late 19th century. A comic book is considered as a special case of such a text. Previously this kind of materials have not been used to study the history of CT. The article lists and briefly characterizes a number of works, mainly by domestic authors, on the problem of CT. It also indicates the presence of studies of certain types of CT, in particular - comics. The source of the study is a manuscript containing “Fasting Words” by Isaac the Syrian. The manuscript is stored in the Research Library of Tomsk State University (B-5548). It was written in 1894-1895 on the territory of Tomsk Province and belonged to one of the local Old Believers. The records on the manuscript - a scriber’s record of the work done and a record of the transfer of the manuscript as a schismatic one to Tomsk Theological Seminary - allow reconstructing its history. The illustrations of the manuscript were examined. Among them, those that can be called comics were identified: they include several plot-related parts and show the development of the story. Two illustrations were found that can be called comics: about silence and about nutrition. Each of the illustrations consists of three parts; to indicate the movement of time, the artist used a different position of the sun over the heads of the characters. Also three illustrations were found that can be called proto-comics. They do not have plot development, but they are a case of CT: there are images with captions that are closely related to the content of the main text. An important feature of the discovered illustrations is literalism in the transfer of the author’s text. A similar technique is used in modern advertising. There are other similar cases described by researchers. For instance, G.V. Markelov describes “frieze” miniatures in one of the manuscripts from the Northern Dvina. These are images glued together from several sheets of paper and containing several sequentially unfolding scenes from the text. The article concludes that the phenomenon of CT, including comics, which currently attracts a lot of attention from researchers, has a very long history, partly already covered in studies. CT can be observed in the Russian provinces at the end of the 19th century. It is characteristic that CT is seen primarily not in official publications, but in works related to reader reception - in handwritten books in particular. Thus, CT in the form of a comics book was known to the Siberian reader and was used to illustrate, in particular, patristic texts. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

The Network of Rural Settlements of the Tomsk District in the 1920s: Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics

The paper presents the characteristics of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk District of the Siberian Territory, which existed in 1925–1930 as an independent administrative-territorial unit formed from the territories of the former Tomsk and part of the Mariinsky uezds, as well as five districts of the Narym Region of the Tomsk province. For the first time, data on the number, typology, and size of rural settlements of the district by the number of yards and the number of inhabitants in the 1920s are presented. The dvornost’ and population size of settlements of different statuses are analyzed, the average size of a peasant yard is determined depending on the type of settlement by the number of persons living in it. The obtained statistical data on the state of the network of rural settlements of the Tomsk district are compared with similar indicators of the pre-revolutionary period. The conclusion is made about quantitative and qualitative changes in the development of the rural settlements network of the district in the first years of Soviet power, expressed in the appearance in the typical structure of settlements with a new status — communes, state farms, agricultural artels, experimental fields, as well as in an increase in the share of hutor, vyselki, zaimka in the total number of rural settlements. The influence of socio-economic modernization on the network of settlements, an increase in the number of new types of settlements along the Trans-Siberian railway (stations, booths, barracks, sidings) is traced. There was a reduction in the size of farmsteads in rural areas, an increase in the density of the settlement network due to the spread of individual land management in the form of farms.

Книготорговая деятельность П. И. Макушина: трудности развития и факторы успеха

The bookselling activity of P.I. Makushin is analyzed. His main enterprises in the field of book trade are listed: stationary - bookstores, kiosks, shops, non-stationary - delivered to the Tomsk province. His most successful projects were bookstores in Tomsk (the first specialized bookstore in Siberia) and in Irkutsk, which existed until nationalization in 1920. The obstacles to the development of book trade in Siberia in the late 19th - early 20th century were called and characterized. In general, they led to the failures of individual book trading projects of P.I. Makushin in particular, and the conditions for the successful functioning of his bookstores in Tomsk and Irkutsk. Among the reasons for the failures are the underdevelopment of transport infrastructure, the low level of literacy of the population, the predominance of traditional culture characteristic of the 19th century, a wary attitude to book trade by the authorities and difficulties in recruiting personnel. The authors propose to divide the success factors into objective and subjective. Among the first are the modernization changes of traditional society that took place in the late 19th - early 20th century, including the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the increase in literacy of the population and the number of libraries, created conditions for the development of book trade in the region. Among the second - the personality of P.I. Makushin himself, who had entrepreneurial talent, indefatigable energy, dedication to his cause and many other qualities that allowed him to gain all-Russian fame as a book seller, publisher, enlightener and active public figure in one person. To expand the book market, the formation of new groups of readers, he carried out active work, the result of which was the construction of about 600 new libraries in the Tomsk province. In addition, he used the newest for his time achieving marketing and management. The dual role of the absence of zemstvos in Siberia in the development of book trade in the region is shown. The conclusion was made about the integrated approach of P.I. Makushin to the organization and development of his book trading enterprises.

The Reading Circle in the Tomsk Province in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The article is devoted to study of the reading circle of various population groups in the Tomsk Province in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. The book, as an important attribute of the spiritual realization of society, took a leading place in the system of cultural values of the era, became the most important means of human communication. A great contribution to the development of the cultural life of the Altai district was made by the technical and scientific activities among the poor. The study of book collections of exiles, their activities in opening libraries, which were based on private collections, contribute to the expansion of ideas about the nature and scope of their versatile activities. The end of the 19th — early 20th centuries is characterized in Siberia by the social activity of various segments of the population, an increase in the need of society for a printed word. Thanks to the active work of the «Society for the Promotion of the Construction of Rural Free Libraries», in the Tomsk Province, free rural libraries began to open. They completed their main task in distributing the book in the remote settlements of the Tomsk Province. In Siberia, there is a change in the traditional way of peasants in connection with the heyday of the cooperative movement, the alleged dissemination of the theoretical and practical knowledge. The cooperatives began to organize libraries. The important qualitative changes in reading preferences are gradually taking place: classical literature, specialized books and periodicals are in increasing demand.

Development of the Land Transport System of the Rural Settlement Network in the Tomsk Uyezd (District-Union) in the Second Half of the 19th Century and the First Quarter of the 20th Century

The process of development of the land transport system — postal and zemstvo tracts, volost roads, railway communication is considered. The degree of influence of the transport component on the development of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk Uyezd (district-union) in the Tomsk Province in the second half of the 19th — first quarter of the 20th century is estimated. The author shows the role and significance of the Moscow-Siberian, Tomsk-Kuznetsk, Tomsk-Barnaul, Barnaul-Kolyvansky, Narymsky tracts, local volost roads, as well as the Trans-Siberian Railway on the process of formation of a group of rural settlements of peasant and “foreign” volosts of the Tomsk Uyezd. The work focused on cartographic materials of the corresponding period, as well as a schematic cartographic model of the key transport communications of the northern, central and southern groups of parishes. According to the author, the basis of the land transport network was formed at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. In the 1920s, there was only a modernization of the already established lines of communication.