Tomentosa Leaf Extract Research Articles

Rhodomyrtone: a new anti-Staphylococcus aureus agent against resistant strains.

Rhodomyrtone is a novel plant-derived antibiotic compound originally isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract. To evaluate the activity of rhodomyrtone against a group of MRSA strains, including isolates with reduced susceptibility or resistance to vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid and ceftaroline. Broth microdilution testing was used to determine the MICs and MBCs of rhodomyrtone, fosfomycin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid and ceftaroline. ROM had an MIC90 of 1 mg/L against 110 strains of MRSA from blood isolates as well as for all other isolates that were daptomycin resistant, VISA, VRSA or LRSA. The MBC90 were 4 mg/L across all groups tested. Among all S. aureus groups tested the ROM MBC did not exceed 8 mg/L. Rhodomyrtone demonstrated excellent activity against MRSA as well as isolates with resistance or reduced activity to other anti-MRSA drugs including vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. Rhodomyrtone may have potential clinical utility when treating patients with infections caused by MRSA including those with reduced susceptibility to first-line anti-MRSA antimicrobial agents.

Development of emulgel formulation from Markhamia tomentosa leaf extract: Characterization and in vitro antimicrobial activity against skin isolates

Objectives: Skin infections are mild to severe infections often treated with antimicrobial agents. There is an increase in resistance to antimicrobial agents necessitating the search for new medicines. This study developed an emulgel formulation of Markhamia tomentosa leaf extract and evaluated its antimicrobial activity against skin isolates. Materials and Methods: A successive extraction of M. tomentosa leaves in five solvents – n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and distilled water was carried out. The activity of the extracts against skin isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis was carried out. The distilled water extract was formulated into emulgel, characterized, and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Results: The n-hexane and dichloromethane extracts of M. tomentosa were inactive against all organisms at concentrations used. The ethanol extract was active against S. aureus and S. epidermidis at 200 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate and distilled water extracts were active against S. epidermidis and B. subtilis at 100 and 50 mg/mL, respectively. All emulgel formulations of distilled water extract of M. tomentosa leaves were brown, smooth, and easy to spread on the skin and had a pH of 4.73–5.55. The formulation containing the distilled water extract was more viscous (7784cP) than the blank formulation (6328cP). The formulation was active against S. epidermidis. Conclusion: The distilled water extract of M. tomentosa leaves was the most active against S. epidermidis and B. subtilis. Its emulgel formulation had desirable physicochemical properties for application to the skin. Further studies can be carried out toward its development for the treatment of skin infection caused by organisms investigated.

Effect of aqueaus and alcoholic of paulownia tomentosa l. Leaves extract on casuarina equisetifola root rot

This study, conducted at the Department of Forestry Sciences in the College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, aimed to analyze the seasonal distribution of Casuarina root rot disease. Field surveys across private and public nurseries in Mosul during November 2020, January, March, May, July, and September 2021 facilitated the investigation. The highest disease incidence was recorded in May 2021 at 24%, contrasting with a low of 10% in January 2021. The identification of causal agents revealed the presence of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. Notably, Fusarium solani exhibited a peak isolation rate of 52% in July 2021, while Rhizoctonia solani displayed the lowest rate at 10.33% in January 2021. Furthermore, the assessment of Paulownia tomentosa leaf extract's impact on fungal growth inhibition illustrated the superior performance of the alcoholic extract. The alcoholic extract achieved 100% inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani growth at the fourth concentration, whereas the aqueous extract exhibited a minimal inhibition rate of 2.50% at the first concentration

Decreasing the Number of Leukocytes as an Effect of Standard Therapy and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaves Extract Therapy

The postpartum period is a vulnerable period to infection due to low immunity. An increase in leukocytes characterizes the body's response to infection; several leukocytes close to normal values indicate that the infection period will end. The research objective was to determine the effectiveness of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract on the number of leukocyte cells in mothers with postpartum infections at Tarakan City General Hospital. The research used an Analytical survey with a sample of postpartum mothers who came to the Tarakan City General Hospital (April-August 2022). Criteria for Group 1 were mothers with postpartum infections and had not been given any therapy; Group 2 were healthy postpartum mothers; Group 3 were mothers with postpartum infections who were given standard therapy; Group 4 is mothers with postpartum infections who were given standard therapy and on the doctor's advice the day before they were given Karamunting leaf extract as additional therapy. The research results show that giving Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract with standard therapy reduces the number of leukocytes to close to normal values, so it can be concluded that it has an anti-inflammatory effect on mothers with postpartum infections. Further clinical trial research is needed with adequate samples and more uniform conditions for each sample.

Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial potential of Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extracts

Herbal medications have high demand in both advanced and budding nations because of their increased bioavailability and minimal side effects. In the present study, the ethanolic and acetone extracts from Bauhinia tomentosa leaf were investigated for their antibacterial potential against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans). Phytochemical examination revealed the presence of diverse secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, and saponins in leaf extracts. GC-MS analysis detected 15 chemical constituents in the extracts, with the major compounds such as 2-Phenyl-1-3- Oxazol, Caryophyllne, dodecanoic acid, d-glycero-d-galacto-haptose, Phytol, Tetradecanoic acid, 1-Hexacosanol, Isophytol, Oleic acid, 7H-Purine-2-amine,7-methyl, and eicosane. Antibiotics study have been used to explore drug resistance in pathogens. These extracts exhibited concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. The acetone displayed higher antibacterial activity than the ethanol extract, which could be attributed to the efficiency of the solvent extract in extracting the bioactive compounds. The findings of this study offer valuable information regarding the phytochemical composition and antibacterial potential of B. tomentosa leaf extract. The bioactive compounds identified through GC-MS analysis may be responsible for the observed antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the leaf extracts were non-toxic, and their potent antibacterial effects may be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents. Future studies may contribute to the development of B. tomentosa based antimicrobial agents with potential therapeutic applications.

Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Premna tomentosa leaf extract and its effective antibacterial activity

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done at room temperature using Premna tomentosa leaf extract. Silver nanoparticle formation was preliminarily confirmed through UV Spectroscopy and characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM. The λmax was observed at 424nm in UV spectroscopy results. The XRD and EDAX spectrum confirmed the presence of silver ions and the crystalline nature of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical, hexagonal and irregular in shape. FTIR results have revealed the functional groups present in the synthesized nanoparticles such as C-N stretch, N-O symmetric stretch, C-H stretch, N-H bend, C-H group, O-H stretch and H bond. TEM and SEM results showed a clear image of nanoparticles in the size range 100nm and 200nm. In the application part, we focused on the antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles on six pathogens namely Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Proteus mirabilis. The maximum zone of inhibition was found in Vibrio parahaemolyticus followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The effects of paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) leaf extract enriched diets on meat quality, sensory attributes, and the potential economic impact of broilers

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) leaf extract (PLE) enriched diets on the quality of meat and the economic efficiency of broiler chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old male chicks (Cobb) were randomly assigned to four treatments with five replications each (9 birds per replicate). The chickens were fed corn-soybean-based diets supplemented with different levels of PLE (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g kg−1) for 42 days. The results showed that the inclusion of up to 0.5 g kg−1 PLE in the diet of broiler chickens significantly improved the live body weight, carcase weight, and carcase components (liver, heart, and gizzard) weights compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Enriched broiler diets with 0.5 g kg−1 of PLE significantly reduced collagen and lipid content as well as increased total protein levels in both breast and thigh muscle compared to the un-supplemented group (P < 0.001). Subjective evaluation of the breast meat showed a significant linear improvement in flavour and juiciness of meat samples from birds fed with dietary PLE in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Supplementation with different levels of PLE significantly improved the sensory attributes (flavour, tenderness, juiciness, and overall acceptability) of thigh meat in a dose-dependent manner (linear; P < 0.05). Total potential return and net profit were significantly increased in all groups fed PLE compared to the control group. Birds that received PLE-supplemented diets at a level of 0.5 g kg−1 had the highest economic efficiency (P < 0.05). Conclusively, supplementation with 0.5 g PLE/kg in broiler diets could improve meat quality and economic efficiency. Highlights Enriched broiler diets with 0.5 g paulownia leaf extract significantly enhanced carcase measurements. Supplemented broiler diets with 0.5 g PLE significantly enhanced the meat quality and sensory attributes of thigh meat. Birds fed PLE-supplemented diets at a level of 0.5 g/kg had the highest economic efficiency.

Lipid Lowering and Hepatoprotective Activity of Premna Tomentosa Leaf Extract (EPT) against Alcohol Induced Toxicity in Rats

The present study aims to determine the hepatoprotective and lipid lowering property of ethanolic leaf extract of Premna tomentosa (EPT) in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity. Chronic ethanol consumption is a significant danger factor in deciding liver disorders and other metabolic conditions through various mechanisms, including the regulation of the lipid metabolism. Medicinal plants are accepted to be a significant wellspring of new chemical substances with expected remedial impacts. Premna tomentosa (Verbenaceae) is a popular medicinal plant used extensively for the treatment of various ailments widely used in liver disorders. In the present research study, the male albino Wister rats were grouped (I-V) each consisting of 6 animals. In-vivo administration of 40 % ethanol (1 ml/100 gm b w/day) for 60 days resulted in a significant elevation in Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels whereas the levels of HDL was found to be decreased when compared with the control rats. Liver tissues disclose central vein and sinusoidal capillary dilation, interface hepatitis, cytoplasmic vacuolization and mononuclear cell infiltration which confirms the intensity of liver damage due to chronic alcohol ingestion. Simultaneous EPT supplementation (500mg/kg and 750 mg/kg bw) to alcohol -intoxicated rats, reduced the levels of Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins consequential as analogized with the unsupplemented alcohol- treated rats. Liver of rats pre-treated with ethanolic extract of Premna tomentosa (500 mg and 750 mg) manifest reduced formation of interface hepatitis, vascular congestion, and fatty degeneration and exhibits more hepatoprotection compared with the rats pre-treated in Liv 52. The blood parameters were amplified by the histopathological perusal of the liver. The lipid -lowering property by the derivatives of cinnamic acid showed anticholesteremic activity. The results confirm the Hepatoprotective and lipid -lowering ability of Premna tomentosa in alcohol-treated rats.

A green synthetic approach of silver nanoparticles using Premna tomentosa leaf extract and their anti-microbial study

By using eco-friendly ways leaf extract from Premna tomentosa was used in the synthesis of Ag NPs (Silver nanoparticles). The extract acts as stabilizing and also as reducing agent. The AgNO3 solution was used as Silver precursor, formation of reddish-brown coloured solution from colourless solution was clearly visible, thus indicating the nanoparticles formation, even surface Plasmon resonance in UV visible spectroscopy was observed at 434 nm, confirming the Ag nanoparticles. Using microbes like Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus antimicrobial activity studies were studied for the synthesised nanoparticles. Green synthesized Ag nanoparticles showed good antimicrobial activities against all the four microbes.The MIC values ranged from 25 to 100 mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicating more sensitivity. The Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus had least sensitivity towards the prepared Premna tomentosa Silver nanoparticles.

Potential Antiseptic of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves extract on Healing wound in Male Wistar rats

Background: The process of wound healing is influenced by various factors such as age, hormones, and wound care. Wound care is done to accelerate wound healing which can be done by various methods, one of them is traditional care. Traditional wound care can use medicinal plants. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant that has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antibacterial content. Thus this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiseptic solution of the Rodhomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract on wound healing in male Wistar rats. Method: this research is pure experimental research with post test only control group design. Thirty male white rats were divided into five groups, namely negative control, positive control, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract 15%, 30%, and 60%. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethano solvent. The extraction results are divided into 3 concentrations (15%, 30% and 60%). The wound healing process was evaluated by measuring the length of the wound manually from 0 to 10 days in each group. Meanwhile, the number of fibroblast cells was calculated through hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and observed using an Olympus CX41 microscope with a 10x magnification and objective lens magnification in 3 fields. Result: There was a significant difference in the reduction in wound length (p =&lt; 0,000) between the five experimental groups (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract solution 15%, 30% and 60%, negative control and positive control. Solution of rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract accelerated the increase in the number of fibroblasts compared to the negative control group (p = 0.003), but did not make a difference (p = 0.403) with the positive control group. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extraction solution had the same microscopic effect on the number of fibroblasts with a positive control group given 0.9% NaCl solution. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the number of fibroblasts between all groups, but no difference in wound healing length.

Rhodomyrtone as a New Natural Antibiotic Isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Extract: A Clinical Application in the Management of Acne Vulgaris.

Rhodomyrtone, a plant-derived principal compound isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae) leaf extract, was assessed as a potential natural alternative for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The clinical efficacy of a 1% liposomal encapsulated rhodomyrtone serum was compared with a marketed 1% clindamycin gel. In a randomized and double-blind controlled clinical trial, 60 volunteers with mild to moderate acne severity were assigned to two groups: rhodomyrtone serum and clindamycin gel. The volunteers were instructed to apply the samples to acne lesions on their faces twice daily. A significant reduction in the total numbers of acne lesions was demonstrated in both treatment groups between week 2 and 8 (p < 0.05). Significant differences in acne numbers compared with the baseline were evidenced at week 2 onwards (p < 0.05). At the end of the clinical trial, the total inflamed acne counts in the 1% rhodomyrtone serum group were significantly reduced by 36.36%, comparable to 34.70% in the clindamycin-treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a commercial prototype was developed, and a clinical assessment of 45 volunteers was performed. After application of the commercial prototype for 1 week, 68.89% and 28.89% of volunteers demonstrated complete and improved inflammatory acne, respectively. All of the subjects presented no signs of irritation or side effects during the treatment. Most of the volunteers (71.11%) indicated that they were very satisfied. Rhodomyrtone serum was demonstrated to be effective and safe for the treatment of inflammatory acne lesions.

Antioxidant mediated protective effect of Bridelia tomentosa leaf extract against carbofuran induced oxidative hepatic toxicity.

Bridelia tomentosa (B. tomentosa) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating diverse ailments. Hence, we designed our study to scrutinize the protective effect of the methanol extract of B. tomentosa leaf (BTL) against carbofuran-induced oxidative stress-mediated hepato-toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats for the first time, along with the identification and quantification of phenolic acids and flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical activities of this extract. HPLC analysis confirmed the existence of tannic acid, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and naringin in B. tomentosa leaf extract which showed in-vitro antioxidant potentialities with DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging properties. Co-administration of B. tomentosa leaf extract with carbofuran showed dose-dependent significant protective effects of hepatic toxicity on serum markers such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin, lipid profile, urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Carbofuran intoxication also revealed an upsurge in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a decline in cellular endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels in rats compared with the control group. However, B. tomentosa leaf extract co-treatment increased the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and amended the MDA level. Similarly, histopathological evaluation further assured that BTL could keep the hepatocyte from carbofuran-induced damage. Therefore, all of our findings may conclude that the phenolic acids and flavonoids of B. tomentosa leaf extract are responsible to neutralize the toxic free radical-mediated oxidative hepatic damages.

Safety evaluation of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract: Sub-acute toxicity assessment in a murine model

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. has been widely exploited in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and disorders. There have been no scientific reports on safety information of R. tomentosa leaf extract. The present study attempted to assess in vivo toxicity profile of R. tomentosa extract in order to provide information on the safety margin of the extract to support its pharmacological and medical applications. The extract at a dosage of 0.5 to 3.0 g/kg body weight of mice was orally administered daily up to 14 days. Behavioural and functional integrity were assessed by functional observational battery (FOB) analysis. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes were visualized under light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The extract at the concentration up to 3.0 g/kg body weight per day for 14 days caused no mortality. The extract at 0.5 to 2.0 g/kg body weight showed no adverse effects or signs of toxicity. It is evident that R. tomentosa extract is safe up to the dosage of 2.0 g/kg body weight of mice per day which is equivalent to 20.0 g/day for 70 kg person. According to Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) Guidelines, the lethal dose of R. tomentosa extract falls under class four values with no signs of toxicity at 2.0 g/kg body weight. The results demonstrated that R. tomentosa extract is considered safe as there was no adverse effect related to its use. This study assures R. tomentosa extract as of high value for potential applications as alternative remedies or natural supplements.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Extract and Rhodomyrtone Combat Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilm and Inhibit Invasiveness to Human Lung Epithelial and Enhance Pneumococcal Phagocytosis by Macrophage

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf has been traditionally used to treat many infections. This plant species has been documented to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract and its potent purified compound, rhodomyrtone, on Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors including biofilms, capsule formation, and invasiveness which play important roles in infections. Ethanol leaf extract and rhodomyrtone demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 16-32µg/ml and 0.125-1µg/ml, respectively. The ability of the extract and rhodomyrtone to prevent biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms was assessed. The extract and rhodomyrtone at 1/8 × MIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation in all clinical isolates (P < 0.05). The viability of 8-day biofilm-grown cells significantly decreased following the treatment with the extract and rhodomyrtone at 16 × MIC. 40-90% reduction in the bacterial adhesion and invasion to A549 human alveolar epithelial cells was observed after challenging with the extract and rhodomyrtone, compared with the control within 60min. Increase in 90-99% phagocytosis of the bacterial cells by RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was detected following the treatment with the extract and rhodomyrtone at 1/2 × MIC, compared with the control. The results suggested potential medicinal benefits of the extract and rhodomyrtone for the treatment of pneumococcal infections.

Potential of antimicrobial topical gel with synthesized biogenic silver nanoparticle using Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract and silk sericin.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized using Rhodomyrtus tomentosaleafextract and silk sericin were used to functionalize carbopol 940 gel for topical applications. UV-vis spectra presented surface plasmon resonance at 426nm, transmission electron microscopy revealed that nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 25-50nm. X-ray diffraction presented crystalline silver nanoparticles with zeta potential of ≈ -30mV. FTIR spectra showed a reduction of silver nitrate indicated by the shift in -OH at 2958cm-1. The silver nanoparticle demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungi with MIC ranging between 0.26 and 2.10μgmL-1, respectively. MIC of hydrogel ranged between 1.05-2.10μgmL-1 with cell viability of 89%. Spreadability and extrudability of gel were 9.3 ± 0.85s and 19.85 ± 0.03%, respectively with first order of fickian diffusion. The silver nanoparticle gel exhibited an effective antimicrobial property, hence can be exploited for topical applications.

In vivo safety assessment of rhodomyrtone, a potent compound, from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract

BackgroundRhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. has been traditionally used to relieve various diseases. Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive acylphloroglucinol compound isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, has been scientifically evidenced as a potential antibacterial agent. This study aimed to assess safety of rhodomyrtone in both invertebrate and vertebrate models. Material and MethodsSafety of rhodomyrtone was determined in an invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella as well as vertebrate models including zebrafish (Danio rerio) and murine. In addition, toxicity to human erythrocytes was also measured. ResultsTreatment of Galleria mellonella with rhodomyrtone at 100 mg/kg body weight up to four days showed no visible toxic effects (100 % survival). In zebrafish embryo model, at least 80 % survival of embryos was demonstrated when treated with rhodomyrtone at 0.5 μg/mL for three days. Prior to clinical trial, it is a prerequisite that rhodomyrtone has to be evaluated for its biocompatibility with human blood components. The results displayed that rhodomyrtone at 256 μg/mL did not cause any observable human erythrocyte haemolysis. Furthermore, preclinical assessment of rhodomyrtone formulation justified potential applications of rhodomyrtone in humans. Oral toxicity testing in a mouse model indicated the absence of systemic toxicity when the animals received up to 5000 mg/kg body weight of rhodomyrtone formulation for a period of fourteen days. ConclusionsAs the minimal inhibitory concentration of rhodomyrtone against most Gram-positive pathogens is 0.5−1 μg/mL, the results suggest that it should produce no toxic effects at concentrations used in human, thus support further development in pharmaceutical industries and public health applications.

Biosynthesis, characterization, and antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles derived from Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract

A facile, eco-friendly synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employing Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract as bioreducing agent was reported. The green-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–Vis, TEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR analyses. The formation of ZnO NPs was confirmed by the appearance of characteristic SPR peak at 370 nm due to the collective oscillation of electrons in the conduction band in UV–Vis spectra. The hexagonal morphology exhibiting nanosized ZnO was observed from the TEM and XRD analyses. The chemical bonds present in the as-synthesized ZnO NPs were identified by FTIR analysis. ZnO NPs showed a significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. coli than Gram-positive bacteria. Results of this study demonstrated that B. tomentosa leaf extract containing phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates, and sterols possess bioreducing property for ZnO synthesis and the obtained ZnO NPs could be employed effectively as a better bactericidal agent for biological applications.Graphical abstract

Biogenic synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Bauhinia tomentosa leaves extract: Characterization and its antibacterial application

An eco-friendly, biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract was reported. Characterization of the biosynthesized CuO NPs were performed by XRD, UV–Vis spectroscopy, TEM, EDAX and FTIR analysis. The formation of CuO NPs by bioreducing activity of B. tomentosa leaf extract was confirmed by the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak observed at 384 nm in UV–visible spectroscopy analysis. The spherical shaped nanoscale CuO particles were observed in TEM analysis and EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of Cu in the synthesized NPs. In FTIR analysis, the chemical bonds corresponds to the phytochemicals responsible for bioreduction activity were identified. B. tomentosa leaf extract derived CuO NPs showed significant antibacterial action against E. coli (22 mm) and P. aeruginosa (17 mm). Results of this study revealed that B. tomentosa leaf extract was found to be a good bioreducing agent for CuO NPs synthesis. The antibacterial efficacy of the prepared CuO NPs can be utilized in biomedical applications.

Immune-related gene expression and physiological responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intraperitoneal administration of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract: A potent phytoimmunostimulant

The immunostimulatory effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract were evaluated in rainbow trout through changes in expression profile of genes involved in innate immune and antioxidant response, hematology and stress indicators. The concentrations of R. tomentosa at 10 and 100 μg per fish were administrated by intraperitoneal injection, alone or in combination with LPS. After 6 h of administration, the gene expression was measured in head kidney, spleen, and intestine. Results indicated that R. tomentosa exerted immunostimulatory effects by inducing the expression of il10, saa, hepcidin, and sod in head kidney and the expression of il10, tgfβ, and inos in intestine. In combination with LPS, the plant suppressed the expression of pro-inflammtory cytokine il1β, il8 and other consisting of saa and gpx1 in head kidney and il1β in spleen, pointing out its anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the plant did not exert any impact on hematological parameters, but it was able to reduce cortisol levels when co-administered with LPS, indicating that R. tomentosa could attenuate stress response in rainbow trout. Our observations suggest that R. tomentosa induced the expression of genes involved in cytokine and innate immune response and modulated the physiological stress response as indicated by the suppressed cortisol in rainbow trout.

Immunomodulatory effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract and its derivative compound, rhodomyrtone, on head kidney macrophages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant that shows biological effects including immunomodulatory activity on human and other mammals but not in fish. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of R. tomentosa leaf extract and its active compound, rhodomyrtone, on the immune responses, using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney (HK) macrophages as a model. The tested immune functions included the expression of genes involved in innate immune and inflammatory responses and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gene expression was evaluated after exposure to 10μgmL-1 of R. tomentosa and 1μgmL-1 of rhodomyrtone for 4 and 24h. R. tomentosa and rhodomyrtone induced changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1β, il8, and tnfα), anti-inflammatory cytokines (il10 and tgfβ), inducible enzymes (inos, cox2, and arginase), and an antioxidant enzyme (gpx1). Co-exposure of R. tomentosa with LPS resulted in a prominent reduction in the expression of genes related to an inflammatory process (il1β, il8, tnfα, inos, saa, hepcidin, and gpx1), suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. Similarly, co-exposure of rhodomyrtone with LPS led to a downregulation of inflammation-related genes (il1β, inos, saa, and hepcidin). In addition, exposure to both natural plant products caused a reduction in cellular ROS levels by HK macrophages. The present results indicate that R. tomentosa and rhodomyrtone exerted immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects on fish macrophages, thus opening up the possibility of using these natural products to further develop immunostimulants for health management in aquaculture.