Group Of Tombs Research Articles

익산지역 마한문화의 성립과 변천

It is generally believed that Mahan was founded before the 2nd century BC. According to historical records, Mahan began with King Jun's migration and settlement in the Iksan area. Since there are not many cases that have been investigated in relation to the residential areas with living remains, few facts of them are known accurately. The tombs constructed include wooden coffin tombs with stone mound, pit tombs, and jar coffin tombs. Out of them, however, wooden coffin tombs with stone mound and pit tombs from an early period are sporadically identified, and the mainly excavated relics are bronze ware. Following the southward transfer of King Jun, a large group of tombs were constructed as in Madong, and the relics excavated are featuring both bronze and iron ware. In light of this, it can be said that the Mahan society in the Iksan region during the establishment period developed by actively accepting advanced civilization. Around the 1st century, the Mahan society in the Iksan region faced a period of stagnation, and villages began to be built in full swing after the 2nd century AD, reaching a peak in the 3rd to 4th centuries AD. Large-scale settlements appeared in places like Sadeok and Jangshin and small- and medium-sized villages were formed and organically connected to each other around the large-scale settlements in the center. As for tombs, mounded tombs with an encircling ditch began to be built in earnest, and it can be seen as the developing period of Mahan culture.. The Mahan culture in the Iksan area sustained even after Baekje territorialization. Such dwellings as four-pillar and non-four-pillar types of Mahan culture continued and, in some dwellings, fire pits made of plate stone and utensils which can be seen as Baekje elements appear and Baekje pottery is found in the sites of dwellings. Furthermore, dwelling sites with pillars used for walls related to the center of Baekje made an entrance. Tombs of the Mahan tradition also continued to be built even after Baekje territorialization. However, the stone chamber or stone-lined tomb related to the center of Baekje were employed for burial body and the grave goods changed to Baekje pottery, while Baekje pottery was excavated within the burial mound. In the areas of Ipjeom-ri and Ungpo-ri, the lower reaches of the Geumgang River, stone- built tombs of Baekje style were built in the mid-5th century, an evidence confirming that Baekje first took control of the lower Geumgang River, an important waterway transportation route and gateway. After the Gwangam-ri area in the middle of the Mangyeong River basin first became Baekje territory, Baekje central culture seemed to have entered the surrounding areas, too.

장위공 서희 묘역의 고고학적 의미

Goryeo’s grave remains that have been designated and managed as state-designated cultural properties since the establishment of the state include Goryeo’s old tomb group in Pyeonggeo-dong, Jinju designated as Historic Site No. 164 in 1968 and the tomb of General Yun Gwan designated as Historic Site No. 323 in 1988 only, and the criteria for designating these two remains as historic sites exhibit several problems. In general, the status of a state-designated cultural property has the historicity and symbolicity that can represent a specific period, and importantly, the irreplaceable scarcity and uniqueness of the value of existence should be equipped at the same time. Nevertheless, the tomb of General Yun Gwan which lost the original form as Gwaninbunmyo in Goryeo could be designated as a historical site because of the figure’s symbolicity in overcoming the national crisis. Looking at Seo Hee’s tomb from this point of view, we can find the aspect that it was transformed into Joseon’s Gwaninbunmyo while maintaining part of the appearance of Goryeo’s Gwaninbunmyo. This aspect of Seo Hee’s tomb is understood to show that the graveyard was first formed in Goryeo and then maintained and managed continuously in Joseon, too. Next, according to the results of archaeological examination on Seo Hee’s tomb, it is questionable whether early Goryeo officials uniformly preferred Gaegyeong and Geungi areas as burial sites as shown in previous studies. In this regard, this study reinvestigated the material of epitaphs put in graves in Goryeo. According to the findings, the time when Goryeo officials used Gaegyeong and areas around it as burial sites in earnest was from the time of King Munjong. Then, during the time before King Munjong in Goryeo when various systems were legislated in Goryeo and Gaegyeong’s status was newly established, it seems that Goryeo officials still maintained a bond with where they were born even though they moved their home base to Gaegyeong. Therefore, it is highly likely that Seo Hee’s tomb was built in Yeoju, Gyeonggi-do during the time before King Munjong in Goryeo.

대구 달성 유적의 정비·활용(안)에 대한 비판적 검토와 제언

The Dalseong Site, Daegu consists of the fortress and a group of ancient tombs. Dalseong Fortress is an ancient earthen fortification that has been preserved relatively well, and its archaeological site is a representative example of a set of fortress and ancient tombs dating back to the Three Kingdoms Period, attracting attention since its discovery. A series of projects to maintain and utilize the site of Dalseong Fortress has been carried out recently; considering the importance of the site, it is believed that the projects will have a significant impact on the projects for other archaeological sites. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a critical review and a few suggestions of the plan to maintain and utilize the Dalseong Site. The plan (draft) related to the maintenance and utilization of the Dalseong Site was originally established in 2009 by focusing on the restoration and maintenance of the fortress. However, the plan (draft) reestablished in 2018 put emphasis on the maintenance and utilization of the fortress by connecting various values of Dalseong Fortress with its location. Based on the 2018 plan (draft), current status survey, geophysical exploration, and precision ground survey of the site of Dalseong Fortress were carried out recently. However, some parts needed to be reexamined and supplemented in the plan for the maintenance and utilization of the Dalseong Site. First of all, in order to restore the Dalseong Site, expanding the scope of the maintenance and utilization project to include the ancient tombs in the fortress is understood to be necessary, and the use of media art is suggested for the efficiency of the project while maintaining and utilizing the fortress itself. In addition, it is judged that the excavation and investigation work inside the fortress need to be limited to the area of Dongmulsa (zoo), and the participation of the university museum in the excavation work would lead to attracting the young generation’s interest in and vitalize research activities at the Dalseong Site. Furthermore, in order to restore the authenticity of Dalseong Fortress, the demolition of the Dongmulsa (zoo) and interest in trees, plants, and ecological species in the fortress are emphasized. Through these, various values of Dalseong Fortress will be fully recognized and utilized.

The Technology Study on Horse Armor Excavated from Tomb No.8 of the Ancient Tumuli in Marisan, Haman

Haman Malisan Ancient Tumuli are a group of tombs belonging to the Aragaya kings that were intensively built in the late 5th to early 6th centuries. In particular, Tomb No. 8 is an important tomb for the study of restoration of Gaya’s heavy equipped cavalry, as horse armor, human armor and helmet were excavated as a set. This study sought to confirm through analysis the production and surface treatment techniques of horse armor excavated from Tomb No. 8 of the ancient tumuli in Marisan in Haman, which is believed to have been built in the late 5th century. Different metal structures are identified in horse armor depending on the part. Ferrite, a soft iron structure, is identified in the body armor and hip armor that protects the horse’s sides and hips, while pearlite is dominant in parts of the neck and chest armor that protect the neck and chest. It is believed that iron with a low carbon content was manufactured and molded into armor, and then separate carburization was performed on the neck and chest armor and the top of the chanfron, which were parts that required strength for defense. Traces of repairs and additional drilling positions are observed in some parts of the armor, and the difference in carbon content depending on the part of the horse armor suggests that the horse armor was used for actual warfare rather than for burial. Additionally, it is believed that the neck and chest were made of high-strength iron to protect the horse during war. It is presumed that the surface of the armor was surface treated using lacquer, as relatively high levels of C(carbon) were detected in the lacquer layer, which is believed to be the surface of the horse armor. The results of this study are based on metallurgical analysis of pieces of horse armor that have not been analyzed to date, and the production intention. Furthermore, it will be used as very important data to confirm which part of the horse was considered fatal during ancient warfare.

Manufacturing Techniques of Gilt-copper Crown Ornament with a Bird Wing-shaped Decoration Excavated form Ancient Tomb in Imdang, Gyeongsan

The ancient tombs in Imdang of Gyeongsan, a representative historic site of Silla culture, are a group of ancient tombs built by local powers of Silla during the Three Kingdoms Period which existed fragmentarily in written records as the tomb of the ruling class in Apdokguk(押督國). In the ancient tomb Imdang 1A, where the appearance at the time of the burial was confirmed, the gilt-copper crown ornament with a bird wing-shaped decoration was excavated showing the relationship between the central Silla and the ruling powers in the local provinces. This the gilt-copper crown ornament with a bird wing-shaped decoration was produced in the order of ① cutting and making of each component, ② carving circular patterns, ③ gilding, ④ joining the front and wing ornament, ⑤ punching for wire connection, ⑥ attaching the spangles. The front, wing ornament and circular spangles(<i>Dalgae</i>) were made with a thin copper plate, and the front and wing ornament overlapped each other with a size of about 5 mm. And it was jointed with three metal rivets with a square cross section. The circular patterns, carved on the border between the front and wing ornament, was carved in the shape of a circular dot by chiseling in the vertical direction with a round-tip carving tool. The gilt-copper wire used to connect the spangles(<i>Dalgae</i>) was first thinned by hammering. After that, thinner and more uniform wires in thickness was drawn using the drawing technique. The gilt-copper wires were inserted into the spangles(<i>Dalgae</i>) and twisted three times so that they were of similar length. The wing ornament and circular spangles were gilded with a thickness of 3 to 5 µm, and the gilded layer of the wire was the thinnest at 1 to 4 µm. To manufacture the gilt-copper crown ornament with a bird wing-shaped decoration, the form was made with copper as the basic material and the surface was gilded with the amalgam gilding technique that mixes gold and mercury.

고고자료로 본 3~6세기 고성지역 정치체의 성장과 변천

Through archaeological data, this paper attempted to examine the process of transitional changes according to changes in the spatial domain of political bodies originating and growing in the Goseong area from the 3rd to the mid-to-late 6th century. Since about 1,800 years ago, the sea level in the Goseong area has risen again, making it possible to call port through Goseong Bay, and in the Goseongcheon alluvial plain area, freshwater lakes were formed, securing temporary land. Dongoe-dong Shell Mound is a central settlement formed around the 3rd and 4th centuries in Goseong Bay, and it can be seen that contemporary people divided the space according to functions such as squares, residences, steel facilities, and shell mounds. From the relics identified in the nearby Goseong-eup Fortress Site, the Samhan people who formed the Dongoe-dong Shell Mound were able to grow into a dominant group that integrated the Goseong Basin through active external trade with Nakrang in the north and Guju groups in the Japanese archipelago. In the 4th century, the remote trading system between politicians in the Yeongnam region, such as the expulsion of Chinese counties and prefectures and the growth of Geumgwan Gaya, will face major changes among diversified centers. By the 5th century, the trading system with neighboring countries was reorganized again, and with the emergence of central tombs, the formation of a resinous relationship in which a specific political body took the dominant position became clear. Foreign relics excavated from the ancient tomb group in the center of Goseong area are changed around the metalwork and harness for dressing in the dynamics of the surrounding forces, and at the same time, their identity and orientation are projected. In particular, Manlimsan Saturn, built around the early 6th century, can be seen as a structure that reflects the ruling control of Sogaya and the best civil engineering technology, and as a robustness of Sogaya politics.

Radiocarbon dating of bones from archeological site Târgșoru Vechi

The early medieval settlement identified in 2019 on the west side of Târgșoru Vechi is one of the largest settlements so far investigated in Wallachia, dating from the end of the first millennium AD. Sampling for radiocarbon analysis was done from inside the houses (especially in the area of the fireplace), from the graves, as well as from one of the possible wells. Supplementary samples were also taken from a group of tombs (west-east oriented) previously studied. In this study, several pretreatment methods were applied to historical bones and teeth from the Târgșoru Vechi site, in order to remove different contaminants to ensure accurate AMS analysis. The C/N atomic weight ratio of the untreated and pretreated bones was observed to be a useful indicator for the most suitable processing method. After collagen was extracted, in the RoAMS laboratory from IFIN-HH, it was graphitized using the Automated Graphitization Equipment (AGE3) and the isotopic ratios 14C/12C, 13C/12C were measured with the 1MV Tandetron Accelerator. The radiocarbon age was in the estimated archaeological range between 1114 and 1256BP. After calendar ages were obtained, using the IntCal20 calibration curve the placement of the studied archeological site in time was confirmed, which paves the way for an extensive Târgșoru Vechi site investigation.

Investigation of the deterioration mechanisms induced by moisture and soluble salts in the necropolis of Porta Nocera, Pompeii (Italy)

This paper focuses on the diagnosis of damage processes of decorative Roman renders of a group of tombs in the Porta Nocera necropolis in the ancient city of Pompeii, Italy. Unprotected from various climatic events, the tombs keep on deteriorating since they were first excavated in 1954. Extensive on-site and laboratory diagnostics using non-destructive and low-destructive techniques have been able to demonstrate that soluble salts are among the major agents of deterioration, causing damage in the form of render delamination. Gypsum is formed on the surface of the materials by the deposition of sulfur dioxide, resulting in reduced porosity and hardening of the surface. Soluble salts of nitrates and chlorides that penetrate the tombs’ masonry from the ground and are transported through the render layers tend to crystallize in subsurface. The crystallization—dilution cycles of the soluble salts cause major mechanical pressures, leading to the progressive destruction of the renders. Past conservation strategies to secure plasters have shown only limited effectiveness. In light of the data collected regarding salt decay, the authors propose new strategies, questioning the systematic use of grouts and restoration mortars for conservation treatments and focusing on preventive conservation and maintenance to ensure the long-term preservation of masonry and decorative surfaces of the tombs.

Interpreting the ‘Two Brothers’ at Manchester Museum: Science, Knowledge and Display

The intact tomb group of the so-called ‘Two Brothers’, dating to around 1850 bce, was found at Deir Rifeh in Middle Egypt. Since its transfer to Manchester Museum in 1907, it has been central to the Museum’s extensive Egyptian collection—and of its celebratory history of Manchester Egyptology. Here, established interpretations of the ‘Brothers’s’ remains—often framed as a pioneering case of innovative scientific investigation in Egyptology—are critically assessed to highlight the contingency of such claims.

소가야지역 중심고분군의 변동성과 의미

In order to understand the nature and interrelationship of the Sogaya group formed and grown in the southwestern Gyeongnam region of the Namgang River water system and the southern coastal region of Goseong-Masan from the early 5th to the late 6th century, this paper attempted to establish indicators of archaeological material culture and find the volatility of the central ancient tomb group. The establishment of Sogaya-style earthenware appears for the first time in an earthenware complex buried in a large wooden tomb, and it affects the distribution pattern of earthenware-style according to the growth and fluctuations of the central ancient tombs. In the Sogaya area, there are multiple central ancient tombs depending on the period, so it is different from the distribution of earthenware styles in the late Gaya countries. The large wooden tomb during the transition period, which can be seen as the tomb of the head of the Sogaya region, is a flat tubular structure using fine gravel and small stones, and a local-style earthenware complex is buried. Large wooden tombs with this structure show differences in hierarchy at the location, size of the burial site, and burial relics compared to the early burial tombs of the latter part Gaya in inland areas such as Aragaya, Daegaya, Daraguk, and Bihwagaya. As a result of presenting the growth model of the late Gaya tombs from the large wooden tombs to the central ancient tombs of the ancient tombs during the transition period, most of the large wooden tombs in the Sogaya area could not grow into the ancient tombs due to internal and external complex factors. Hapcheon Samga Ancient Tombs were assumed to be an expanded A model that grew into a central ancient tomb group equivalent to the major small countries of Gaya, and Goseong Songhak-dong Ancient Tombs were assumed to be an expanded B model that grew rapidly as a port of external exchange after the 6th century. During this period, the Sogaya area did not show any control, but Songhak-dong Ancient Tombs showed gold pieces for Baekje and Silla dressing from Daegaya and Japan harnesses, so the hierarchy and character of the group can be inferred to some extent. Although it is understood that the emergence of large wooden tombs in the Soya area, the distribution of earthenware complexes, and the variability of the graded central tombs reflect the group's internal structure and hierarchy to some extent, the interpretation of various material data should be supplemented.

부장철기로 본 울산지역 중소형고분군 축조집단과 사회구조

In this study, the internal organization of the ancient tombs construction group was identified through the analysis of the low-ranking cemetery in Ulsan, and furthermore, what kind of relationship networks are orga- nized in the local community.
 Based on the standardized combination pattern of iron, the types of ironware was set, and the type composi- tion of each ancient tomb group was reviewed for each period. Also, the characteristic ironware was compared and analyzed. As a result, it was possible to figure out the social role of each group.
 It was inferred that the spatial distribution of each type of cemetery was related to a certain spatial structure inside the cemetery. Ancient tombs are formed by clusters, and various types of burial within the cluster reflect the social organization of the time. In the process of strengthening the centralized system, local communities are not disbanded, but reorganized with an increase in diversity within a certain class. Each ancient tomb group formed various types of organizations, and it seems that they coexisted while playing their respective roles in the community.

백제 地鎭具의 현황과 의미

This study analyzes the remains related to the ritual implements for the land-God identified in the Woongjin ~ Sabi period ruins of Baekje. Through this, the characteristics and changes of the types of the ritual implements for the land-God(地鎭具) were identified. In Baekje, ritual implements for the land-God are confirmed in both the building site and the tomb. The rituals of land-God were centered on the building site during the Hansung- Woongjin period. However, during the Sabi period, it is possible to see the rituals of land- God taking place by concentrating on individual building sites. The Sabi period ritual implements for the land-God is buried in a land adjacent to individual building sites, which is different from the ritual implements for the land-God held at the base or at the base of individual building sites during the Unified Silla and Joseon Dynasty. The rituals identified in the ancient tomb group are both rituals of land-God for the entire site of the ancient tomb group and individual tomb. The rituals for land-God for the entire ancient tomb group are mainly confirmed in the site formation layer for the construction of the ancient tomb group in Seokchon-dong, Hansung period, but after Woongjin period, the ritual for land-God is changed to take place around individual tombs. In other words, it can be inferred that after the tomb of King Muryeong during the Woongjin period, the rituals for land-God were changed through a special treat and contribution to the land god after burial, avoid disaster and protect the tomb by comforting the soul. It's a “Haeto(解土)” Baekje's the ritual implements for the land-God were made in the building site and ancient tombs. We can be distinguished from the scope and meaning of rituals during the Hansung- Woongjin period and Sabi period based on the excavated location of the rituals for land-God. The ritual implements for the land-God districts during the Hansung-Woongjin period were almost buried around the cemetery or the building site and have a strong meaning of contribution to the well-being and blessing of the whole. On the other hand, rituals for land-God are held by concentrating on individual building sites and tomb units, and prayed for the repelling evil spirits(辟邪) and repose of souls(鎭魂), Safety of the target structure through the ritual for land-God.

평양 정릉사지 문자자료 검토와 과제

Jeongneungsa Temple in Pyongyang, North Korea's state-owned No.173, was built during the Goguryeo period. According to an excavation report published by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the temple is the tomb of King Dongmyeong, located in front of it. However, the name and nature of the temple (Nungsa Temple) were confirmed through the literature excavated from the temple site, and it is unclear whether Jeongneungsa Temple was the tomb of King Dongmyeong.
 An excavation report published in North Korea in 1964 focused on the tomb of King Dongmyeong, and the area around the tomb of King Dongmyeong was considered to be the tomb guarding the tomb of King Dongmyeong. Jeongneungsa Temple is also described as the tomb of King Dongmyeong. In addition, the fact that the scope of the temple is not symmetrical emphasizes its specificity as it is a combination of the temple and the ruins of the palace. This is an obstacle to understanding Jeongneungsa Temple.
 In this article, I would like to mention the problems of research on Jeongneungsa Temple Site in Pyongyang and suggest the direction of future research on Jeongneungsa Temple Site. First, Jeongneungsa Temple is understood as a tomb group by dividing Dongmyeong Royal Tomb and Jeongneungsa Temple, and Jeongneungsa Temple has the characteristics of Neungsa Temple of the entire Jinpa-ri Ancient Tombs using the concept of family tombs. In addition, I would like to point out that the octagonal flag identified within Jeongneungsa Temple Site is emphasized as a characteristic of Goguryeo, and it is necessary to keep various situations in mind.

LiDAR survey of the fifth-century Tsukuriyama mounded tomb group in Japan

The authors present the results of a drone-based airborne LiDAR survey of the fifth century AD Tsukuriyama mounded tomb group in Okayama Prefecture, Japan, revealing the relationship between tomb building and the surrounding landscape during Japan's period of ancient state formation.

1~3세기 포항 지역 정치체의 출현과 전개

The wooden coffin tomb stage society seems to have formed a loose relationship by forming towns and villages in various districts, but it is believed that the Okseong-ri group and Seonggok-ri group grew up competing together. In Okseong-ri, a group of wooden tombs centered on large wooden tombs of the 3rd century can be said to be the emergence of central towns and villages in this area. Especially around the 3rd century, such integration occurred in various ways by region, and it is thought that the elites of each region grew up competing with each other for a while. In such a process, the Okseong-ri group played an important role in the Pohang area, and it is clear that this area was the center of the small country at that time, or the town center.

Mirrors of the good death

Abstract The choir of Saint Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent boasts one of the most prestigious ensembles of Baroque funerary sculpture in the Low Countries: four magnificent episcopal tombs that reflect the post-Tridentine élan in the Southern Netherlands and underline the reinforced position of bishops during the Counter-Reformation. Dominated by a unifying black and white colour scheme, these monuments form an ‘episcopal dynastic mausoleum’ following the model of groups of royal tombs. Besides commemorating the bishops and highlighting their prestige, the tombs also served to adorn the cathedral and thus glorify God and his Church. Philippe argues that the monuments had didactic purposes too, rooted in the theory of the teaching of post-Tridentine images and linked to the Ars moriendi tradition. By presenting the bishops as exemplars of Catholic piety, this sculptural ensemble encouraged viewers to seek a good death.

Early brass from the Foyemiaowan-Xindiantai cemetery, 265–439 ce: the origin and diffusion of brass in ancient China

The Foyemiaowan-Xindiantai cemetery, with more than 10,000 tombs, is located in north-west Gansu Province. The cemetery was active during the Sixteen-State Period of the Western Jin Dynasty (265–439 CE). As the largest ancient tomb group in the Dunhuang region, its cultural core is still mainly based on the cultural tradition of the Central Plains. Metal objects were texturally and chemically analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. The analysis of 36 copper-based objects showed that the main alloying elements were tin and lead, while three objects were brass, with copper and zinc as the main elements. These three pieces of brass are the earliest brass objects found in Gansu Province. The brass contains numerous sulfide inclusions, indicating that the raw materials used to make these objects contained a large amount of residual sphalerite instead of being “pure” calamine. They were then hot forged directly from the original smelted brass, without having been remelted. Brass may have reached China during the Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–589 CE), but it was not widely used in China before the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 CE). According to the statistics and relevant studies of brass unearthed before the Ming Dynasty in China, although the distribution of brass objects spans a considerable period, it concentrates in three areas from the early to the late stage, showing phased development characteristics. This includes accidental smelting in the Central Plains and Haidai areas, followed by external introduction in the northwest, and the emergence of local production in northeast China. Most brass objects contain lead and tin, which requires further exploration.

홍산문화와 동북아시아 신석기시대 매장관습 비교

The Hongshan culture, which represents the Neolithic culture of the northeast region of China, has distinct characteristics that the tombs and their burials represent this culture. This characteristic was more clearly revealed when compared with the Neolithic culture of coexisting Northeast Asia including Korea. A stone tomb called Jeokseokchong was also discovered in the Xiaozhushan upper-class culture, which is adjacent to the Hongsan culture. In Primorsky and Korea, earthen graves are found in tomb groups. However, in Korea, in addition to earthen graves, there are various types of coffin graves and mass burial tombs compared to those of Primorsky Krai. In the tomb of the Hongsan culture, not only the representative stamping earthenware of this culture, but also colored earthenware and jade instruments of various shapes were excavated. On the other hand, from the Xiaozhushan Upper Culture, not only earthenware such as feet, high plates, and cup-shaped earthenware, but also earthenware from the Shandong Longshan culture were excavated. It is different from the Hongshan culture. Not only earthenware, but also various ornaments and hunting implements were excavated from the Boisman Cultural Tomb in Primorsky Krai. The custom of deliberately deforming skulls in male and female human bones is also found. In Korea, during the period of coexistence with Hongsan culture, earthen graves were identified as groups in Janghang and Yeondaedo in Gadeokdo. Round-bottomed earthenware is mainly excavated, and it is a raised gate. In addition to earthenware, there are ornaments and hunting tools such as anklets, shell bracelets, crown jewels, and jade earrings. In Primorye and Korea, in addition to earthenware and ornaments, hunting tools are also stored, but it was not found in the Hongsan culture using stone graves and in the upper culture of Xiaozhushan. It was also found that among the burials of Northeast Asian tombs, Hongsan culture, Boisman culture, and Gadeok also differ according to gender in Janghang ruins. Among burial items, jade earrings are commonly identified, and they are classified and compared with the period of coexistence with the Hongsan culture. As a result, the relics of Hongsan culture are different in size and shape from those of Korea and Primorsky Krai. Rather, in Korea, there has been a tradition of making jade earrings since earlier than the Yoseo region.

Door Construction of Ancient Egyptian Rock-Cut Tombs at the Eastern Plateau of the Giza Necropolis

On the basis of extensive material obtained during the work of the Russian archaeological mission, a generalization of the structural design of doors in Ancient Egyptian rock-cut tombs on the Eastern Plateau of Giza was carried out. The analysis showed that the size and structural design of the doors are directly related to the time of the chapel construction, the wealth of the tomb owner and natural or artificial features of the rocky area. Thus, the first rock-cut tombs whose owners had a high social status, which began to be built from the middle of the V dynasty on the eastern edge of the Eastern Plateau, are distinguished not only by their large size and extensive pictorial program of chapel decoration, but also by wide passages, inserted drums of better stone and well executed door fastening places. While towards the end of the Old Kingdom, when the Necropolis became compact and generally impoverished, there was a marked tendency not only to reduce the size of the passages to the chapels, but also to simplify the door arrangement and even to abandon the doors in most of the tombs. The development of gentle rocky areas and areas of poor rock quality in V–VI dynasties, leads to the appearance of steps to descend into the chapel, open courtyards and reduced dimensions of the passages to maintain their strength. Statistical analysis of the width of the passages and drums height in the chapels of the 72 currently available rock-cut tombs has demonstrated the existence of stable dimensional standards at the beginning of the development of the rock massif (c. mid V dynasty). For example, the tombs that appeared first in the tomb groups had an opening width of 10 or 12 ancient Egyptian palms (76–80 or 90–98 cm) and a drum height of 4 or 7 palms (30 or 52 cm). But towards the end of the Old Kingdom the width of the passages is reduced to about 8 palms (about 60 cm) and the height of the drums above the passages to 17 cm, and in many cases they disappear from the decoration of the entrances.

Post-New Kingdom topography and chronology of the Hatshepsut Temple at Deir el-Bahari in light of new archaeological evidence

Around 1000 BCE, an earthquake brought down many temples in Western Thebes, thus putting an end to the cult centre at Deir el-Bahari which had been a key site for the celebration of the Beautiful Feast of the Valley all through the New Kingdom. Within a few dozen years the deserted chapels and rooms of the Hatshepsut temple were turned into a burial ground. The necropolis established on the ruins of one of the most famous temples of Egypt was first excavated in the 19th century; however, current work by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw expedition in the Hathor cult complex of the temple of the female pharaoh has resulted in the discovery of a group of shaft tombs and a great number of burial remains. These new finds have instigated a revisiting of both the topography and the chronology of this reuse of the older monument, as well as a contextualization of the work of the early explorers which has gradually been forgotten partly through lack of proper documentation.