Tomato Leafminer Tuta Absoluta Research Articles

Identification of alternative hosts of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in West Africa

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) reached West Africa in 2012 and has since become a major tomato pest. Various alternative strategies for pest control have been identified worldwide, including crop rotation, to deprive the insect of its food. However, this method can only be implemented if a good knowledge of the local host plants of the leafminer have been identified. Here, we have assessed the capacity of Tuta absoluta to develop on 27 common vegetable crops in West Africa, representing the Poaceae, Apiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Amaranthaceae, Malvaceae, Lamiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, and Amaryllidaceae. The tomato leafminer was only able to develop and complete its life cycle on crops within the genus Solanum. Among the 27 plant species tested, Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) was identified as the best host, allowing for rapid development (22.2 ± 1.4 days) and a high survival rate (84%). Solanum tuberosum L. (Irish potato) (24.4 ± 0.8 days; survival rate 40%), Solanum aethiopicum L. (African eggplant) (24.3 ± 0.6 days; survival rate 52%) and Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) (25.9 ± 1.8 days; survival rate 24%) were three other possible hosts. Larval development occurred on onion (Allium cepa L.), but not pupation. A strategy that includes a prolonged absence of the genus Solanum in a production area would be associated with a considerable reduction in leafminer population size.

Instar Determination for the Tomato Leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Using the Density-Based OPTICS Clustering Algorithm.

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most harmful pests of solanaceous crops. Its larval morphological characteristics are similar, making the distinguishing between different larval instars difficult. Accurate identification of T. absoluta instars is necessary either for population outbreak forecasting, or developing successful control programs. Although a clustering algorithm can be used to determine the number of larval instars, little is known regarding the use of density-based ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) and determine the number of larvae. In this study, larval instars of 240 T. absoluta individuals were determined by the density-based OPTICS clustering method, based on mandible width, and head capsule width and length. To verify the feasibility of the OPTICS clustering method, we compared it with the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) clustering algorithm, Gaussian mixture models, and k-means. Additionally, the instars determined by the clustering methods were verified using the Brooks–Dyar rule, Crosby rule, and linear regression model. The instars determined by the OPTICS clustering method were equal to those determined by the other types of clustering algorithms, and the instar results were consistent with the Brooks–Dyar rule, Crosby rule, frequency analysis, and logarithmic regression model. These results indicated that the OPTICS clustering method is robust for determining insect larva instar phase. Moreover, it was found that three morphological indices of T. absoluta can be used for determining instars of this pest in the field, which may provide important information for the management of T. absoluta populations.

Bio-rationale Management of Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Using Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L) and Periwinkle (Vinca rosea L.)

Recently, tomato leaf miner (TLM) Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is the most notorious pest of tomato worldwide causing severe reduction of yields in both protected and open fields. In Sudan, the pest was recorded to attack all tomato cultivation areas causing considerable damage affecting income of poor farmers. Various pesticides of different active ingredients are applied excessively and routinely to control T. absoluta in tomato. As known, reliance on insecticide cause adverse impacts in human health, create insect resistance as well as affect environment and natural enemies. This study is initiated to evaluate the efficacy of extracts of 3 botanicals as alternative to synthetic insecticides against T. absoluta. A randomized Complete Block Design field experiment was conducted at Takroof experimental farm of Kassala and Gash Research Station, Sudan during season (2019/2020). The experiment consisted of Neem seed oil, water extracts of Datura, Water extract of Vinca, Dancid®; synthetic insecticide as standard, and non-treated treatment as control. Each treatment was replicated thrice Data included number of infested plants/plot, number of mines/plot, percentage of infested fruits and yield (Ton/ha) were compiled, variance among treatments (ANOVA) was statistically analyzed and means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) applying SAS 9 a computer based program. The results of this study, revealed high significant difference between treatments in the number of infested plants/plot, number of active mines/plots for the three assessment times of the post spray counts. Water extract of Datura and Neem seed oil were better than Dancid® and Vinca in reducing the number of infested plants/plots and number of active mines/plots. All test products were significantly same in reduction the percentage of infestation of fruits and they were less than the control. Also high significant difference was observed between treatments on yield. Plots treated with Neem seed oil obtained the highest yield followed by WE of Datura, Dancid®, WE of Vinca with 11.2, 9.9, 9.7, 8.8 (Tons/ha) while the un-treated plots obtained the lowest yield (3.8 Tons/ ha). For their potency, cheapness, easy processing and environmental friendly characters, Neem seed oil, WE of Datura, and WE of Vinca are recommended to be used to control T. absoluta in tomato crop. Keywords: Tuta absoluta neem seed oil, Datura, periwinkle, aqueous extracts

Farmers' Management Practices against Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Myrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Surkhet, Nepal

Tuta absoluta (Myrick) is one of the most destructive pests of tomato globally. In order to study its current status and management practices adopted by farmers, a household survey was conducted in February 2019 at three road corridors (Surkhet-Jumla, Surkhet-Dailekh and Surkhet-Jajarkot) and Birendranagar valley of Surkhet district. Amongst the tomato growers listed at the government offices and local key informants, a purposive random sampling method was employed to select the 60 tomato producers, 30 from Birendranagar Municipality, 15 from Barahatal Municipality (Surkhet-Jumla), 10 from Bheriganga Municipality (Surkhet-Jajarkot) and 5 from Gurans Municipality (Surkhet-Dailekh). Majority of tomato growers (52%) claimed T. absoluta as their major pest and most of them well aware about the symptoms of the pest in leaves as well as fruits. Majority of the farmers were found to be (33%) relied on chemical means while 27% on cultural methods, 18% used tomato leaf miner lure (TLM lure), 13% used botanicals, 5% used physical, and 3% used mechanical method for the management of T. absoluta. Chemicals means being very quick and more effective to other techniques in solitary were practiced by many but without reading the label, without measuring before use (57%), without any protective wear (53%) and lack of know-how on waiting period (78%). Most of the farmers having dependent on Agrovets (85%) for technical assistance were bound to continue the false practices. The efficacy of extension was found to be very poor exhibiting the urgency of pesticide use literacy for the farmers and the knowledge of IPM for pest management. Farmers should be taught about the harmful effects of chemical pesticides, methods of handling pesticides, use of protective gears and keep chemical as last resort. Other alternative means like use of TLM lures, botanical pesticides, use of nets etc. should be encouraged.

New record of aphanogmus clavicornis Thomson (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae) as a larval parasitoid of tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Syria

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important edible and nutritious fruit regarded by nutritionist as a vegetable. It is an important source of vitamins and significantly contributes to economic development. However, the production of tomatoes is heavily affected by climate change, insect pests, disease and the new devastating pest of tomatoes, the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This study includes a description of Aphanogmus clavicornis Thomson, 1858 (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronoidea), a primary parasitoid of T. absoluta whose larvae feed on all parts of the tomato plant. It is the first record of T. absoluta as a host of genus Aphanogmus worldwide and a first record of A. clavicornis in both Syria and the Middle East. Description, biology and the taxonomic characters of the new species were provided. The new record of natural parasitism of T. absoluta by A. clavicornis would add knowledge on biological control of the pest and could become an additional option for the integrated pest management of those crops where T. absoluta is a key pest. This finding will be baseline for future research. It would be interesting to investigate if A. clavicornis can be produced in large scale under laboratory conditions and test its potential use as a biological control agent within integrated pest management programs.

Concise synthesis of (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradeca-3,8,11-trienyl acetate and (3E,8Z)-tetradeca-3,8-dienyl acetate, both sex pheromone components of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta

A highly efficient and concise synthesis of (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradeca-3,8,11-trienyl acetate (1) and (3E,8Z)-tetradeca-3,8- dienyl acetate (2), both sex pheromone components of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta was achieved. The stereoselective formation of the 8Z-double bond was accomplished by a Wittig reaction and the 3E-double bond was formed by a modified Knoevenagel condensation. Pheromones 1 and 2 were obtained in high stereochemical purity, and starting from commercially available hexane-1,6-diol, both overall yield were 34.7% and 37.6%, respectively.

The effectiveness of tomato leaf miner control by disorientation in greenhouses

The article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of the biological control method of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta by the disorientation method using synthetic sexual pheromones of the pest in greenhouses with tomato grown. The effectiveness of two preparative forms of lures: rubber rings and rubber stoppers which contain the similar compositions of the synthetic sex pheromone of the tomato leaf miner – acetate E3, Z8, Z11-tetradecatriene-1-ola, at a dosage of 15 mg/ lure, was evaluated. It was managed to disrupt the orientation of males in an enclosed space and reduce the influence of the natural pheromone of females on their attraction by using synthetic sexual pheromones of Tuta absoluta. During the study, the effectiveness of the method ranged from 50 to 95%. In greenhouses, the disorientation method allowed to reduce the number of tomato fruits damaged by tomato leaf miner caterpillars by up to 12%, as well as to improve the quality of the crop by up to 30%.

First Report on CRISPR/Cas9-Based Genome Editing in the Destructive Invasive Pest Tuta Absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the world’s most destructive pests of tomato, and because of its severe economic impacts, as well as the development of pesticide resistance, the species has been intensively studied, especially in regard to the identification of targets for T. absoluta control. However, functional genomic studies of T. absoluta have been constrained by a lack of effective genetic tools. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a CRISPR/Cas9 zygote microinjection protocol for generating heritable mutations in T. absoluta, using the ommochrome synthesis gene cinnabar as an easily evaluated target gene. The injection of fertilised eggs with Cas9 protein and four sgRNAs, which targeted cinnabar exon 3, resulted in a mutagenesis rate of 31.9% for eggs reaching adulthood, and cinnabar mutagenesis resulted in either red or mosaic eye colour phenotypes. As such, this study is the first to report a complete and detailed CRISPR/Cas9 workflow for the efficient genome editing of the globally important invasive pest T. absoluta. The application of this robust genome-editing tool to T. absoluta will greatly facilitate the discovery of suitable RNAi control targets and the subsequent development of novel control strategies.

The Endophyte Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 Induces the Systemic Release of Methyl Salicylate and (Z)-jasmone in Tomato Plant Affecting Host Location and Herbivory of Tuta absoluta.

The use of endophytic fungi has dramatically increased plant performance through the enhancement of plant protection against abiotic and biotic stressors. We previously demonstrated that the endophytic fungus Trichoderma asperellum M2RT4 improves tomato defenses against the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta through the reduction of oviposition, leafmining, pupation, and adult emergence. However, the underlying mechanism by which the presence of this endophytic fungus within tomato host plant affects T. absoluta host selection and life-history traits is unknown. We tested the behavioral responses of T. absoluta in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and found that females preferred non-inoculated tomato plants against those inoculated by endophytes. Additionally, T. absoluta females were not attracted to non-inoculated infested nor to inoculated-infested tomato plants. Chemical analysis revealed the emission of methyl salicylate in inoculated tomato plant and an increase in the amounts of monoterpenes emitted from non-inoculated infested plants. Additionally, we found that upon herbivory, T. asperellum M2RT4 modulates tomato plant chemistry through the production of (Z)-jasmone thus activating both salicylic and jasmonic acid defense pathways. Further, T. absoluta females were attracted to monoterpernes including α-pinene, 2-carene, and β-phellandrene but repelled by methyl salicylate. Methyl salicylate could therefore be considered as a good semiochemical-based candidate for sustainable T. absoluta management using a “push-pull” approach. However, in dose-response bioassays, females of T. absoluta did not show any preference to the four component-blend (α-pinene, 2-carene, β-phellandrene, and methyl salicylate). (Z)-jasmone-treated tomato leaflets significantly reduced the leafmining activity of the pest at the concentration of 10 ng/μL and causing the highest larval mortality rate (83%) with the shortest LT50 (1.73 days) 7 days post-treatment. T. asperellum M2RT4 effect on herbivore performance was then (Z)-jasmone-mediated. These findings expand our understanding of how the endophytic fungus T. asperellum M2RT4 could mediate chemical interactions between T. absoluta and its host plant which are potentially important for development of environmentally friendly T. absoluta management programs.

Influence of Tomato Planting Dates on Population Density of the Tomato Leafminer Tuta absoluta and its Associated Predatory Insects

Influence of Tomato Planting Dates on Population Density of the Tomato Leafminer Tuta absoluta and its Associated Predatory Insects

Chromatin-Remodelling ATPases ISWI and BRM Are Essential for Reproduction in the Destructive Pest Tuta absoluta.

The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) is one of the top 20 plant pests worldwide. We cloned and identified the chromatin-remodelling ATPase genes ISWI and BRM by RACE and bioinformatic analysis, respectively; used RT-qPCR to examine their expression patterns during different life cycle stages; and elucidated their roles in insect reproduction using double-stranded RNA injections. The full-length cDNA of TaISWI was 3428 bp and it encoded a 1025-aa polypeptide. The partial-length cDNA of TaBRM was 3457 bp and it encoded a 1030-aa polypeptide. TaISWI and TaBRM were upregulated at the egg stage. Injection of TaISWI or TaBRM dsRNA at the late pupa stage significantly inhibited adult ovary development and reduced fecundity, hatchability, and longevity in the adult females. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to perform molecular characterisations of two chromatin-remodelling ATPase genes and clarify their roles in T. absoluta fecundity. Chromatin-remodelling ATPases are potential RNAi targets for the control of T. absoluta and other insect pests. The present study was also the first to demonstrate the feasibility of reproductive inhibitory RNAi as a putative approach for the suppression of T. absoluta and other Lepidopteran insect populations.

Larvicidal effect of eucalyptus essential oils (E. globulus, E. radiata and E. citriodora) on L3 and L4 larvae of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Larvicidal effect of eucalyptus essential oils (E. globulus, E. radiata and E. citriodora) on L3 and L4 larvae of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Formulation Process Analysis of a Virus-based Biopesticide to Control the Tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta

HIGHLIGHTS Technological analysis of the production for a virus-based biopesticide. Selection of technological conditions considered to have a significant influence. Scale-up strategy based on geometric and the dynamic similarities. Reproducibility and repeatability assessment of the formulation process.

Efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sudan

Efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi for the control of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sudan

A review of the management of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with special reference to biological control using plant extracts

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta is one of the most destructive pests of tomato plant Solanum lycopersicum L worldwide. Synthetic chemical insecticides are mainly used to manage T. absoluta. However, their excessive use has led to serious problems concerning human health, non-target organisms and environnement. Biological control, using bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi, animals and plants remain an eco-friendly alternative for controlling the tomato leaf miner. Here we review the use of biological management of T. absoluta with special reference to control using plant extracts.

Efficacy of Commercial Insecticides against Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Palpa, Nepal

A survey and field experiment were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercial insecticides against tomato leaf miner [Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] under farmer‘s field condition in Palpa, Nepal from February 2018 to April 2018. It consists of seven treatments replicated three times. The treatments included: Abamectin 0.15% EC (dose: 0.3ml/liter), Imidachloprid 17.8% SL (dose: 0.3ml/liter), Spinosad 45% SC (0.3ml/liter), Azadirachtin 300 ppm (5ml/liter), Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (0.3ml/liter), Emamectin benzoate 5% SC (2gm/liter) and control. Treatments were applied two times at 12 days interval. From the farmer survey, Tuta absoluta was identified as the major production problem of the study area. The field experiment revealed that there was a significant effect of insecticides in larval mortality and damage reduction. The lowest percentage of leaves damage was obtained in spinosad followed by chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate and the lowest fruits damage was obtained in chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad and emamectin benzoate. Similarly, the lowest larval population in both leaves and fruits was observed in chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad and emamectin benzoate. Average mining in infested leaves and fruits was found non-significant at all days of observation. The rate of larval population reduction over control was found highest in chlorantraniliprole followed by spinosad and emamectin benzoate. Thus, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad and emamectin benzoate were superior insecticides for management of Tuta absoluta in the field condition.

Recruitment of native parasitoids of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick 1917), (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Senegal

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an invasive pest that produces significant damage to tomato crops in Senegal. Biological control is one of the options for its control and a large number of natural enemies have been reported in association with the pest. A five-year field survey was conducted in the main tomato-producing area in Senegal (Niayes) to evaluate the parasitoid complex of T. absoluta in tomato crops. Seven parasitoid species were obtained including Apanteles litae, Chelonus sp., Cotesia vestalis and Meteorus laphygmarum belonging to Braconidae family; Diadegma insulare, Pristomerus pallidus (Ichneumonidae) and Elasmus sp. (Eulophidae). The parasitoid Chelonus sp. was largely the most dominant (60.67%). Larval parasitism was very low (1.05%) but greater during the last years of the study (2016 to 2019). Results showed that parasitism was not affected by time of season. However, diversity of parasitoids was variable across year (p < 0.001). This study is a first step toward development of research and extension programs for conservation of natural enemies of T. absoluta in Senegal.

Effect of Constant Temperatures on Biological Parameters of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) on Tomato Plants in Case of Asexual Reproduction (Parthenogenesis

Tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key devastating pest worldwide, it has the capacity to develop on a wide range of Solanaceous plants but tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is considered to be its preferred host. This study was carried out at the Agricultural Scientific Research Centre in Latakia in 2019 to estimate biological parameters of T. absoluta and evaluate the effect of temperature in its development, longevity, reproduction in parthenogenesis. The experiments were carried out at constant temperatures (10, 20, 30˚ C), 60-65% RH, and photoperiod (16L: 8D). Biological parameters were analyzed according to the theory of age-stage two-sex life table by using the computer program TWO-SEX MSchart. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the final increase rate (λ), and net reproductive rate (Ro) were 0.0439±0.0028 females/female/day, 1.0449±0.0029, and 7.01±0.8705 females/female/generation, respectively, at 20˚C. The lowest value of net reproductive rate (Ro) was 0.92±0.1250 females/female/generation at 30˚C. Generation time (T) was the longest (44.3±0.203 days) at 20˚C and decreased to 26.38±1.156 days at 30˚C. T. absoluta completed its development at all these temperatures. The results obtained showed that the effect of temperature on the insect development from egg to adult decreased with increased temperature. The shortest development period on egg, larva and pupa development was 3.95±0.149, 11.975±0.075 and 4.95±0.086 days, respectively, at 30˚C. This means that the development time from egg to adult was shorter (20.8±1.151 days) at 30˚C as compared to 34.51±0.127 days at 20˚C, and longest at 10˚C (125.4±1.211 days). The female longevity was longer (61.35±0.25 days) at 20˚C. The highest rate of fecundity was 12.98±1.072 eggs/unmated female, and the lowest was 2.19±0.152 eggs/unmated female at 30˚C. Moreover, the unmated females kept at 10˚C did not lay eggs, and unfertilized eggs (asexually produced eggs) laid by unmated females at 20 or 30˚C did not hatch. The adult pre-oviposition period (APOP) of unmated females was 2.57±0.1368 days at 20˚C and 4.31±0.2629 days at 30˚C, whereas the total APOP of females was 36.86±0.1844 days at 20˚C and 24.21±0.3039 days at 30˚C. Keywords: Tomato leaf miner, Life tables, asexual reproduction, Parthenogenesis, Syria

Effect of Silicic Acid Formulation (Silicon 0.8%) on Two Major Insect Pests of Tomato under Greenhouse Conditions

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Iraq. This horticultural crop is attacked by several insect pest species. Among them, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are the major threat of greenhouse tomatoes in Basrah province in southern Iraq. The management of these pests is heavily based on application of chemical pesticides. Vast application of pesticides caused harmful damage to the environment, human health and may increasing the risk of pest resistance on insect populations. One of the promising strategies which are compatible with organic farming is application of silicon for enhancing plant vigor and resistance to pest damage on various agricultural crops. Due to these facts, the experiments have been carried out at Basrah University to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) fertilization on tomato plants for reducing damage of these two major pests. Treatments comprised two type of Si applications (Soil drench treatment and foliar spraying) with four Si concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) of AB Yellow ® silicic acid formulation. The population density of B. tabaci and T. absoluta were studied weekly during the growth season. The results clearly demonstrated that Silicon applications significantly decreased the population of immature of both whiteflies and tomato leaf miner on tomato crop in the greenhouse; Si-Foliar spraying was more effective in reducing the population density of these key pests compared to Si- soil drench application.

Comparative toxicity of new insecticides generations against tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta and their biochemical effects on tomato plants

BackgroundThe physico-chemical properties along with the insecticidal potency of seven non-traditional insecticides from different classes compared with three conventional insecticides were assessed versus Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) below laboratory and field conditions.ResultsAll non-conventional insecticides passed the physico-chemical properties except Actra (thiamethoxam) which failed in pH test. Moreover, all conventional insecticide failed these characteristics. The laboratory assessment of the examined insecticides demonstrated that Emperor (Emamectin benzoate) and Coragen (Chlorantraniliprole) were the most superior (LC50 = 0.26 and 0.46 mg L−1, respectively), followed by Radiant (Spinetoram), Vapcomic (Abamectin), and Challenger (Chlorfenapyr) (LC50 = 0.59, 0.60, and 24.07 mg L−1, respectively). Accordingly, these most potent insecticides were evaluated under field circumstances. The levels of insect infestation reduced by 98.74 and 95.51% after 7 days of spraying for the most effective insecticides, Emperor and Coragen, respectively, while the other examined insecticides were at par with one another. Concerning the biochemical effects of the most potent insecticides on tomato plants, all treatments induced promising effect on the photosynthetic pigments. In addition, they significantly minimized the activity of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The most potent biochemical effects were ascribed to Emperor and Coragen insecticides. These two insecticides proved again the maximum total and marketable yields. Moreover, Challenger, Radiant, and Vapcomic revealed minor differences with Emperor and Coragen of the efficiency and marketable yield.ConclusionsThe results proved that the examined insecticides, Challenger, Radiant, Vapcomic, especially, Emperor and Coragen can be successfully used in the IPM tactic against T. absoluta insect.