Toll Service Research Articles

Why Privacy-Preserving Protocols Are Sometimes Not Enough: A Case Study of the Brisbane Toll Collection Infrastructure

The use of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) systems is on the rise, as these systems have a significant impact on reducing operational costs. Toll service providers (TSPs) access various information, including drivers' IDs and monthly toll fees, to bill drivers. While this is legitimate, such information could be misused for other purposes violating drivers' privacy, most prominent, to infer drivers' movement patterns. To this end, privacy-preserving ETC (PPETC) schemes have been designed to minimize the amount of information leaked while still allowing drivers to be charged. We demonstrate that merely applying such PPETC schemes to current ETC infrastructures may not ensure privacy. This is due to the (inevitable) minimal information leakage, such as monthly toll fees, which can potentially result in a privacy breach when combined with additional background information, such as road maps and statistical data. To show this, we provide a counterexample using the case study of Brisbane's ETC system. We present two attacks: the first, being a variant of the presence disclosure attack, tries to disclose the toll stations visited by a driver during a billing period as well as the frequency of visits. The second, being a stronger attack, aims to discover cycles of toll stations (e.g., the ones passed during a commute from home to work and back) and their frequencies. We evaluate the success rates of our attacks using real parameters and statistics from Brisbane's ETC system. In one scenario, the success rate of our toll station disclosure attack can be as high as 94%. This scenario affects about 61% of drivers. In the same scenario, our cycle disclosure attack can achieve a success rate of 51%. It is remarkable that these high success rates can be achieved by only using minimal information as input, which is, e.g., available to a driver's payment service provider or bank, and by following very simple attack strategies without exploiting optimizations. As a further contribution, we analyze how the choice of various parameters, such as the set of toll rates, the number of toll stations, and the billing period length, impact a driver's privacy level regarding our attacks.

Effects of waiting time information on the performance of a two-tier service system

The healthcare service in much of the Western world can be modelled as a two-tier service system where one provider charges a premium or “toll” relative to the other service and where the two service providers may provide different levels of information to their customers. We examine how such differential information sharing affects the performance of the systems. We find that “more isn’t always better”; while the sharing of real-time information by the toll service provider is beneficial to both service providers, the sharing by the non-toll or “free” service provider is detrimental not only to the toll service provider but may also, under certain circumstances, harm the free service provider as well.

Research on Effectiveness Evaluation Method of Expressway Toll Station Based on Entropy Method and TOPSIS Method

The effectiveness of expressway toll station is the core part to characterize the quality of its toll service, but there are few studies on the effectiveness evaluation of toll station in China. This paper studied the effectiveness evaluation method of toll station based on entropy method and TOPSIS method. After putting forward an evaluation index system, the entropy method was used to determine the weight value of each index, and then the TOPSIS method was used to calculate the comprehensive score. In the application process, YOLOv5 target detection algorithm was used to calculate the index values obtained in real time in the monitoring video, make accurate and objective evaluation on the effectiveness of the toll station, and provide a basis for intelligent management of toll station.

OPTIMIZATION OF TOLL SERVICES USING QUEUING THEORY IN THE CASE OF ETHIOPIA

The toll road service is planned and built to fund road construction and management of traffic operations. Although the toll service has several benefits, it also has challenges by creating a queue in the event of high traffic. Queues at a toll service in addition to pollution and waiting time costs also expose drivers to road traffic accidents and affect the economy of the country. Queuing problems at highway gates and exits due to toll service have become the main concern for transport managers and planners because of the randomness of inter-arrival and service time. The critical point in the management of toll road services is finding the optimal number of servers. This paper aims to analyze the queue feature to optimize the toll service using analytical and simulation models by considering the Addis-Adama expressway toll service in Ethiopia. The paper used a mathematical model and a simulation model using the CPN tools to investigate the queuing parameters. Then the model results helped us to get the optimum output by using economic analysis and identifying the minimum waiting time and operating cost without expense. The performance of the toll service highly depends on the number of servers, the number of vehicles in the system and queue, waiting time in the queue, service time, and inter-arrival time.

Cluster Analysis Of Marine Toll Service Area To Minimize Price Disparity To Inprove The Economy Of The East Indonesian Region In The Era Of The Covid-19 Pandemic

High price disparity is an economic problem that causes the welfare level of the population to be low. The government through the Sea Highway program tries to reduce price disparities through subsidized and scheduled sea transportation to serve several ports in Indonesia, one of which is in the province of Riau Islands. The Strait of Lampa Port is one of the marine transportation nodes which is a stopover point for Sea Toll boats on the T-3 route serving Natuna Regency. This port has the status of a regional feeder port with the hinterland area of Natuna Regency with Ranai as the district capital. This study aims to provide input related to the clustering of the Marine Highway program in Natuna from several perspectives, namely from the potential of regionalcommodities and infrastructure for Sea Toll services in the Natuna region. The analysis method used is descriptive qualitative and comparative. The results showed that for the cluster of the western region of Indonesian waters, in this case represented bya sample of the T-3 Natuna Islands Sea Toll route service, in terms of supply and demand from the homebase of Tanjung Priok Port, it is sufficiently balanced even though there are several superior commodities in the Natuna archipelago that have not yet optimally distributed, due to the low development and increase in added value of commodities. Based on the sample Sea Toll service route that has been selected for the Western Region of Indonesia, namely the T-3 route for the Natuna Islands region, several criteria that need to be considered in the future regarding the Sea Toll service cluster include regional commodities, Port infrastructure facilities and infrastructure, hinterland transportation facilities and infrastructure, and ship type and capacity

Modeling the effects of government subsidy and regulation on BOT transport project contract design within contractible service quality

Government subsidy and regulation are frequently employed to encourage the private sector to participate fully in Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) transport projects. Besides service charge, the service quality of BOT transport project (i.e., maintenance quality, toll service, operational monitoring, emergency management, safety management and so on) is also an important factor affecting the choice of users. This paper studies the optimal service quality decisions in both concession period (CP) and post-CP, in which we assume that the market demand is dependent on both service price and service quality. Firstly, in the absence of subsidy scheme, we derive the related players’ optimal decisions of toll charge, contractible service quality, project capacity and length of CP in the BOT contract design process. Secondly, we investigate how to design an optimal BOT transport project contract when the government subsidizes the private sector. Thirdly, we explore the effects of government regulation policies (i.e., price cap regulation and service quality floor regulation) on the BOT contract design. Finally, we make three extensions to further examine the impacts of the demand uncertainty, the risk-aversion attitude of private sector, the asymmetric cost information and the nonlinear demand function on the BOT contract design. From our model results, some policy implications are derived regarding BOT transport project contract design when the service quality is a fundamental contractible variable.

Analysis of Gempol Muslim Society’s Interest on The Use of E-Toll Card

This research is motivated by problems often occuring on toll roads, especially during transactions at the gate. Transactions that occur between officers and drivers take a long time because toll officials have to check the origin of the vehicle to determine the rate, then calculate the change. To anticipate congestion on toll roads, especially during peak days and hours because the queues at the toll booths are too long, a higher speed is required in making toll payments using the electronic toll service (e-Toll) at the Automatic Toll Gate (GTO). This research is a qualitative research, the data is obtained by natural setting. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. The outline in collecting the data is that the author will find out about whether the Muslim community of Gempol knows about the e-Toll card, the community uses e-Toll for what reasons, then the researcher will find out the extent of interest in using e-Toll cards in the region of Gempol. The results showed that; first, the interest of the Gempol Muslim community in using e-Toll cards is still low because it is far from the target number. According to predictions of Jasa Marga employees, it still reached 17 percent as of January 2018, while the target figure is 100 percent. In addition, there are also many pros and cons of the bank's new product in the form of e-Toll. E-Toll card has no significant relationship with reducing congestion, although as of October almost 100% of toll gates in Indonesia use GTO, but for congestion it could be due to vehicle volume, road engineering, accidents, narrowing of lanes, reduction of lanes, number of gates tolls, and the number of toll gates opened. Second, the factors influencing the Muslim community of Gempol on the use of e-Toll cards are government regulations, the influence of advertisements and the public feel the benefits obtained from e-Toll.

A Decentralized ETC Architecture Based on Blockchain Technology

Electronic toll collection (ETC) has been widely spread in China, providing efficient, comfortable, and convenient toll services. However, the nature of centralization of those ETC systems has incurred serious security threatens. Given blockchain’s features of self-trust, decentralized architecture, and traceability, we propose a decentralized ETC architecture based on blockchain technology. After implementing our architecture in a test network, we verify its feasibility. A thorough discussion indicates that our architecture can effectively operate normal ETC services while avoiding most attacks that threaten traditional ETC systems. The proposed architecture provides a brand new way of conventional ETC system optimization.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keberterimaan Penggunaan Uang Digital di Masyarakat Kota Yogyakarta Dengan Menggunakan Model TAM

Electronic money or e-money is not a new thing in the industrial world. Indonesia already has clear permit regulations for the use of digital funds in everyday transactions, only the last few years the general public has begun to slowly switch from physical money to electronic money, both for shopping, paying for accounts, using toll services and various other needs. But there are some people who are still reluctant to switch to electronic money and still using physical money. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence society in using electronic money in everyday transactions at Yogyakarta city using the technology acceptance model (TAM). Research is quantitative by using purposive sampling convenience.

Information and pricing effects in two-tier public service systems

Public services such as healthcare may be offered by both free and toll service providers. Such a system, called a two-tier service system, is usually subject to congestion and often modeled as two parallel queues. Customers can choose one of three options: joining the free system, joining the toll system, or balking based on the congestion level in each service system and the toll price. This study examines the joint effects of delay information and the price of the toll system on system performance. We consider the performance measures from three different perspectives: the customers, toll service providers, and social planners. Two information scenarios are studied. In the first scenario, called a mixed information case, the free system does not offer real-time queue length information, contrary to the toll system. In the second scenario, called a non-real-time information case, neither system offers real-time queue length information. Because the system dynamics are highly complex, we propose a computational approach to analyze system performance based on Markovian queueing models. Numerical illustrations are presented to generate important managerial insights for decision-makers An important finding is that there are interaction effects of disclosing delay information and pricing toll service on customer equilibrium strategies and major performance measures of the system. To reduce the expected waiting time, the queue length information should be hidden for lower toll price range and should be disclosed for higher price range. It is also found that the revenue maximization price is different from the socially optimal price.

PENDEKATAN EKSPLORASI MENGENAI PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT DALAM MENGGUNAKAN E-MONEY PADA JALUR TOL DI KOTA MAKASSAR

Various studies on the use of e-money have been conducted and most of them use the positivism approach, so that it is rarely found in the form of an exploration approach especially with regard to toll roads. The purpose of this study is to explore, describe and analyze people's perceptions in using e-money on the toll road in Makassar City. This study uses a semi-structured interview method in the process of collecting data in the analysis unit. The population of this study consists of three categories: toll road users and e-money users, e-money experts, and toll service providers with 10 participants to be interviewed. Data analysis method used is thematic analysis with the help of cross-case analysis. Based on the results of open coding, it can be concluded that e-money is one form of easy transactions and the use of e-money that is safe, efficient payment and saves time, e-money risk levels are lower. Meanwhile, the way to overcome the problem of using e-money on toll roads is to print and save transaction receipts, maintain e-money cards, make compensation, prepare officers, socialize, and register with vendors.

Geolocation Process to Perform the Electronic Toll Collection Using the ITS-G5 Technology

Recent research in intelligent transportation system focus on different possible use cases. Among them are the payment applications with cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS) equipment. In this paper, we deal about the tolling application performed with the C-ITS equipment. These latter use the ITS-G5 technology, the Roadside Unit (RSU) and the on-board unit (OBU) with features specified by the standardization Institute ETSI. To perform this service, we highlight two mains requirements: how to have a reliable geolocation of the vehicle when it crosses the tollgate and how to secure the communication during the transaction process. In this paper, we will address the methods that is propose to solve the issue of geolocation. The proposed method takes advantage of the communications data. It uses the principle of Differential - GPS mixed with Kalman filtering and extended Kalman filtering applied to the GPS and CAN bus measurements received by the RSU from the connected vehicles. The kinematic of the vehicle is taken into account to choose the suitable system model. Here as novelties, we discuss about the whole procedure to perform the geolocation process during the tolling service and we have results when we apply the dynamic model according to the real behavior of the vehicle when approaching and crossing the toll station.

Analisis Regresi Multivariate Principle Component Atas Efektifitas E-Tol Dan Kualitas Pelayanan Tol Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Jalan Tol Di Serang

This research is an explanatory research that highlights the relationship between research variables and testing hypotheses that have been formulated previoustly by using a sample of 100 people in 4-wheeled vehicle users who often use toll road facilities in the Banten area. Multiple linear regression analysis was used in analyzing the relationship of variables in the study. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the effectiveness of the Banten e-toll area, the quality of toll services and the satisfaction of customers of toll road users are considered to be quite good by respondents. The results of partial regression analysis found that the effectiveness of e-toll has significant effect on customer satisfaction at 0.502, while the quality of toll service has a significant effect of 0.528. Simultaneoustly the e-toll effectiveness and service quality have a significant influence.

Formally Validated of Novel Tolling Service With the ITS-G5

The arrival of the connected and/or autonomous cars offers countless opportunities for both the user and service provider. In this paper, we present a novel solution for tolling transaction using ITS-G5 technology. Specifically, it investigates how to secure tolling transactions performed with the cooperative intelligent transportation system (C-ITS) equipment and the tolling server as a trusted party. In this novel solution, we consider ITS components using the ITS-G5 technology with features specified by the European Telecommunication Standardization Institute (ETSI): RoadSide Unit (RSU), On-Board Unit (OBU), and the standardized architecture of the Electronic Fee Collection by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). To perform the tolling transaction, a point-to-point protocol must be established between the RSU of the infrastructure and the OBU embedded in the vehicle. Therefore, we design an efficient architecture that ensures the security of exchanges is guaranteed by the security back office of the tolling server as a trusted party. From the application to the service and until its usage, some security requirements are verified: mutual authentication between all entities involved in the transaction, confidentiality, integrity, and non-repudiation of all exchanged information. The certificate usage combined with the signature process certifies the mutual authentication between each entity: the OBU with the RSU, the payer with the service provider and the RSU with the tolling server. The encryption of the messages and the verification of the signatures ensure the confidentiality, the integrity and the non-repudiation of all exchanged information. The safety and efficiency of the proposed method are validated through its formal verification using the security protocols verifier tool AVISPA (Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications). Furthermore, the proposed architecture requires reasonable resources which will be suitable for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications.

Vehicle Rental Laws: Road Blocks to Evolving Mobility Models?

The laws and regulations governing mobility are inconsistent and antiquated and should be modernized to encourage innovation as we prepare for an autonomous car future. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) has concluded that Autonomous Vehicles, or Highly Automated Vehicles (“HAVs”) may “prove to be the greatest personal transportation revolution since the popularization of the personal automobile nearly a century ago.” Preparation for a HAV world is underway as the mobility industry evolves and transforms itself at a remarkable pace. New mobility platforms are becoming more convenient, more automated and more data driven—all of which will facilitate the evolution to HAVs. However, that mobility revolution is hindered by an environment of older laws and regulations that are often incompatible with new models and platforms. Although there are a number of different mobility models, this article will focus on carsharing, peer-to-peer platforms, vehicle subscription programs, and rental car businesses (yes, car rental is a mobility platform). All of these mobility models face a host of inconsistent legal, regulatory and liability issues, which create operational challenges that can stifle innovation. For example, incumbent car rental, a mobility platform that has been in place for over 100 years, is regulated by various state and local laws that address everything from driver’s license inspections to use of telematics systems. Although physical inspection of a customer’s driver’s license at the time of rental is commonplace and expected in a traditional, face-to-face transaction, complying with the driver’s license inspection for a free-floating carsharing or other remote access mobility model becomes more problematic. Part B of this article will review current federal and state vehicle rental laws and regulations that may apply to incumbent rental car companies and other mobility models around the country, including federal laws preempting rental company vicarious liability and requiring the grounding of vehicles with open safety recalls, as well as state laws regulating GPS tracking, negligent entrustment, and toll service fees. Part C poses a series of hypotheticals to illustrate the challenges that the existing patchwork of laws creates for the mobility industry. For instance, whether a mobility operator can utilize GPS or telematics to monitor the location of a vehicle is subject to inconsistent state laws (permitted in Texas, but not California, for example). And vehicle subscription programs are currently prohibited in Indiana, but permitted in most other states. Similarly, peer-to-peer car rental programs currently are prohibited in New York, but permitted in most other states. Finally, Part D of the article will offer some suggested uniform rules for the mobility industry.

Sixty years' innovative development of the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital

The Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of the Fouth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (the former 304th hospital of PLA) was established in 1958 as one of the earliest specialized burn departments in China. In the pioneering efforts of professor Sheng Zhiyong, an internationally renowned authority in burn surgery and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, several generations of the department represented by Zhu Zhaoming, GuoZhenrong, Chai Jiake, Yang Hongming, and Shen Chuan'an have worked hard from inheritance to innovation. The Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery has evolved from a simple treatment-oriented department to a military priority built discipline, a military burn research institute, a national key clinical specialty and a national key discipline which integrates treatment, scientific research, achievement transformation, and talent training. At present, our department has 300 beds in total, and we have our own outpatient and emergency service, registration and toll service, 7 operation rooms, medical cosmetics center, hair transplantation center, rehabilitation and physical exercise center, skin care center, and specialized laboratory. In recent years, we have treated more than 70 000 emergency patients and outpatients every year, admitted over 6 500 inpatients annually, and conducted more than 9 000 operations yearly. Our department ranks among the top in the specialized departments with the same size across the country. Our burn cure rate stands at 99.5%, and 50% lethal area is 98% total body surface area, ranking in the international leading level.

European Electronic Toll Service jako narzędzie interoperacyjności systemów poboru opłat drogowych w Unii Europejskiej

European Electronic Toll Service jako narzędzie interoperacyjności systemów poboru opłat drogowych w Unii Europejskiej

A Study on the Factors Affecting the Intention to Use of Smart Tolling Service

A Study on the Factors Affecting the Intention to Use of Smart Tolling Service

Electronic Toll Collection Systems and their Interoperability: The State of Art

The European Electronic Toll Service (EETS) was created in 2004 with the aim of ensuring interoperability among the existing electronic toll collection (ETC) systems in Europe. However, the lack of cooperation between groups of stakeholders has not made possible to achieve this goal ten years later. The purpose of this research is to determine the better way to achieve interoperability among the different ETC systems in Europe. Our study develops a review of the six main ETC systems available worldwide: Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Satellite systems (GNSS), Tachograph, and Mobile communications tolling systems. The research also provides some insight on different emerging technologies. By focusing on different operational and strategic aspects offered by each technology, we identify their main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and makes different recommendations to improve the current framework. The research concludes that given the diversity of advantages and inconveniences offered by each system, the selection of a certain ETC technology should also take into account its potential to overcome the weaknesses in the current ETC framework. In this line, different policy recommendations are proposed to improve the present ETC strategy at the EU. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3186

On the Downs–Thomson Paradox in a Self-Financing Two-Tier Queuing System

We model a two-tier queuing system with free and toll service options as two parallel M/M/1 servers. We solve for the welfare-maximizing toll service capacity and toll subject to the constraint that the toll service cover its costs. If the free and toll services are both used in equilibrium, a larger free-service capacity implies longer expected waiting time for the free service and lower welfare: an analogue to the Downs–Thomson paradox in transportation economics. The paradox is caused by the presence of scale economies in the toll service combined with the requirement that it be self-financing.