Error Tolerance Research Articles

Error Tolerance in Automatic Short Answer Grading with Large Language Models: The Case of Handwriting Recognition Errors

Assessing students' answers is a labor-intensive task that could significantly burden educators. Technological advances have led to the development of automatic scoring systems. However, handwriting recognition errors significantly impacts the deployment of automatic scoring in the context of paper-pencil assessment, which is still the most widely used format of academic exams. Large language models (LLMs) have proven to be effective in scoring tasks and are promising for automatic short answer grading. Nevertheless, LLMs' capability to grade the short answers with handwriting recognition errors is underexplored. The current study addressed this issue in the context of paper-pencil Chinese tests in elementary schools. The LLM used was ERNIE 4.0 because of its outstanding capability in Chinese language comprehension. We compared the grading accuracy of the model on the raw data extracted from handwritten answers by optical character recognition with that on the preprocessed data where the recognition errors were corrected. We found a substantial accuracy difference between raw data and preprocessed data, indicating that LLMs have not yet achieved the precision for grading short answers with handwriting recognition errors. Nevertheless, LLMs showed an interesting characteristic during grading: awarding points to incorrect answers as an acknowledgment of student's effort.

A New Protection Design Prepaid Meter Based On Smart Relay Safety Equipment

A relay safety device on prepaid Kwh meters as a power limiting protection system to avoid damage to relays on prepaid Kwh meters caused by power consumption that is greater than the registered power. In the device that will be designed, the code safety method cuts the electric current automatically if the power used is greater than the registered power so that this method can reduce damage to the kwh relay for customers. Test results for tools designed with calculation results have different calculation percentages. For irons, the error percentage of the calculation results is 1.99%, while for testing water heaters, the error percentage is 0.53% due to the lack of sensitivity of the PZEM-004T sensor in reading the used load. The measured voltage at the output of the designed tool reaches 205 V. Measuring test of the designed tool Based on SNSU PK.P-02:2020 - National Standardization Agency The error tolerance in measuring digital measuring tools is - 5%, if it exceeds the predetermined regulations then the results cannot be used or are referred to inappropriately.

HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE IN THE AIR GAP OF SIX-PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Asynchronous motors with six and more phases (usually n-three-phase) are increasingly accepted in electric drive systems of road transport, marine and even aeronautical transport. Multiphase machines are credited with multiple advantages such as: less torque ripple, better power distribution per phase, higher efficiency and fault tolerance capability compared to traditional three-phase machines. There are many publications, but few of them are dedicated to the in-depth study of the multiphase motor (m>3) and especially of the magnetic field in its air gap. The purpose of the present paper: the development of the mathematical model of the magnetomotive force in the air gap of the six-phase asynchronous machines, which determines the fundamental properties of the machine, the structure of the magnetic field and the torque developed, the efficiency, the error tolerance. The research is based on analytical studies and the results of suitable experimental measurements. The paper presents the mathematical model for the harmonic analysis of the magnetomotive force in the air gap of six-phase machines with possible variants of windings on the stator. Based on this study, it was demonstrated that only n-three-phase machines with asymmetrically arranged stator windings have the ability to attenuate higher harmonics with a major negative effect on the developed torque, the applicability and efficiency of traditional tools for reducing higher harmonics in the case of six-phase machines was confirmed. The results of measurements carried out on samples of six-phase machines confirm the findings and conclusions formulated in the paper.

Availability Of Inclusive City Park Infrastructure (Case Study: Taman Tirto Agung Semarang)

City parks are places that support physical and social activities/discussions for all levels of society. Therefore, city park infrastructure needs to be accessible independently, even without the help of others. This research is located in Tirto Agung Park which is located in a mix-use area (education, housing, trade) so that park users come from various levels of society both in terms of age and competence. The method used in this study is qualitative with literature studies, and field observations were carried out to assess the availability and suitability of Tirto Agung Park infrastructure with the principles of universal design and the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works Number 14 of 2017 concerning Building Ease Requirements. The results of the analysis showed that Tirto Agung Park has shortcomings in providing facilities for users, especially people with disabilities, such as ramps (low physical effort), guiding blocks (simple and intuitive use), hand rails (equitable use), zebra crossings (tolerance for error) and wayfinding/signage (perceptible information). The recommendation in this study is to add, improve and maintain park facilities and infrastructure.

Widening the Circle: Is There an Eighth Principle for Universal Design?

The advantage of Universal Design (UD) over mere barrier-free design is that it can benefit everyone, regardless of age or ability. The imperative to include design for personal safety even outranks accessibility as a design precept. Evolved almost four decades ago, Ron Mace's Seven Principles did not anticipate advanced standards of safety in today's world. Whilst Principle Five - 'Tolerance for Error', states that 'the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions', this notion of 'error' implies that it is the user who is at fault, rather than the provider. This may lead to inhibition and fear, hampering one's lifestyle in a multitude of ways. Fear of falling, inhibition of being unable to find a public toilet, forgetting a password or simply being made to feel old and incapable can all have an adverse effect. A cross-disciplinary group of experts undertook a number of studies on design for age-friendly cities in Ireland, through empirical research, experiential exercises and dissemination into third-level design education. Studies on design and facilities that lead to an individual's lack of confidence are discussed, including a research programme undertaken for the National Disability Authority on the Universal Design of Fall Detection Technologies. The paper proposes that an additional Principle: "Reduction of Fear" should be a basic design parameter in all aspects of the built environment as well as IT and services. By broadening its scope and joining forces with health and safety issues, UD becomes more inclusive, desirable to client bodies and attractive to everyone. The paper identifies areas where improvement in design is urgently required, suggesting the breadth of benefits accruing from more inclusive design, particularly in reducing fear through safer home zone environments.

A Time‐Space Dual Adaptive Uncoupled Method for Supersonic Combustion

ABSTRACTHigh computational complexity due to rapidly increasing numerical stiffness is a difficult problem for simulating a supersonic reactive flow by using the uncoupled method. On the basis of our previous work, this paper proposes a dual adaptive method to ensure high calculation efficiency and good robustness in simulating stiff cases. The principle of this method is to realize adaptive coordination for the advection and reaction time steps in accordance with the non‐uniform feature of stiffness in the space and time dimensions. The proposed method can advance by a small time step in strong stiffness while with a large one in weak stiffness through the “prediction‐correction‐recovery” strategy. Some classical problems are chosen to verify the performance of the proposed method. The proposed method improved the computation efficiency by at least comparing with the previous method [1] and widened the error tolerance of the initial time step.

Extension of an Eighth-Order Iterative Technique to Address Non-Linear Problems

The convergence order of an iterative method used to solve equations is usually determined by using Taylor series expansions, which in turn require high-order derivatives, which are not necessarily present in the method. Therefore, such convergence analysis cannot guarantee the theoretical convergence of the method to a solution if these derivatives do not exist. However, the method can converge. This indicates that the most sufficient convergence conditions required by the Taylor approach can be replaced by weaker ones. Other drawbacks exist, such as information on the isolation of simple solutions or the number of iterations that must be performed to achieve the desired error tolerance. This paper positively addresses all these issues by considering a technique that uses only the operators on the method and Ω-generalized continuity to control the derivative. Moreover, both local and semi-local convergence analyses are presented for Banach space-valued operators. The technique can be used to extend the applicability of other methods along the same lines. A large number of concrete examples are shown in which the convergence conditions are fulfilled.

Performance and scaling analysis of variational quantum simulation

Abstract We present an empirical analysis of the scaling of the minimal quantum circuit depth required for a variational quantum simulation (VQS) method to obtain a solution to the time evolution of a quantum system within a predefined error tolerance. In a comparison against a non-variational method based on Trotterized time evolution, we observe a better scaling of the depth requirements using the VQS approach with respect to both the size of the system and the simulated time. Results are also put into perspective by discussing the corresponding classical complexity required for VQS. Our results allow us to identify a possible advantage region for VQS over Trotterization.

Fast and Efficient Lunar Finite Element Gravity Model

In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is integrated with orthogonal polynomial approximation in high-dimensional spaces to innovatively model the Moon’s surface gravity anomaly. The aim is to approximate solutions to Laplace’s classical differential equations of gravity, employing classical Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. Using classical Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions, the least-squares approximation was used to approximate discrete samples of the approximation function. These test functions provide an understanding of errors in approximation and corresponding errors due to differentiation and integration. These test functions provide an understanding of errors in approximation and corresponding errors due to differentiation and integration. The first application of this project is to substitute the globally valid classical spherical harmonic series of approximations with locally valid series of orthogonal polynomial approximations (i.e., using the FEM approach). With an error tolerance set at 10−9ms−2, this method is used to adapt the gravity model radially upwards from the lunar surface. The results showcase a need for a higher degree of approximation on and near the lunar surface, with the necessity decreasing as the radius increases. Notably, this method achieves a computational speedup of five orders of magnitude when applying the method to radial adaptation. More intrinsically, the second application involves using the methodology as an effective tool in solving boundary value problems. Specifically, this approach is implemented to solve classical differential equations involved with high-precision, long-term orbit propagation. This application provides a four-order-of-magnitude speedup in computational time while maintaining an error within the 10−10ms−2 error range for various orbit propagation tests. Alongside the advancements in orthogonal approximation theory, the FEM enables revolutionary speedups in orbit propagation without compromising accuracy.

Inverse design of ultra-compact high-efficiency broadband interlayer couplers based on random gratings

Inverse design of ultra-compact high-efficiency broadband interlayer couplers based on random gratings

Static Approximate Modified Mirror—Full Adder for High Speed and Low Power Operations Using 32 nm CNTFET Technology

ABSTRACTThe error tolerance nature of the digital multimedia applications enables the implementation of approximate digital circuits to achieve the benefits of high speed of operation and low power consumption. This paper proposes a static approximate modified mirror full adder (SAMM‐FA) circuit designed using logic level approximation to reduce the number of transistors in the circuit. Owing to the balanced electrical characteristics, better stability and higher on‐current to off‐current ratio (Ion/Ioff), 32 nm carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology has been used for implementing the proposed circuit in the Cadence Virtuoso tool. Featuring only 10 transistors and operating at a supply voltage of 0.5 V, the proposed SAMM‐FA has a low power dissipation of just 4.14 nW, and propagation delay of just 3.82 ps. The power delay product and energy delay product figure of merits of the proposed circuit are found to be excellent when compared with the contemporary designs.

Tatian polynomial-based annular pupil wavefront optimization method for high-NA extreme ultraviolet lithography

The advanced technology node has an exact error tolerance. The effect of projection objective aberration on imaging cannot be neglected. In order to reduce the effect of aberration, considering the central obscuration of the high-NA extreme ultraviolet projection objective, we propose a Tatian polynomial-based annular pupil wavefront optimization (TBAPWO) method. An active pupil consisting of 64-term Tatian polynomials is incorporated into the imaging model. The suitable coefficients of the Tatian polynomials are solved using the gradient iteration method. The optimized active pupil can improve lithographic imaging quality. Simulation results show that the TBAPWO method can effectively reduce the pattern error of imaging by more than 30%, which indicates that the effect of aberration on imaging is controlled.

Gambaran Sedentary Behavior Mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Padang

College can be a difficult time for many students because during this time they face a lot of pressure and challenges that can cause various threats to the physical, social and emotional. Such times make them more susceptible to stress and health problems due to unhealthy lifestyles, one of which is sedentary behavior. This study aims to determine the description of the sedentary behavior of Padang State University students. This study uses a quantitative method using descriptive statistical analysis. The population in this study were Padang State University students in the 2018-2020 intake with a total of 4,166 people. Sampling in the study used the consecutive sampling technique using the Slovin formula with a 10% error tolerance so that a total of 98 respondents were obtained. This study used the Sedentary behavior questionnaire scale by Rosenberg et al (2010) which was adapted into Indonesian and distributed via gform. Based on the results, the mean was 37.3 and SD 23.5. This means that the sedentary behavior of Padang State University students tends to be high.

Computing the matrix exponential with the double exponential formula

Abstract This article considers the computation of the matrix exponential e A {{\rm{e}}}^{A} with numerical quadrature. Although several quadrature-based algorithms have been proposed, they focus on (near) Hermitian matrices. In order to deal with non-Hermitian matrices, we use another integral representation including an oscillatory term and consider applying the double exponential (DE) formula specialized to Fourier integrals. The DE formula transforms the given integral into another integral whose interval is infinite, and therefore, it is necessary to truncate the infinite interval. In this article, to utilize the DE formula, we analyze the truncation error and propose two algorithms. The first one approximates e A {{\rm{e}}}^{A} with the fixed mesh size, which is a parameter in the DE formula affecting the accuracy. The second one computes e A {{\rm{e}}}^{A} based on the first one with automatic selection of the mesh size depending on the given error tolerance.

On the Implementation of Iterative Methods Without Inverse Updating for Solving Equations in Banach Spaces

The implementation of iterative methods using inverses to solve equations is a computationally expensive or impossible task in general. This is the case, since the analytical form of the inverse is difficult to find in practice. That is why, we replace the inverse by a sum of linear operators which is well defined. The convergence of the resulting hybrid methods is studied based on majorizing sequences under generalized continuity assumptions on the operators involved and in the setting of a Banach space. It is demonstrated by numerical experimentations that the convergence order as well as the number of iterations required to obtain a predetermined error tolerance when comparing the original to the hybrid method is essentially the same.

Off-axis freeform optical design for large curved field of view imaging

Recording neuron activities is pivotal for elucidating the functionality of the nervous system. However, the curved cortex surface of experimental mice presents a significant challenge for optical systems, particularly when a larger field of view (FOV) is required. To address this challenge, we have designed an off-axis three-mirror system that incorporates freeform surfaces on both the primary and secondary mirrors. This system achieves a large imaging FOV of 18°×9°, delivering near-diffraction-limit imaging quality across a curvature spectrum of −14.7 to −15.3mm. A manufacturability analysis indicates that the freeform surfaces are straightforward to produce, and the overall system demonstrates low sensitivity to tolerance and measurement errors. This study introduces a novel, to the best of our knowledge, solution to the field curvature constraints in optical imaging of cortical activity, providing substantial technical support for in vivo neuronal imaging endeavors.

Smart forest monitoring: A novel Internet of Things framework with shortest path routing for sustainable environmental management

AbstractForests play a pivotal role in protecting the environment, preserving vital natural resources, and ultimately sustaining human life. However, the escalating occurrences of forest fires, whether of human origin or due to climate change, poses a significant threat to this ecosystem. In recent decades, the emergence of the IoT has been characterised by the utilisation of smart sensors for real‐time data collection. IoT facilitates proactive decision‐making for forest monitoring, control, and protection through advanced data analysis techniques, including AI algorithms. This research study presents a comprehensive approach to deploying a dynamic and adaptable network topology in forest environments, aimed at optimising data transmission and enhancing system reliability. Three distinct topologies are proposed in this research study: direct transmission from nodes to gateways, cluster formation with multi‐step data transmission, and clustering with data relayed by cluster heads. A key innovation is the use of high‐powered telecommunication modules in cluster heads, enabling long‐range data transmission while considering energy efficiency through solar power. To enhance system reliability, this study incorporates a reserve routing mechanism to mitigate the impact of node or cluster head failures. Additionally, the placement of gateway nodes is optimised using meta‐heuristic algorithms, including particle swarm optimisation (PSO), harmony search algorithm (HSA), and ant colony optimisation for continuous domains (ACOR), with ACOR emerging as the most effective. The primary objective of this article is to reduce power consumption, alleviate network traffic, and decrease nodes' interdependence, while also considering reliability coefficients and error tolerance as additional considerations. As shown in the results, the proposed methods effectively reduce network traffic, optimise routing, and ensure robust performance across various environmental conditions, highlighting the importance of these tailored topologies in enhancing energy efficiency, data accuracy, and network reliability in forest monitoring applications.

Impact of pupil size and corneal spherical aberrations on the performance of monofocal intraocular lenses: an experimental model.

In this study, an in vitro comparison of the optical performances of three models (spherical, aberration-neutral, and aberration-correcting) of monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) is proposed. A comprehensive model is employed, encompassing a wide range of corneal models and aperture sizes, reflecting the high variability of corneal spherical aberrations (SA) and pupil sizes in both normal and postoperative refractive corneal surgery populations. Analysis of average through-focus modulation transfer function (MTF) curves reveals significant differences in optical performance attributable to pupil size and corneal SA. These differences depend on the IOL model and affects MTFmax (representing contrast at best focus), depth of focus, refractive error tolerance, and the effective power of the lens.

Power prediction considering NWP wind speed error tolerability: A strategy to improve the accuracy of short-term wind power prediction under wind speed offset scenarios

Power prediction considering NWP wind speed error tolerability: A strategy to improve the accuracy of short-term wind power prediction under wind speed offset scenarios

Systolic array-based CNN accelerator soft error approximate fault tolerance design

To satisfy the massive computational requirement of Convolutional Neural Networks, various Domain-Specific Architecture based accelerators have been deployed in large-scale systems. While improving the performance significantly, the high integration of the accelerator makes it much more susceptible to soft-error, which will be propagated and amplified layer by layer during the execution of CNN, finally disturbing the decision of CNN and leading to catastrophic consequences. CNNs have been increasingly deployed in security-critical areas, requiring more attention to reliable execution. Although the classical fault-tolerant approaches are error-effective, the performance/energy overheads introduced are non-negligible, which is the opposite of CNN accelerator design philosophy. In this article, we leverage CNN's intrinsic tolerance for minor errors and the similarity of filters within a layer to explore the Approximate Fault Tolerance opportunities for CNN accelerator fault tolerance overhead reduction. By gathering the filters into several check groups by clustering to perform an inexact check while ensuring that serious errors are mitigated, our approximate fault tolerance design can reduce fault tolerance overhead significantly. Furthermore, we remap the filters to match the checking process and the dataflow of systolic array, which can satisfy the real-time checking demands of CNN. Experimental results exhibit that our approach can reduce 73.39%performance degradation of baseline DMR.