Toilet Soap Research Articles

The determination of sodium, potassium and magnesium in surfactants by flame spectrophotometry

AbstractA method for determining sodium, potassium, and magnesium in soaps and detergents by means of flame spectrophotometry is described in detail. Sodium and/or potassium are normally present in high percentages; magnesium is usually found in relatively low concentrations as part of the antioxidant system of bar soaps. The spectrophotometric procedure has the following advantages over commonly used wet methods: 1) rapidity, 2) simplicity, and 3) the cations are determined directly and independently of each other. Soap additives, such as perfumes, colors, super‐fatting agents or germicides do not interfere with this method. Possible interferences between sodium, potassium, and magnesium cations were evaluated and eliminated. Typical examples, including toilet soaps, combination soap‐detergent bars, and sprayed detergents are described.

亜鉛ダイカストに使用するバレル研摩用コンパウンド

The experiment was performed in order to investigate the mechanism of generation of luster on zinc diecast by using various compounds including anionic, nonionic, or cationic surfactant.As a result, it was found that the degree of luster varies depending on the kind of surfactants used. The compound such as sodium stearate, toilet soap, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, polyethylene glycol lauryl ether, sodium salt of sulfonated lauryl alcohol, polyethylene glycol alkyl aryl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate gave favorable result. However, the luster of the test pieces was poor when sodium lauric, soyabean-oil soap, or cation surfactants was used.

Investigation of an outbreak of photodermatitis confined to one shop in a large factory.

Out of 106 men employed in a foundry attached to a large factory, 29 men developed a photosensitization dermatitis over the period of three months. Three men out of 1,700 employed in the remainder of the works developed a similar eruption, but no common factor was apparent. Owing to the very high incidence in the foundry, a sensitizer associated with the process was suspected and it seemed likely that it would prove to be an atmospheric contaminant. Many chemical investigations and skin tests were carried out without positive result, though much interesting information regarding combustion products of various materials was obtained. Some of the men were referred to dermatological clinics in three neighbouring hospitals. In one of these clinics, a similarity was noticed between six cases recently seen there. This suggested that the sensitizer was not confined to the foundry or to the factory. The cause was eventually traced to an additive (tetrachlorsalicylanilide) in a popular brand of toilet soap, and it was evident that the photosensitivity in varying degrees of severity was widespread over the Home Counties, if not much of the country. It had not hitherto been recognized, as mild cases had required little or no treatment, and severe cases were widely disseminated. It is probable that, had it not been for the very high incidence in the foundry, the eruption would have remained unrecognized for much longer. The high incidence in the foundry is attributed to the frequency with which the men washed there, and possibly to some local aggravating factor not yet discovered.

In Vitro Tests for Measuring Antibacterial Activity of Toilet Soap and Detergent Bars

Two new simple in vitro screening tests are described which have proved valuable in predicting the degerming effectiveness of germicidal toilet bars under regular use conditions. The tests, skin disk substantivity and finger imprint tests, measure the residual antibacterial activity of skin treated with soap solutions followed by a water rinse. Thus, a soap germicide is evaluated on the basis of its capacity to become adsorbed to skin and its ability, at low concentrations, to inhibit the growth of bacteria. In vitro test data are described on 3,4',5-tribromosalicylanilide and other germicides incorporated into soap and detergent bars. Good correlation between the new in vitro test results and regular hand washing results (serial basin wash test) is achieved.

Sensory Testing by Triple Comparisons

In sensory test work, the number of samples a judge can assess at any one time is often limited by sensory fatigue and confusion of stimuli. This necessitates the use of incomplete block designs. Further, the difficulty of obtaininig satisfactory quantitative measures of treatment efTects usually entails assessment by ranking. Thus there is need for a rank analysis of incomplete block designs of a versatility equivalent to that available for variables satisfying the conditions of analysis of variance. In addition, any such analysis should provide the experimenter with a check as to whether he can regard the treatments concerned as lying on a linear scale of acceptability. For, with sensory assessment, cases can and do arise where the relations between calculated average scale positions disagree with individual direct comparisons. These needs have been met in the case of blocks of size two, by the various paired comparison procedures developed in recent years [2, 4-6; 13, 14, 18, 17]. Although this is undoubtedly the most important case, instances arise where blocks of size three or more are a practical proposition and hold out the possibility of increased efficiency. Unfortunately, little work seems to have been done in the general case of blocks of size k. The result published by Durbin [7] allows an overall significance test of treatment differences on balanced incomplete block ranking experiments, whilst the rankit method of Fisher [10] has been used by some workers, but no generally accepted me'thod (of adequate versatility) has been available for blocks of size other than two. The method recently published by Pendergrass and Bradley [3, 15] which offers a comprehensive treatment of the case k = 3 is therefore of immediate interest. This paper is to assist evaluation of the Bradley-Pendergrass method by contrasting results from triple comparison testing with results obtained using paired comparisons. Two sets of data are discussed. One set is from margarine cocktail stick taste tests, where sensory fatigue is knowln to be marked. The other set is from toilet soap sniff tests, where sensory fatigue is much less of a problem.

Anaflora—A New Anionic Detergent: Clinical and Laboratory Study of Its Effect on Epidermal Fungi and Bacteria

Preliminary screening surveys have indicated that Anaflora,t a new anionic detergent, possesses promising anti-microbial activity (1). A pilot study was designed, therefore, to investigate the antifungal and antibacterial properties of Anaflora and Anaflora incorporated in either detergent or soap bars. J The subjects in the study were male junior and senior medical students or members of the hospital staff. Volunteers wTere instructed to substitute the Anaflora detergent bar or soap bar for their regular toilet soap and shampoo. In addition, each subject was directed specifically to wash his feet daily. All other antifungal and antibacterial preparations were discontinued. The study covered an eight week period from 9 March, 1959, through 2 May, 1959, with all clinical and laboratory examinations performed initially and at 4 and 8 week intervals.

Management of patients with eczematous diseases. Use of soap versus no soap.

The question whether the habitual use of soap on the skin has any favorable or unfavorable influence on the course of eczematous eruptions led to this study of 250 patients. Of these, 246 were available in a final assessment of over-all impression of improvement after five weeks of standard therapy. During this period, 124 had regularly used the same common brand of toilet soap for routine hand washing and bathing while the others had not. The four groups of patients (with neurodermatitis, dermatitis venenata, infantile eczema, and eczematous hand dermatitis) differed in their responsiveness to treatment, dermatitis venenata being the most responsive, and infantile eczema the most refractory, but in none of the four groups was there a significant difference between those who used the soap and those who did not.

Status of synthetic detergent bars

'TEMPTS to make synthetic bars are not new and can be dated back alnmst 25 years. [ t was not until World W a r 1[ that the so-called salt water soaps were formulated and used on a commercial basis. At tempts to make a synthetic type of bar soap in a milled form were somewhat later and followed the war. One of the first products of this nature was t rade-named Vel. Since we are confining our at tent ion to milled bars, we may say that the beginning of this phase of development was about 12 years ago. About five or six years later a second product, t rade-named Zest, began to be test-marketed. However only within the last two years or less may it be said that synthetic bars have become established on a national basis and have made an impression on the 250,000-ton-market for toilet soaps. The difficulty in formulat ing such products is evident f rom the lack of competit ion in this field. Many patents have been issued, many suggestions made, but few practical formulae have been produced. One of the earliest difficulties was the fact that overenthusiasm in the use of detergents tended to prevent the bar f rom being free-rinsing. This was a greater drawback than had been anticipated. I t has since been solved. Now what incentives exist for the manufac tu re of a synthetic bar? Such advantages are four-fold: a) a synthetic bar is usable equally well in hard and soft water ; b) it does not form a sticky curd in hard water to produce the so-called bathtub r ing; e) it washes f rom the skin more freely than a soap; and d) the p H may be brought closer to that of a normal skin. Detergent bars may be considered as consisting of a detergent, a binder, and such auxi l iary products as color, perfmne, whitener, and stabilizer. I t is highly desirable for the product to be milled and plodded on equipment similar to that used for a s tandard toilet soap bar. I ts specific gravi ty may be close to that of soap and its plodding temperatures may be in excess of soap but should not exceed about 130 ~ to 140~ because of deleterious effects on color, perfume, stability, etc. Moisture control is general ly very narrow for most formulations, and in some eases a plus or minus one-half per cent may make the difference between a hard rubbery mass and a soft put ty , both equally difficult to mill. There are exceptions to such manufac tu r ing conditions, but when such conditions are al tered greatly, the product generalIy fails into another class not under consideration here (4). There are three approaches to fornmlat ion of such products: a) where soap is the base and a detergent is added; b) where a detergent is the base and a soap is added as the binder; and e) where the bar contains no orthodox soap and the binder is a supplementary

The Pattern of Consumer Purchases

We are concerned here with the ordinary private consumer's purchases of non-durable consumer goods. These goods are usually characterised by being marketed in pre-packed and branded form. Data about such purchases are obtained by market research techniques such as, in the case of Attwood's, the continuous consumer panels (see reference 1) based on random samples of either households or individuals and operated in various European countries including Great Britain. (The samples used in market research are almost always large in the statistical sense, so that no small-sample theory is required.) The basic unit of time for measuring consumer purchases is usually a week, one week being generally like another. Most analyses are, however, made over periods of 4 or 13 weeks. For any such period of time, we therefore know how many consumers in the sample bought 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or, in general, r, units of the given product, i.e. we know the frequency distribution of purchases. We generally also know what each of the consumers bought in preceding periods and can continue to watch his subsequent purchases. The problem considered in this paper is the fit of the negative binomial distribution to such data. Product-fields analysed include the following: Bread, Breakfast Cereals, Canned Vegetables, Cat and Dog Foods, Cocoa, Coffee, Confectionery, Detergents, Disinfectants, Edible Fats, Food Drinks, Household and Toilet Soaps, Jams and Marmalade, Polishes, Processed Cheese, Sausages, Shampoos, Soft Drinks, and Soups.

Air Drying of Soarp Slices

Square slices of soap, 1-3mm thick, were cut off from two kinds of curds for toilet soap and were dried in a hot air current at temperatures between 40°C and 70°C, and their drying mechanism and the optimum drying conditions were investigated.In the first place, the values of average water diffusivity in soap, Dob, were calculated from the experimental results and by Equation (1). Since the values widely differed with υ/υ0 as shown in Fig. 2, the authors employed the figures of log (1-υ/υ0) vs. log t/RR2, the drying curves as plotted in Figs. 4, 5 etc.From the study of these figures or Dm in Tablc 2, it may be concluded that:(1) the proper temperature range for soap drying is from 50°C to 60°C, (2) the differences in physical or chemical properties of soap seem to have strong influence on the drying curuves or Dm as Lederer reported, and(3) the drying rate of soap at 50°-60°C is constant over the range of relative humidity from 10% to 70%.

鉛および鉛合金の耐蝕性について（第2報）純鉛および硬鉛の耐蝕性と鉛-錫合金の耐酸性

Continued from 1st report,the corrosion rate of lead and lead antimony alloys in several alkaline solutions and the acid resistivity of lead-tin alloys have been studied. (1) Pb and Pb-Sb alloys have corrosion resistance in ammonia water,NaOH solutions, toilet soap aqueous solution and MgCl2-NaCl mixed solution. (2) Pb-Sn alloys showed corrosion resistance in H2SO4 and H2SO4+(NH4)2SO4 solutions, but in nitrous vitriol they were less resistant than Pb and Pb-Sn alloys.

Clinical evaluation of a new neutral detergent bar.

The use of cleansing agents on the skin is designed to remove all exogenous agents deposited on its surface as well as some of the materials that have been produced by the skin itself (e. g., sebum, sweat, and scales). The conventional cleansing agents, namely, the toilet soaps, fulfill these requirements in an eminently satisfactory fashion on most normal skins. On skin that is abnormally dry, sensitive, or diseased, however, the common toilet soaps not infrequently cause irritation and produce a sensation of excessive dryness, burning, and also, at times, itching. These undesirable effects of soaps on sensitive and abnormal skins are in part, at least, attributable to their alkalizing action in aqueous solution. Since soaps are salts of the weakly ionized fatty acids and the strongly ionized alkalis, an alkaline solution always results on hydrolysis. This alkaline solution is generally well tolerated when soaps are used within reason on

ACTION OF SOAP ON THE SKIN

IN THE manufacture of soap, fats are chosen which contain either lauric acid or oleic and other unsaturated fatty acids in order that the final soap have satisfactory lathering, cleansing and physical properties. The fatty acid fraction of an average toilet soap usually contains from 11 to 12 per cent lauric acid and 38 to 40 per cent oleic acid and other acids of one double bond. 1 A satisfactory soap may be prepared which has more lauric and less oleic acid, such as coconut oil soap, or one which has less lauric and more oleic acid, such as olive oil soap. Gardiner 2 and Goldman 3 have stated that coconut oil soaps are more irritating to the skin than other soaps, and this is not an uncommon clinical observation. Soaps made from only olive oil have been thought to be relatively nonirritating to the skin. There has been little

NEW CUTANEOUS BACTERICIDAL AGENT USED IN SOAP

In a recent study 1 we investigated the cutaneous bactericidal properties of 2,2′-dihydroxy-3, 5,6-3′5′, 6′-hexachlorodiphenylmethane 2 (hereinafter termed G-11) when incorporated in a toilet soap to the amount of 2 per cent, 3 and found that the routine daily use of this germicidal soap made it possible to reach and maintain an exceedingly low bacterial population on the skin of the hands and forearms. We especially wish to direct attention to the fact that this result can be achieved only by using G-11, or some other equally effective germicide, in a soap or other suitable detergent that is used exclusively by the individual each and every time he has any occasion to use soap for any purpose whatsoever. We stress this point particularly because since our recent publication 1 we have been deluged with requests for information concerning soap to be used for operating room scrub-up.

Measuring the Believability of Advertising Claims

EVERY observer of advertising knows that an advertising claim may be highly effective without being either literally true or universally credible. Hyperbole has as legitimate a place in advertising as in many other forms of writing. Picturesque exaggerations have provided advertisers with some of their most effective and durable themes and slogans. But not all hyperbolisms fare equally well. Some advertising claims, there is reason to believe, fail because they strike most readers or auditors as being too absurd to deserve attention or because they make an unfavorable impression on those who do take notice of them. They are the kind that are quietly interred after a few months or a year or two, not because they have lost timeliness but merely because they have never gained effectiveness. An advertiser is taking something of a chance when he puts a large appropriation behind some such claim as World's Most Comfortable Mattress, Toilet Soap 9 Out of io Screen Stars Use, or Most Modern Car in the World. The public may respond to the claim as an impressive and memorable bit of audacity. On the other hand, the customers may think it is an insipid piece of braggadocio and may react unfavorably, or may not react at all.

TESTS FOR MILDNESS OF SOAP

The importance of using a mild soap is appreciated by almost every one who has used a variety of soap products. The United States leads the world in soap consumption, and a considerable part of the 25 pounds (11.3 Kg.) of soap per capita used every year in this country comes into contact with human skin. This soap varies in kind, as well as in composition, from the milder toilet bars to the heavy duty laundry products. The superiority in mildness of good toilet soaps over the strong powders and granules used for laundering is generally accepted, but differences among soaps intended specifically for cleansing the skin are not apparent to such a large proportion of the population. Such differences do exist, however, and it is the purpose of this paper to present methods devised especially for the controlled measurement of small differences in mildness of soap. In view of

TOILET SOAPS, SOAP SUBSTITUTES AND HARD WATER

A complete factory for the manufacture of soap, about 1,700 years old, was discovered in the excavations at Pompeii. The Romans had learned the art of soap making from the Gauls, who may have gotten it from the Phoenicians. 1 For centuries soaps were crude and costly, and perfumes were more generally used, but now the soap industry has developed to such a point that a number of excellent toilet soaps are available even to those in the poorest circumstances. The value of soap and water in personal hygiene, as an aid in preventing the spread of disease and in the treatment of various cutaneous disorders, need scarcely be mentioned. The surgeon relies on soap and running water to help free his hands of bacteria before he operates, and many investigators have testified to its efficiency. 2 In 1920 Norton 3 reached the conclusion that ordinary toilet soaps are at

The manufacture of toilet soaps

The manufacture of toilet soaps

United States government master specification for milled toilet soap

The oils from kernels of Citrullus lanatus, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumeropsis mannii, Telfairia occidentalis, and Lagenaria sicceraria varieties 1 and 2 were used for the investigation. The oil was extracted using petroleum ether (bp 40–60°C), then saponified. The unsaponifiable matter was fractionated by thin-layer chromatography and some of its components were quantified using gas-liquid chromatography. The unsaponified material components were β-sitosterol (60–64%), β-sitosteryl acetate (3–4%), campesterol (8–11%), campesteryl acetate (2–3%), stigmasterol (17–20%), and fucosterol (2–3%). α-Tocopherol (19–24 mg %) and β-carotene (18–24 ppm) were also identified. Some other components of the unsaponified material, present in trace amounts, were unidentified.

British Food Journal Volume 9 Issue 3 1907

Before attempting to decide what are and what are not legitimate constituents of toilet and domestic soaps, it is necessary first to touch upon another question to which in some way it is more difficult to give a definite and satisfactory reply—namely, to what is the cleansing power of soap due? The answer to this depends a good deal upon the standpoint from which the matter is viewed. To the chemist the exact explanation is hardly yet entirely forthcoming, and he can at present only answer in a general way by saying that the chief value of a soap is owing to its power of dissolving or emulsifying fats; but why it does so is still more or less under discussion. It has been shown that a solution of a neutral soap when largely diluted with water is decomposed into free alkali, and a fatty acid which is precipitated.