Growth Of Toddlers Research Articles

Penerapan Pijat Tui Na Untuk Meningkatkan Berat Badan Pada Balita Dengan Gizi Kurang Di Puskesmas Juata

The growth and development in toddlers is influenced by the cheir nutritional status, which is related to feeding practices. Improper nutrition can hinder growth and development leading to decreased immunity. Tui Na massage is a non-pharmacological therapy that can address eating difficulties and increase appetite thereby aiding weight gain in toddlers. The objective of this study is to understand and apply nursing care to malnourished toddlers using Tui Na Massage innovation as a safe and effective non-pharmacological therapy to increasing weight. Nursing care for malnourished toddlers from families Tn. A and Tn.S included assessment, data analysis, nursing diagnosis, nursing plan, nursing implementation and evaluation from April 22-28 2024. Tui Na massage for six consecutive days was proved to increase appetite and added 0 .5 kg toddlers weight. Tui Na massage can be recommended as a safe, effective, cost-effective non pharmacological therapy that parents can regularly,and correctly administer to help increase the child's weight.

Upaya Peningkatan Kunjungan Posyandu Balita di Praktek Mandiri Bidan Sary Rahayu, S. ST

Monitoring of the growth and development (fall) of toddlers is carried out routinely by health workers to find out the condition of toddlers, whether there are irregularities in the fall of toddlers so that they can be handled immediately, therefore this monitoring is very important. Growth monitoring is carried out by weighing body weight and measuring limbs, as well as measuring head circumference according to the schedule. Monitoring of development was carried out by giving KPSP (Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire), TDD (Hearing Test), TDL (Visual Ability Test), KMME (Questionnaire for Mental and Emotional Problems), CHAT (Checklist for Autism in Toodlers), and GPPH (Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder) (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2014).

Factors affecting stunting in children aged 6-23 months in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Introduction: South Sumatra Province in Indonesia has a relatively high prevalence of stunting and there is limited research about this phenomenon in this area. The study aimed to identify what factors affected stunting in children aged 6-23 months in the province. Methods: Using a comparative cross-sectional design involving 139 mothers with children aged 6-23 months, the study collected data from September to December 2022 via anthropometric measurements and interviews using a questionnaire. Data on parental, child, socioeconomic, and environmental factors were analysed using chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Overall, there were significant relationships among the following variables: child’s age (p=0.031), birth length (p=0.017), and weight-for-age (WAZ) status (p<0.001) with stunting. Children in the underweight and severely underweight categories were 28.7 times at risk of stunting compared to those in the normal category of WAZ status; children aged 12-23 months had a 2.8 times risk of stunting compared to children aged 6-11 months, while stunted birth length showed a 4.6 times risk of stunting compared to that of normal birth length. Conclusion: This research found that child age, birth length, and WAZ status were significant factors affecting stunting in the South Sumatra Province. Given these results, this study offers recommendations for the provincial government to focus on intervention programmes that provide additional food for pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency, monitor the growth of toddlers, and manage toddlers with nutritional problems in this province.

Nutrisi Seimbang dan Pengolahan Pangan Lokal Untuk Anak

Local food is often fresher and has a higher nutritional content. Local foods have usually adapted to local soil and climate conditions, which makes them easier to grow and process by local people. Local food consumption is often in harmony with the culture and traditions of local communities, which usually have recipes and processing methods that support nutritional balance. The purpose of writing the article is to understand the growth and development of babies and toddlers to grow into healthy children by providing a balanced diet. Community service activities are carried out by professional nurse lecturers who teach community and family nursing courses. Community service together with professional nursing students who are practicing community and family nursing. The counseling and simulation will be held on Friday 12 June 2024 at 09.00 – 12.00 WIB in the Madrasah Marga Jaya room RT 02 RW 05 Kertamaya Village, Bogor City. Local plant ingredients are very useful for maintaining nutritional balance in babies and toddlers. Increasing public interest in using local food ingredients as a source of nutrition requires a multifaceted and integrated approach.

Increasing the Capacity of Mothers of Toddlers in Early Detection of Stunting in Quality Family Village, Bengkayang Regency

Introduction: Stunting is one of the serious nutritional problems experienced by toddlers in the world as well as toddlers in Indonesia. Stunting has a negative impact on the quality of life in the future because it can interfere with the growth and development of toddlers, and can affect children's learning abilities. One of the factors causing stunting is the lack of parental knowledge about the importance of nutritional status in children. Meanwhile, the problems found in the field are errors and inaccuracies in the use of anthropometric tools used by posyandu cadres. One of the efforts to detect early stunting can involve the participation of parents, especially mothers, an activity is needed that aims to improve mothers' skills by providing anthropometric training and stunting prevention education. Objective: Increase the knowledge capacity and skills of mothers of toddlers in efforts to detect early stunting with anthropometric measurement training and stunting prevention education in Quality Family Village, Bengkayang Regency. Method: This research is a quantitative study conducted directly with a Quasy experimental design of one group pre-test and post-test. The research was conducted in the Quality Family Village of Bengkayang Regency. The research sample was mothers who had toddlers who met the inclusion criteria. Samples were taken by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through direct interviews regarding the characteristics of respondents, taking anthropometric measurements on toddlers, filling out pre-test and post-test research questionnaires by mothers. Result: This study showed that there was a change in the mother's knowledge score before and after education was given. The pre-test score obtained was 3.87%. Meanwhile, the post-test score obtained was 5.78%. The results of measuring the mother's skill level score in conducting early detection of stunting. The mean value obtained was 1.70% before the intervention and then obtained a value of 4.98% after the intervention. Conclusion: This study concluded that there was an effect on the level of knowledge and skills of mothers before and after being given an intervention on early detection of stunting in the Quality Family Village (Kampung KB) Bengkayang Regency.

The Role of Parents in Monitoring the Growth and Development of Toddlers: A Systematic Review

The Role of Parents in Monitoring the Growth and Development of Toddlers: A Systematic Review

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Algorithm Performance in Predicting Stunting in Toddlers

Stunting is a condition where the growth of children and toddlers is stunted, which causes children to be shorter than they should be. In the long term, stunting can reduce reproductive health, study concentration, and work productivity, thereby causing significant state losses. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia, which is still above 20 percent, shows that there are still chronic nutritional problems among toddlers. To prevent this from happening, identification as early as possible can be done using machine learning for predictions. The aim of this research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the performance of machine learning algorithms for predicting stunting in toddlers. Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Extreme Gradient Boosting are the algorithms that are compared for their performance. The performance of each algorithm is measured using evaluation matrices such as accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. The research method starts with data collection, data preprocessing, data splitting, application of machine learning algorithms, evaluation of algorithm performance, and comparison of results. The performance evaluation matrix measurement results show that Random Forest has an accuracy of 99.95%, precision of 99.89%, recall of 99.94%, and f1-score of 99.91%. K-Nearest Neighbors has an accuracy of 99.93%, precision of 99.87%, recall of 99.88%, and f1-score of 99.88%. Meanwhile, Extreme Gradient Boosting has an accuracy of 99.36%, precision of 98.86%, recall of 98.95%, and f1-score of 98.90%. From the results of all performance evaluation matrices, it can be concluded that the random forest algorithm is the best algorithm for predicting stunting in toddlers.

Improving Knowledge of Balanced Nutrition and Monitoring The Nutritional Status of Toddlers In Mothers at Posyandu in Sei Naga Lawan Village

Toddler nutrition problems are one of the determinants of the quality of human resources in the future. Toddlers have the potential to be very vulnerable to nutritional problems, which are caused by a lack of nutritional intake. The need for nutrients plays a role in optimizing the growth and development of toddlers. Nutritional problems can be overcome depending on the role of parents, especially mothers. This community service activity aims to increase knowledge about balanced nutrition and monitor the nutritional status of toddlers. The method used in this activity is using education through balanced nutrition counseling and monitoring the nutritional status of toddlers to mothers who have children aged 0 to 60 months by providing leaflets to participants. The number of participants who took part in the activity was 27 people. The implementation of the Community Service activity was carried out by a team of lecturers and students from the Nutrition Study Program INKES Medistra Lubuk Pakam in 2024. This Community Service was also accompanied by cadres of the Nagalawan Village Posyandu and health workers from the Melati Melati Health Center, Serdang Bedagai Regency. From 27 participants, data was obtained that there was an increase in knowledge, proven by mothers who had good knowledge previously as many as 3 people after being given counseling increased to 12 people, which means there was an increase of 33.33%. The results of monitoring the nutritional status of toddlers in Nagalawan Village showed that the nutritional status of toddlers with the category of malnutrition was 7 people (26.0%), the normal nutritional category was 12 people (44.4%). In comparison, the excess nutritional category was 8 people (29.6%). In the PkM activity, it can be concluded that there was an increase in maternal knowledge of 33.33%. The use of leaflet media, lecture methods, and questions and answers effectively increased maternal knowledge in Nagalawan Village. The results of monitoring the nutritional status of toddlers with the majority of toddlers with the normal nutritional category were 12 people (44.4%).

Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Children: A Rapid Survey

Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of infection-related death in children globally. East Java, Indonesia, is one of the provinces with the discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases under 70%. Nganjuk Regency, located in East Java, has low discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases (34.64%). Nganjuk Regency also requires an up-to-date study to determine the current state of pneumonia risk factors. Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of pneumonia in toddlers and its risk factors in Nganjuk Regency East Java, Indonesia. Methods: The design of this study was a cross-sectional using a rapid survey. The participants of this study were 210 housewives or other adult household members having children under five in Nganjuk Regency. The study procedure began by collecting data from seven districts wherein each district comprised 30 houses that were chosen purposely. Data analysis was carried out using bivariate and multivariate analysis. The data were analyzed using the statistical software STATA. Results: This study revealed that 18 (7.96%) toddlers had developed pneumonia. The main risk factors for pneumonia among toddlers in Nganjuk Regency were the nutritional status of toddlers (OR=6.787; 95%CI=1.417-32.525; p=0.017), house cleaning (OR=3.381; 95%CI=1.160-9.851; p=0.026), and room occupancy density (OR=4.191; 95%CI=1.371-12.809; p=0.012). Conclusion: The incidence of toddler pneumonia can be reduced by educating mothers about pneumonia and its risk factors, monitoring toddler growth and nutritional status, and conducting routine surveillance of toddler pneumonia alongside sanitation inspections. Keywords:Children; Pneumonia; Risk Factors; Survey

Assistance in Strengthening MPASI (Complementary Foods for Breast Milk) Education for Optimizing Toddler Growth: Community Service in Lot Kala Village, Kebayakan District, Central Aceh Regency, Indonesia

Providing appropriate complementary food for breast milk (MPASI) is a crucial factor in supporting optimal growth and development of babies and toddlers. However, lack of knowledge and correct practice of providing MPASI is still a problem in various communities, including in Lot Kala Village, Kebayakan District, Central Aceh Regency, Indonesia. This Community Service aims to provide assistance in strengthening MPASI education for the mother community in the village. This study uses a participatory community service approach. Mentoring activities include counseling regarding the principles of providing appropriate MPASI, demonstrations on making homemade MPASI, as well as regular monitoring and evaluation. Data was collected through interviews, observations and questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of this community service show an increase in mothers' knowledge regarding MPASI, an increase in mothers' skills in making homemade MPASI, as well as a change in the mother's attitude to become more positive towards giving homemade MPASI. Apart from that, there was an increase in the nutritional status of infants and toddlers after the intervention. Assistance in strengthening MPASI education has proven to be effective in increasing mothers' knowledge, skills and attitudes towards providing MPASI. This program is recommended for replication in other communities that have similar problems.

OPTIMIZING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLERS THROUGH EMPOWERING CADRES AND MOTHERS OF TODDLERS WITH ASIKIA ACTIVITIES

The toddler period is a vulnerable time, especially with regard to growth, as it can affect the development of children in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to intervene to increase the interaction of health professionals with parents to have a positive impact on child development. The Maternal and Child Health Information Sharing Agenda (ASIKIA) is an activity carried out in an effort to empower the community, especially cadres and mothers of toddlers in optimizing the growth and development of infants and toddlers. Community empowerment activities were carried out through cadre mentoring activities on March 14, 2023 and toddler mother class activities on March 16, 2023. The empowerment model used is Unlimited Totality Health Empowerement (UTHE) which uses several kinds of models in activities in the form of lectures, group discussions, demonstrations and discussions. The activities carried out proved to be able to increase the knowledge of cadres about stimulation of growth and development of toddlers as shown by the results of the pre-test and post-test where before being given counseling, cadre knowledge in the good category was 50% and after being given counseling cadre knowledge increased to the good category as much as 88%. Likewise, the knowledge of mothers of toddlers about stunting showed results before being given counseling, the knowledge of mothers of toddlers in the good category was 17% and after being given counseling, the knowledge of mothers of toddlers increased to the good category by 100%. In addition, the success of the activity is also indicated by the ability of cadres to correctly assess child development using the "SIP (Developmental Stimulation) Bag" media. ASIKIA can be used as a means of sharing knowledge and active discussion between the service team and activity participants on various maternal and child health issues.

Stunting Prevention Efforts in Rowobranten Village, Kendal: Integration of Monitoring Toddler Growth and Development and Providing PMT

Stunting Prevention Efforts in Rowobranten Village, Kendal: Integration of Monitoring Toddler Growth and Development and Providing PMT

Nutritional interventions and BMI dynamics: A comprehensive analysis of growth outcomes in pediatric populations

Introduction: This review article emphasizes the significance of Body Mass Index (BMI) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) in evaluating pediatric growth outcomes, particularly for those at risk of undernutrition. The review explores the long-term health consequences of early BMI trajectories, especially their association with cardiometabolic profiles in adulthood. The article also examines the correlation between BMI, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and growth velocity, focusing on their complex interactions in malnourished and obese pediatric populations. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus from 1985 to 2024, focusing on BMI, height growth velocity, IGF1 levels, and the effects of nutritional interventions on pediatric growth outcomes. Studies were included if they focused on children aged 0-18 years and evaluated the impact of BMI and/or nutritional interventions on growth outcomes, with English language articles being prioritized. Review Results: A total of 15 studies involving 4737 participants were analyzed. The review highlights significant findings including the normalization of growth hormone (GH)-IGF axis post nutritional rehabilitation in malnourished children, the rapid response of IGF-1 levels to nutritional interventions, and the influence of protein-rich diets on catch-up growth. Studies also showed that early nutritional support, particularly through human milk, significantly affects IGF-1 levels and that dietary protein intake correlates with IGF-I concentrations and growth in toddlers. Long-term studies indicated that severe malnutrition can have enduring metabolic effects, necessitating sustained nutritional strategies. Discussion: The review highlights the significance of early nutritional support and its impact on IGF-1 levels, which are crucial for healthy growth trajectories. The findings advocate for careful monitoring of early growth rates to optimize long-term health outcomes and stress the importance of adequate protein intake during early childhood. Conclusions: A balanced approach to nutrition, focusing on the interplay between BMI, growth velocities, and IGF1 levels, is crucial in pediatric care. Strategic nutritional interventions, especially those rich in protein, can effectively manage growth outcomes across different BMI categories and improve health trajectories in pediatric populations. This review underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to address nutritional deficiencies and manage growth effectively from infancy through adolescence

Research status and prospects of probiotics in functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common digestive system diseases in children, which can severely affect the growth and development of infants and toddlers. Probiotics therapy, as a relatively safe treatment method, have attracted the attention of researchers. However, their effectiveness in treating FGIDs in infants and toddlers is still unclear. This article reviews the mechanisms of probiotics in treating FGIDs in infants and toddlers, explores the reasons for the inconsistency in various research results, and aims to provide assistance for the clinical treatment of FGIDs in infants and toddlers and future research.

Monitoring Child Growth and Development and Providing Healthy Food for Toddlers

Posyandu units are generally organized at the Rukun Warga or Hamlet level, according to the conditions of each area. Posyandu activities are carried out once a month in collaboration with the local Community Health Center to monitor the growth and development of toddlers and provide nutritious food for toddlers. Community service at Posyandu Margo Kencono VII, Kersan Hamlet, Sidorejo Village, is focused on socializing the use of Posyandu to monitor children's growth and development, prevent malnutrition and obstacles to children's growth and development. This community service also provides information about healthy, nutritionally balanced food for toddlers. , providing healthy food by mothers easily and cheaply using various ingredients that are available and easily obtained in the local community. Implementation of community service is carried out in a humane manner, by sitting together and discussing with mothers while waiting for their turn to weigh toddlers, record weight, height, arm circumference and head circumference, with material delivered on the use of Posyandu to monitor children's growth and development and provide food which is nutritious and mothers of toddlers are very enthusiastic about the posyandu activities.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Ibu dan Penyakit Infeksi dengan Status Gizi Balita di Posyandu Mawar A Kelurahan Mekarjaya, Kecamatan Sukmajaya, Kota Depok Tahun 2023

Nutrition is a very important part of the growth and development of toddlers, which is closely related to health and intelligence. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and infectious diseases and the nutritional status of toddlers at Posyandu Mawar A, Mekarjaya Village, Sukmajaya District, Depok City in 2023. This type of research is quantitative analytical using a cross sectional design. The population in this study was 117 toddlers visiting Posyandu Mawar A, while the sample in this study was 75 toddlers at Posyandu Mawar A. The sampling technique used in this research was quota sampling. Data collection was carried out using primary and secondary data, using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements with the BB/U index. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the chi square test. Univariate results show that 58.7% of toddlers have normal nutritional status, 57.3% of mothers have poor knowledge, 62.7% of toddlers do not have infectious diseases. The results of the bivariate test showed that there was a relationship between the variables of knowledge (p = 0.025) and infectious diseases (p = 0.000) with the nutritional status of toddlers. Therefore, education such as counseling is needed to increase mothers' knowledge and improve the nutritional status of toddlers.

THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION SOURCES, AVAILABILITY OF FACILITIES, THE ROLE OF THE MIDWIFE AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE MOTHER ON MOTIVATION IN MONITORING THE GROWTH OF TODDLERS

Background: Nationally, the coverage of infant, toddler and preschool health services tends to decrease compared to 2021, this is due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to fulfill the main essential services for infants and toddlers are exclusive breastfeeding,Vitamin A and monitoring of growth and development. It can be seen that the percentage of toddlers monitored for growth and development in Indonesia in 2021 is 69.6%. Meanwhile, the 2021 Strategic Plan target is 70%. Failure to achieve the target of Visit Coverage Percentage of Toddlers whose growth and development are monitored as a result of theCOVID 19 pandemic. Purpose of writing: is to find out the influence of information sources, availability of facilities, the role of midwives and mothers; attitudes towards motivation in monitoring toddler growth and development in several regions in Indonesia. Research Methods: This study used a descriptive correlational method with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were all mothers who had toddlers. The dataanalysis used was univariate and bivariate analysis using the chi square test. Results: From the three regions, the results of the Chy Square test for the TPMB Gunung Sindur Kab. Bogor Value of Midwives Role Obtained p value 0.043 & 0.005 and Kalanganyer Public Health Center District. Lebak p value 0.034;0.005 Meanwhile, in the Mandala Health Center area, the results of the Pearson Chi-Square test for Information Sources obtained p = 0.032 and the Mother Attitude value obtained p = 0.001 , so that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, meaning that there is a significant influence between the roles of midwives, sources of information andMother Attitude in Monitoring the Growth and Development of Toddlers. Conclusions: By conducting this research, it is hoped that all mothers who have toddlers can be motivated to monitor the growth and development of their children, given the importance of monitoring children health in order to prevent stunting rates in toddlers.

Frequency, amount, and supplementation of vitamin A food sources to enhance vitamin A sufficiency status among toddlers aged 12-59 months

Vitamin A plays a crucial role as a micronutrient, particularly in relation to vision and growth. However, excessive intake of Vitamin A can lead to impaired vision and growth in toddlers. This study aimed to examine the impact of the frequency and amount of Vitamin A from food sources, as well as the intake of Vitamin A supplements, on the sufficiency status of Vitamin A in toddlers aged 12-59 months. The research design employed a quantitative approach using an analytical cross-sectional survey with a sample of mothers and toddlers aged 12-59 months, totaling 100 respondents. The relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable was analyzed using the Chi-Square (α=0.05) statistical test with a 95% confidence interval. Quantitative results indicated a Vitamin A sufficiency status (71%), frequency of intake (56%), amount of intake (64%), and intake of Vitamin A supplements (60%) in the 'more' category. The results of the chi-square test showed the effect of Vitamin A food source intake on Vitamin A sufficiency status with a p-value of 0.002. Optimizing Vitamin A sufficiency among toddlers aged 12-59 months requires a multifaceted approach, focusing on frequency, amount, and appropriate food sources.

Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kejadian Stunting pada Balita Usia 12-24 Bulan di Desa Karya Mulya, Provinsi Riau

The factors that cause stunting in toddlers include incomplete immunization of toddlers, failure to provide exclusive breastfeeding or early weaning, and inappropriate provision of Complementary feeding (MP-ASI). The research aims to analyze the factors causing the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12–24 months in Karya Mulya Village in 2023. The type of research is quantitative with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in April 2023 with a sample size of 52 mothers of toddlers aged 12–24 months using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires, Maternal Child Health books, and body length measurements. The data analysis used was univariate and bivariate analysis with the Fisher Exact Test. The results of the univariate analysis showed that 9 toddlers (17.3%) experienced stunting, 21 toddlers (40.4%) did not give exclusive breast milk at the age of 0–6 months, 27 toddlers (51.9%) gave complementary feeding incorrectly. The Fisher Exact Test results found that there was no relationship between complete immunization and the incidence of stunting (p-value=1.000), there was a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p-value=0.002), there was a relationship between giving complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting (p-value=0.025). The conclusion is that there is no significant relationship between the completeness of immunization in toddlers, but there is a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and Complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12–24 months in Karya Mulya Village in 2023. It is hoped that mothers of toddlers will continue to monitor the growth of toddlers every month, providing routine immunizations, exclusive breastfeeding, and MP-ASI by guidelines to prevent stunting.

EFEKTIFITAS MODEL EDUKASI PRAKTIK PENGASUHAN TERHADAP OPTIMALISASI TUMBUH KEMBANG BALITA

In Indonesia, there are still many children who are cared for inappropriately, such as neglect and violence against children, toddlers receive inappropriate care (3.69%), and toddlers experience developmental disorders (16%), both fine and gross motor development, hearing and intelligence loss, and speech delay. The child's condition cannot grow and develop optimally. The research aims to analyze the influence of the parenting practice educational model on the knowledge and growth of children under five. The educational model implemented is the result of previous survey research, so it is more appropriate to conditions in the field. This research used a pre-experimental design in Bogor City on June-August 2023 with 40 respondents. Sample criteria are mothers who have children aged 12-60 months. There were 20 people in each intervention and control group. The intervention was given seven times face to face for seven weeks. The independent variable is the educational model of caring for mothers, and the dependent variable is knowledge of caring for mothers, growth, and toddlers. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there was difference in the median post-test score between the intervention and control groups in the growth variables of 5.5 points (p0.003<0.05), development of 6 points (p0.005<0.05), and knowledge of parenting practices of 10 points (p0.006 < 0.05). These data show a significant influence between the model of implementing parenting education on growth and toddlers and parenting knowledge. More education needs to be done on parenting using various media to improve the growth and development of toddlers.