Tobacco Mosaic Virus Ribonucleic Acid Research Articles

Calcium and potassium ion binding by tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid

Calcium and potassium ion titration experiments were performed on solutions of tobacco mosaic virus RNA using ion-specific electrodes. The data obtained were analyzed using Scatchard and Klotz plots for the number of binding sites per nucleotide (n), and the apparent stability constant for complex formation, beta Me. The experimental design also allowed for the determination of the number of protons released per metal ion bound, chi. The calcium ion titration in water yielded values of 0.45 for n, 6.03 for log beta Ca and 0.24 for chi. When this titration was repeated in 0.01 M-KCl, the values were found to be 0.11 for n, 5.08 for log beta Ca and zero for chi. An aqueous potassium titration was also performed, with values for n, log beta K and chi of 0.25, 2.96 and less than 0.10, respectively.

Chemotherapy of plant virus disease with methyl benzimidazol-2yl-carbamate: effects on plant growth and multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus

Methyl benzimidazol-2yl-carbamate inhibited the accumulation of tobacco mosaic virus in actively growing parts of infected tobacco plants. It also prevented the inhibition of leaf growth by the virus. In expanding leaves, phytotoxic effects of methyl benzimidazol-2ylcarbamate were seen only at levels 50 to 100 times those required to inhibit viral multiplication. No direct inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid synthesis was found when the effects of methyl benzimidazol-2yl-carbamate on incorporation of 32P-orthophosphate into nucleic acid were studied. From experiments on time of application, dose level and leaf age, it is suggested that methyl benzimidazol-2yl-carbamate inhibits viral ribonucleic acid synthesis indirectly, by maintaining the host in a state unsuitable for viral multiplication. This may occur through the known cytokinin activity of the compound. In some circumstances, higher concentrations of tobacco mosiac virus were found to result from treatment with methyl benzimidazol-2yl-carbamate. The relationships between leaf growth, symptom formation and viral multiplication are discussed.

Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid by near- and middle- ultraviolet light: Sensitization by sulfanilamide and chlortetracycline

The inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus-ribonucleic acid infectivity by near (320–400 nm) or middle (290–320 nm) ultraviolet light was promoted by sulfanilamide and chlortetracycline, as well as acetone, hydroquinone, AgNO 3 , and HgCl 2 . Sulfanilamide was an especially effective sensitizing agent. Sulfanilamide and possibly chlortetracycline, like acetone, induced the formation of cyclobutadipyrimidines in the RNA. Damage to nucleic acids may result from clinical use of sulfanilamide and chlortetracycline and may partially explain the skin photosensitization associated with such use.

Sequences of oligonucleotides prepared from tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid

Sequence analyses have been performed on 11 long-chainlength oligonucleotides isolated from RNase T 1 digests of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid. The chainlengths of these oligonucleotides range from 14–72 nucleotides. The structures of six oligonucleotides have been determined, including one that corresponds to a portion of the amino acid sequence in the coat protein. Partial sequences have been established for the remaining five.

In vitro photoreactivation of ultraviolet-inactivated ribonucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract— Treatment of ultraviolet‐inactivated tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV–RNA) with extracts obtained from the local lesion host, Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi, n.c., and simultaneous illumination at 365 nm results in up to a four‐fold increase in infectivity over non‐illuminated controls. The active material in the extract appears to be associated with protein, based on its inactivation by boiling, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and exclusion from Bio‐Rad P100 polyacrylamide. Partially purified DNA photoreactivating enzyme from yeast or pinto bean has no activity on ultraviolet‐irradiated TMV–RNA.

Sensitivity of tobacco mosaic virus to ultraviolet irradiation.

Japanese Journal of MicrobiologyVolume 16, Issue 5 p. 441-443 ArticleFree Access Sensitivity of Tobacco Mosaic Virus to Ultraviolet Irradiation Manabu Umekawa, Manabu Umekawa Institute for Plant Virus Research, Chiba, 280Search for more papers by this authorNobuyuki Oshima, Nobuyuki Oshima Institute for Plant Virus Research, Chiba, 280Search for more papers by this author Manabu Umekawa, Manabu Umekawa Institute for Plant Virus Research, Chiba, 280Search for more papers by this authorNobuyuki Oshima, Nobuyuki Oshima Institute for Plant Virus Research, Chiba, 280Search for more papers by this author First published: May 1972 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1972.tb00681.xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1Conrat, H. Fraenkel 1957. Degradation of tobacco mosaic virus with acetic acid. Virology 4: 1– 4. 2Conrat, H. Fraenkel, and Singer, B. 1959. Reconstitution of tobacco mosaic virus. III. Improved methods and the use of mixed nucleic acids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 33: 359– 370. 3Funatsu, G. 1967. Studies on chemical structure of tobacco mosaic virus-protein. J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 41: R53– R 63. 4Haschemeyer, R., Singer, B., and Conrat, H. Fraenkel 1959. Two configurations of tobacco mosaic virus-ribonucleic acid. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. 45: 313– 319. 5Nozu, Y., Ohno, T., and Okada, Y. 1970. Amino acid sequences of some common Japanese strains of tobacco mosaic virus. J. Biochem. 68: 39– 52. 6Oshima, N., Ohashi, Y., and Umekawa, M. 1971. Studies on some strains of tobacco mosaic virus pathogenic to crucifer plant. 1. Physical and chemical studies. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 37: 319– 325. 7Siegel, A., and Wildman, S. G. 1954. Some natural relationships among strains of tobacco mosaic virus. Phytopathology 44: 277– 282. 8Siegel, A., and Wildman, S. G. 1956. Sensitivity of ultraviolet light of infectious tobacco mosaic virus nucleic acid. Nature 178: 1117– 1118. 9Streeter, D. G., and Gordon, M. P. 1967. Ultraviolet photoinactivation studies on hybrid viruses obtained by the cross-reconstitution of the protein and RNA components of U(l) and U(2) strains of TMV. Photochem. Photobiol. 6: 413– 421. Citing Literature Volume16, Issue5May 1972Pages 441-443 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Kinetics of TMV-RNA synthesis and its correlation with virus accumulation and crystalline viral inclusion formation in tobacco tissue culture

Tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV-RNA) synthesis and the formation of complete virus were studied at 12-hr intervals after inoculation of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Havana 38) tissue culture. The rate of TMV-RNA synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of uridine- 3H into viral nucleic acid, increased in a nearly linear manner during the first 60 hr after inoculation, reaching a peak during the 48–60-hr period. At this time the rate of viral RNA synthesis was approximately 6 times that of the 12–24-hr period. After the first 60 hr, the rate of viral RNA synthesis declined. The peak rate of accumulation of complete virus occurred during the 48–60-hr period, the period of most rapid viral RNA synthesis. Up to 48 hr after inoculation, crystalline viral inclusions were rarely observed, but at 72 hr large aggregates of crystal-bearing cells were present. After this time no increase in the number of crystal-bearing aggregates was observed. It is likely that plasmodesmata allow for rapid spread of the virus throughout inoculated cell aggregates. The close correlation between viral RNA synthesis, accumulation of complete virus and crystal formation in inoculated tissue culture indicate that the maximum rate of virus synthesis occurred during the first 60 hr. After this time virus synthesis declined and further spread of virus was probably limited to division of virus-infected cells.

Association of Infecting Tobacco Mosaic Virus Ribonucleic Acid with Polysome

Japanese Journal of MicrobiologyVolume 16, Issue 2 p. 152-154 ArticleFree Access Association of Infecting Tobacco Mosaic Virus Ribonucleic Acid with Polysome Yukio Kiho, Yukio Kiho Institute for Plant Virus Research, ChibaSearch for more papers by this author Yukio Kiho, Yukio Kiho Institute for Plant Virus Research, ChibaSearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1972 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1972.tb00641.xCitations: 6AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abbreviations used TMV tobacco mosaic virus TMK Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 0.005 M containing MgSO4, 0.001 M and KCl 0.06 M DOC Na-deoxycholate REFERENCES 1Caspar, D. L. D. 1963. Assembly and stability of the tobacco mosaic virus particle. Advances Protein Chem. 18: 37– 121. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2Chefurka, W., and Hayashi, Y. 1966. The effect of trypsin on rough endoplasmic membranes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 24: 633– 638. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Singer, B., and Tsugita, A. 1961. Purification of viral RNA by means of bentonite. Virology 14: 54– 58. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 4Kiho, Y. 1970. Polysomes containing infecting viral genome in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Japan. J. Microbiol. 14: 291– 301. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 5Machida, H., Hayashi, T., Abe, T., and Kiho, Y. 1969. In vivo uncoating of tobacco mosaic virus after infection of tobacco leaves. Japan. J. Microbiol. 13: 351– 357. Wiley Online LibraryCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 6Machida, H., and Kiho, Y. 1970. In vivo uncoating of tobacco mosaic virus. II. Complete uncoating to TMV-RNA. Japan. J. Microbiol. 14: 441– 449. CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7Marcus, A., Luginbill, B., and Feeley, J. 1968. Polysome formation with tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. 59: 1243– 1250. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8Sabatini, D. D., Tashiro, Y., and Palade, G. E. 1966. On the attachment of ribosomes to microsomal membranes. J. Mol. Biol. 19: 503– 524. CrossrefCASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume16, Issue2February 1972Pages 152-154 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Aphid inoculation of plants with viruses, viral ribonucleic acid, and hybrid virus.

While probing or feeding on leaves, Myzus persicae produced wounds that resulted in lesions when virus was applied later. Lesions were also produced on leaves covered with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV-RNA), brome mosaic virus (BMV), or hybrid BMV (BMV-protein/TMV-RNA) when these leaves were subsequently exposed to aphids. With TMV the number of lesions increased with increasing virus concentration. Keeping plants in the dark reduced the number of lesions produced by aphids, but increased those produced by mechanical inoculation. Nicotiana glutinosa was more susceptible to inoculation of TMV by aphids than was N. tabacum var. Xanthi nc. It is concluded that infectible sites produced by mechanical means differ from those produced by aphids.Aphids could not transmit TMV-RNA, BMV, BMV-RNA, or hybrid BMV from a virus-covered leaf to a healthy leaf. However, BMV and TMV could be recovered from the mouthparts of aphids which had fed or probed on virus-covered leaves.

Ultraviolet irradiation of tobacco leaves: inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus-ribonucleic acid photoreactivation.

Abstract— Short‐wave (254‐nm) ultraviolet irradiation of the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum var. Xanthi, n.c. inhibits their ability to photoreactivate ultraviolet‐inactivated tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV‐RNA). The inhibition is stable in the dark; however, subsequent illumination of the leaves relaxes the inhibition. The spectral region most effective in relaxing the inhibition is the same one effective in photoreactivation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ultraviolet‐induced lesions in cellular nucleic acids in the dark form stable complexes with agents responsible for the photoreactivation of TMV‐RNA (effectively isolating the agents from the TMV‐RNA) and that upon illumination these complexes dissociate (presumably with repair of the lesions). We therefore suggest that the system which photoreactivates ultraviolet‐damaged TMV‐RNA also photorepairs ultraviolet damage in cellular nucleic acids.

Properties of infectious ribonucleic acid from wheat streak mosaic virus

Nucleic acid was prepared by treating wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) with sodium dodecyl sulfate and bentonite at pH 9.0. The nucleic acid sedimented at 40 S and was susceptible to hydrolysis by 10 −6 μg of ribonuclease per milliliter. Samples from the nucleic acid zone after sedimentation through sucrose gradient columns were infectious on wheat, but samples from above and below the zone were not. After formaldehyde treatment, the ribonucleic acid (RNA) sedimented at 23.5 S, indicating a molecular weight of 2.8 × 10 6. Apparently WSMV has one piece of single-stranded RNA. The buoyant density of single-stranded tobacco mosaic virus RNA in sucrose was 1.49.

Heterogeneity among the uniform-size fragments obtained from TMV-RNA

Sequence analyses have been performed on 11 long-chainlength oligonucleotides isolated from RNase T1 digests of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid. The chainlengths of these oligonucleotides range from 14–72 nucleotides. The structures of six oligonucleotides have been determined, including one that corresponds to a portion of the amino acid sequence in the coat protein. Partial sequences have been established for the remaining five.

Controlled enzymatic cleavage of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid yielding uniform-size fragments

Tobacco mosaic virus RNA can be digested with pancreatic ribonuclease under controlled conditions, yielding fragments of a single uniform size. These fragments are eluted from DEAE-cellulose at 0.5 m NaCl in a ribonuclease-free form and are homogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge, on polyacrylamide gels and are eluted from benzoylated DEAE-cellulose as a single peak. The sedimentation coefficient of the above fragments is 2.7S, from which a molecular weight of 18,225 and a chain length of 55 nucleoside-residues is calculated.

Sugar-induced enhancement of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid infectivity

The addition of sugars to tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid (TMV-RNA) inocula increased their infectivity over that of control inocula. Sucrose increased infectivity on Phaseolus vulgaris var. Pinto, while the same inoculum on Nicotiana glutinosa L., N. tabacum L. var. Xanthi-nc and Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyn produced no significant increase. Enhancement by sucrose was greatest when the TMV-RNA was in acetate buffer at pH 7.0 (133% increase) and distilled H 2O (116% increase). No significant increase in infectivity occurred when citrate, Tris, and phosphate buffers were used at this pH. Maximum enhancement was obtained when sucrose and TMV-RNA were applied to the leaf simultaneously. Treatments which increased the infectivity of TMV-RNA or the susceptibility of leaves decreased enhancement by sucrose. Conversely, enhancement occurred only under conditions where relatively few lesions were induced by the control inoculum. Preinoculation heat-dark and dark treatment reduced enhancement by sucrose 80 and 77%, respectively. Other sugars, disaccharides and monosaccharides, and polyalcohols increased infectivity in a comparable fashion to sucrose. The molar concentrations for optimum enhancement by sucrose and glucose were similar, hence, the effect seemed dependent on the colligative properties of the sugars. No interaction of sugar with the RNA was detectable by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Sucrose did not stabilize the TMV-RNA, but increased its rate of inactivation, especially if the sucrose had been autoclaved. The argument is advanced that enhancement is brought about by the action of sucrose on the cell penetration phase of the infection process. Sucrose does not enhance the infectivity of the virion, and for this reason the mechanism of penetration by the viral RNA is thought to be different.

Partial nucleotide sequences for three unique T1 ribonuclease fragments of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid.

Partial nucleotide sequences for fragments isolated from ribonuclease digests of tobacco mosaic virus RNA, suggesting genetic duplication possibility

Photochemical alterations in ribonucleic acid isolated from ultraviolet-irradiated tobacco mosaic virus

Pyrimidine residues in tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid were labeled with tritium at the 5 position. Following exposure of the labeled virus to ultraviolet light within a biologically significant dose range, the ribonucleic acid was extracted with phenol and digested with a mixture of enzymes. The photoproducts were isolated by paper and column chromatography. The results demonstrate the formation of uridine hydrate and at least two other photoproducts. On Bio-Gel P-2 chromatography, these photoproducts appear to be the approximate size of UpU. No significant amount of ultraviolet reversible pyrimidine dimers is formed.

Infection of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts by tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid

Isolated protoplasts from healthy tobacco mesophyll tissue were infected by brief contact with infectious RNA from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). During subsequent incubation of the protoplasts in a liquid medium, a synchronous multiplication of TMV occurred, and the amount of intracellular virus reached a maximum after 22 hours. Fluorescent antibody staining showed that 3–7% of the protoplasts were infected. Average virus yield per infected protoplast was estimated to be 0.9–5.5 × 10 5 particles.

Chemical modification of viral ribonucleic acid. VII. Action of methylating agents and nitrosoguanidine on polynucleotides including tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical modification of viral ribonucleic acid. VII. Action of methylating agents and nitrosoguanidine on polynucleotides including tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acidBeatrice Singer and Heinz Fraenkel-ConratCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 8, 3260–3266Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1969https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00836a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (763 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Structural elements of viral ribonucleic acid and their variation. I. An adenine-rich and strain-specific segment in tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid.

TMV RNA contains a unique long segment lacking guanylic acid residues. Chromatographical, biochemical, and physical analyses suggest a size of about 40 nucleotides with one terminal 3′-Gp. Base composition of this stretch of TMV RNA appears to be strain-specific among three wild strains, yielding a general formula of (C8A20U11) G for the case of vulgare TMV, (C8A18U12) G for dahlemense TMV, and (C8A24U6) G for the strain U2. More closely related strains within the vulgare group (vulgare, A14, Ni 462) have no difference in base composition between these segments. Some new techniques are described which helped in determining the chain length of such long oligonucleotides. A decision whether this segment contains the beginning of the coat protein cistron on the TMV RNA or not had to be postponed until the nucleotide sequence is elaborated.

Studies on the formation of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid. 8. Fate of parental viral RNA in the host cell.

Fate of parental viral RNA in the host cell was determined with the use of P(32)-labeled tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-RNA as inoculum. There was a wide variation in the retention of TMV-RNA that was rubbed on the tobacco leaf surface. On the average, about 0.73 mug of viral RNA was retained by tobacco leaf. About 63 per cent of the retained RNA was degraded in the leaf cells. On the average, about 0.27 mug of TMV-RNA was conserved in a tobacco leaf. The conserved parental TMV-RNA was remarkably stable and was located in the nuclear fraction of leaf homogenate. It could be isolated in an undegraded form and was RNase-sensitive, presumably single-stranded. About 2 per cent of it was associated with progeny TMV.