Tobacco Corporations Research Articles

Nicotine and Addiction

To learn how nicotine has been regarded by a major tobacco company. Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W), the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer. All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers. During a period of 22 years (1962 to 1984), employees of B&W and BAT conducted research and commented on the pharmacology of nicotine. They consistently regarded nicotine as the pharmacological agent that explained tobacco use. In the early part of the period under study, officials of the companies wrote about nicotine addiction explicitly. Inhalation of cigarette smoke by the consumer was recognized throughout the period as necessary for the normal function of a cigarette. The documents contain little indication that research was conducted on either the taste or the flavor of nicotine. The documents reveal an intention on the part of B&W and its corporate parent to affect the function of the body with nicotine.

Lawyer Control of the Tobacco Industry's External Research Program

To examine the involvement of tobacco industry lawyers in the selection of tobacco industry scientific research projects and to examine how the research was used to influence public policy. Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation, the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer. All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers. The involvement of tobacco industry lawyers in the selection of scientific projects to be funded is in sharp contrast to the industry's public statements about its review process for its external research program. Scientific merit played little role in the selection of external research projects. The results of the projects were used to generate good publicity for the industry, to deflect attention away from tobacco use as a health danger, and to attempt, sometimes surreptitiously, to influence policymakers.

Environmental tobacco smoke. The Brown and Williamson documents.

To examine the tobacco industry's public and private responses to rising concern over the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W), the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer. All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers. Privately, B&W and BAT began conducting research related to ETS in the mid 1970s. BAT researchers appear to have determined that sidestream smoke produces irritation, that it contains toxic substances including N-nitrosamines, and that it is "biologically active" (eg, carcinogenic) in laboratory tests. During the 1980s, the primary purpose of BAT's research related to ETS was to develop a new cigarette that emitted less irritating and less biologically active sidestream smoke. Publicly, the tobacco industry has denied that exposure to ETS has been proven dangerous to health. It has criticized the methodology of published research on ETS, even when some of its own consultants have privately acknowledged that the research was valid. In addition, the industry has funded scientific research with the stated purpose of anticipating and refuting the evidence against ETS. The tobacco industry's strategy regarding passive smoking has been remarkably similar to its strategy regarding active smoking. It has privately conducted internal research, at least some of which has supported the conclusion that passive smoking is dangerous to health, while it has publicly denied that the hazards have been proven.

Relationship between cigarette smoking and histologic type of lung cancer, with special reference to sex difference.

In order to clarify sex differences associated with the relationship between smoking and each histologic type of lung cancer, the smoking histories of 2,083 lung cancer patients (1,660 men and 423 women) diagnosed at the Center for Adult Diseases, Osaka, from 1965 to 1983 were analyzed. The rates expected of smokers among these cases were calculated from the sex and age specific rates of smokers in the general population, reported annually by the Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation. The odds ratios for smoking were estimated to be 5.2, 3.1, 6.9, and 4.1 in men for squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma, and 7.2, 1.8, 14.4 and 3.8 in women respectively. Significant differences in the odds ratios for each histologic type between men and women were observed only for adenocarcinoma. In squamous cell carcinomas, the odds ratios were estimated by dividing them into two groups according to location. No difference was found between men and women in this respect.

4556073 Process for reduction of nitrate content of tobacco by microbial treatment: Lawrence Gravely, Vernon Geiss, Charles Gregory assigned to Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation

4556073 Process for reduction of nitrate content of tobacco by microbial treatment: Lawrence Gravely, Vernon Geiss, Charles Gregory assigned to Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation

A Measurement of Efficiency for Internal Organization a Study of the Three Japanese Public Corporations

This paper shows how one can measure the overall efficiency of organizational decision -making to yield maximum organizational outputs under many constraints of economic, political and institutional variables. The case study taken in this paper includes Japan’s three public corporations, namely, the Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corporation (JTS), the Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Public Corporation (NTT) and the Japan National Railways (JNR). In contrast to most economists’ approaches to the study of public corporations in terms of the concept of “market failure,” this study introduces a new concept of organizational behavioral, “inertia”, on economic decision-making, and next attempts to measure an organizational efficiency in a similar sense of Harvey Leibenstein’s “X-efficiency.” To formulate such a behavioral inertia, this study applies the state-space modeling, a common modeling technique in the modern control theory.

PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE FIBROUS FILTER TIP

The Central Research Institute, Japan Tobacco & Salt Public Corporation The pressure drop of randomly packed fibrous filter tips for cigarette smoke was studied to establish the relation with the filter properties; kinds of fiber, fiber denier per filament, cross section of fiber, volume fraction of fiber, weight fraction of fibers and filter making method.On the basis of linear relations found between modified permeability coefficient calculated with equations (2)-(4) and a porosity function, the pressure drop across the fibrous filter tip is given as where the resistance coefficient k=70 and exponent n=1.92 for the model filter. The k value depends on the structural arrangement of the fiber in the filter tip.

Immunoregulation of murine myeloma cell growth and differentiation: a monoclonal model of B cell differentiation.

Immunological ReviewsVolume 48, Issue 1 p. 45-80 Immunoregulation of Murine Myeloma Cell Growth and Differentiation; A Monoclonal Model of B Cell Differentiation1 Richard G. Lynch, Richard G. Lynch Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorJames W. Rohrer, James W. Rohrer Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by United States Public Health Service Training Grant CA-09118 and Individual Fellowship CA-05558. Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama.Search for more papers by this authorBernhard Odermatt, Bernhard Odermatt Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by a Fellowship from the Swiss Foundation for Scientific Research. Institute fur Pathologische Anatomie, Zurich, Switzerland.Search for more papers by this authorHoward M. Gebel, Howard M. Gebel Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by United States Public Health Service Training Grant CA-09118. Division of Laboratory Medicine, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.Search for more papers by this authorJohnna R. Autry, Johnna R. Autry Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by Individual Fellowship CA-05930 from the National Cancer Institute. Department or Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.Search for more papers by this authorRichard G. Hoover, Richard G. Hoover Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by United Slates Public Health Service Training Grant GM-020I6.Search for more papers by this author Richard G. Lynch, Richard G. Lynch Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A.Search for more papers by this authorJames W. Rohrer, James W. Rohrer Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by United States Public Health Service Training Grant CA-09118 and Individual Fellowship CA-05558. Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama.Search for more papers by this authorBernhard Odermatt, Bernhard Odermatt Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by a Fellowship from the Swiss Foundation for Scientific Research. Institute fur Pathologische Anatomie, Zurich, Switzerland.Search for more papers by this authorHoward M. Gebel, Howard M. Gebel Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by United States Public Health Service Training Grant CA-09118. Division of Laboratory Medicine, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.Search for more papers by this authorJohnna R. Autry, Johnna R. Autry Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by Individual Fellowship CA-05930 from the National Cancer Institute. Department or Pathology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.Search for more papers by this authorRichard G. Hoover, Richard G. Hoover Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri f)31IO. U.S.A. Supported by United Slates Public Health Service Training Grant GM-020I6.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1979.tb00298.xCitations: 100 1 This work was supported by United States Public Health Service Research Grants CA-17114 and CA-232I7 and by a special grant to the Department of Pathology from the following companies: Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation; Larus and Brother Company. Inc., Liggett & Meyers. Inc., Lorillard, a Division of Loews Theatres, Inc.; R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company; United States Tobacco Company; and Tobacco Associates. Inc. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume48, Issue1December 1979Pages 45-80 RelatedInformation

Present status of electrodialysis in Japan

In Japan, the research and development of ion-exchange membrane and electrodialysis was mainly directed to sea water concentration. After about 20 years efforts, the performance of ion-exchange membrane becomes superior, and electrodialysis becomes one of the most stable technology.Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation (previous name, Japan Monopoly Corporation) and the three soda manufacturing companies made an effort to produce foodgrade salt commercially with sea water concentration by electrodialysis. The seven salt manufacturing companies now produce foodgrade salt (about 1 million ton a year) under the protection of monopolization.Based on such circumstances, desalination by electrodialysis was also considered a promising process, and desalination plants of saline water by electrodialysis were gradually enlarged. In 1976, fresh water production reached to total amount, 19,200 m3/day; municipal water 2,600 m3/day, industrial water 15,600 m3/day.

The Genetics and Breeding Progress in Tobacco During the Last 50 Years1

Agronomy JournalVolume 50, Issue 7 p. 352-356 Article The Genetics and Breeding Progress in Tobacco During the Last 50 Years1 E. E. Clayton, E. E. Clayton Research Director, American Sumatra Tobacco Corporation, Tallahassee, Fla. The author is grateful to W. D. Valleau, Kentucky Agr. Exp. Sta., and T. J. Mann, North Carolina State College, for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions.Search for more papers by this author E. E. Clayton, E. E. Clayton Research Director, American Sumatra Tobacco Corporation, Tallahassee, Fla. The author is grateful to W. D. Valleau, Kentucky Agr. Exp. Sta., and T. J. Mann, North Carolina State College, for reviewing the manuscript and making valuable suggestions.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1958 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1958.00021962005000070002xCitations: 13 1 Given at the 50th Anniversary Meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, Atlanta, Ga., Nov. 19, 1957. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume50, Issue7July 1958Pages 352-356 RelatedInformation