Tobacco Alcohol Research Articles

Factors Affecting Quality of Life of Cancer Patients in North India.

Cancer is the second leading reason of death in many countries, and its burden and prognosis are highly dependent on disease stage at diagnosis. Lack of perception of the population about cancer and its related risk factors usually sequel in defer/delayed presentation and increased treatment morbidity and decrease survival chances. Quality of life (QOL) is defined as Individual view of life, merits, intentions, standards and interests in the framework of culture. To study the socio-demographic profile and factors affecting quality of life of cancer patients. Using a cross-sectional study, between 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2021, 192 cancer confirmed patients at cancer registry centre at District civil hospital, Ambala cantt. were interviewed using a pre tested semi-structured questionnaire along with EORTC QLQ-C30 (version 3) questionnaire scale for QOL. The data was entered into an excel sheet and was analysed using IBM SPSS version 28. Out of 192 patients, 95 were male and 97 were female. Results shows that female (60.05±19.167) had better mean score of QL2 than male (58.68±18.906) with P value=0.619. Overweight (BMI25.0-29.9) had better mean QL2 score (65.50±18.147) than obese (BMI>30.0) mean QL2 score (61.67±14.803), normal weight (BMI 18.0-24.9) mean QL2 score (59.57±18.575) and underweight (BMI<18.0) mean QL2 score (49.46±19.595) with P value of 0.004. Present study found that QOL had significant association with BMI, type of cancer, history of smoking, lost income after cancer diagnosis and stage of cancer at the time of diagnosis. While gender, occupation, age group, religion, residence, marital status, type of family, income, tobacco alcohol and physical activity showed no significance association with QOL.

Determinants of Healthy Lifestyles

Advances in science and technology have had a great impact on improving people's health, but there has also been an increase in chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs), some of them related to lifestyle (LS). This work deals with the study of LSs and their impact on the health of the individual, its most representative elements are analyzed, and recommendations are made about healthy behaviors. The LS refers to the habitual behaviors of the individual, characteristics of the individual behavior that are repeated throughout life. A healthy LS refers to behaviors that maintain health and reduce the risk of getting sick. Many of the CNCDs are related to four modifiable risk factors: tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, and alcohol abuse. Diet, as part of lifestyles, involves a great complexity; however, the common element to prevent the development of chronic non-communicable diseases is the recommendation to address the intake of specific foods, such as limiting saturated fatty acids, increasing the consumption of dietary fiber, decreasing the consumption of simple carbohydrates, sodium, and alcohol. Food involves great complexity that ranges from food selection, consumption capacity, cultural aspects, knowledge about food, among others. Physical activity favors the ability to maintain independence, vitality, and quality of life in old age, it is important to have a balanced program. Substance abuse leads to risk behaviors and can lead to addiction. Adequate sleep is important for maintaining brain health throughout life. Maintaining a large social network can help promote healthy cognitive aging. Jobs that have the common characteristic of spending a lot of time sitting are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.&#x0D;

The Influence of Alcohol Consumption on Tobacco Use among Urban Older Adults: Evidence from Western China in 2017

Background: Tobacco use is a global public health concern due to its association with a myriad of health hazards and costs. Previous studies have found that the disinhibiting influence of alcohol consumption may lead to an increase in tobacco use. In this study, we investigated why alcohol consumption is associated with tobacco use among older adults in Western China, and we attempted to explain the mechanisms that underlie the link between alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we employed a representative sample of 812 urban individuals aged 60 and older in 2017 in Western China. Results: We found that alcohol consumption (OR = 2.816, 95%CI: 1.770–4.479) was positively associated with tobacco use. Additionally, other factors, including gender (OR = 0.023, 95%CI: 0.009–0.060), age (OR = 0.758, 95%CI: 0.634–0.906), health literacy (OR = 0.977, 95%CI: 0.959–0.995) and functional impairment (OR = 0.871, 95%CI: 0.767–0.988) were also strongly related to tobacco use. Conclusions: Consistent with the results of existing studies, our findings demonstrated the disinhibiting influence of alcohol consumption on tobacco use, which confirmed the theoretical mechanisms that underlie the alcohol–tobacco link and implied the co-occurrence and co-use of alcohol and tobacco, which are used as “social lubricants” in the Chinese context. The importance of other factors related to tobacco use were also discussed. As the tobacco epidemic is combatted, joint interventions tailored to concurrent control over alcohol and tobacco need to be performed, and corresponding male-specific and age-specific health education and the reinforcement of health literacy must be considered as important priorities.

Back-translating GWAS findings to animal models reveals a role for Hgfac and Slc39a8 in alcohol and nicotine consumption

Alcohol and tobacco are the most commonly used addictive substances, with high comorbidity rates between alcohol use disorder and tobacco use disorder. Risk for alcohol and nicotine addiction is highly heritable, and they share common genetic factors. A GWAS in over 1 million individuals has revealed 566 genetic variants in 406 loci associated with multiple stages of alcohol and tobacco use. Three novel genes—SLC39A8, GRK4 and HGFAC—within loci associated with altered alcoholic drinks per week (ADW) or cigarettes per day (CPD) were selected to further study their role in alcohol and tobacco use disorder. The role of these genes was assessed using the two-bottle choice addiction paradigm in transgenic mice for each of the genes. We found significant decreases in chronic alcohol consumption and preference in female Hgfac knockout (KO) mice, and decreased nicotine preference in male Hgfac KO compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, male Slc39a8 hypomorph mice showed greater overall nicotine preference compared with WT mice, while no differences were detected for Grk4 KO mice in alcohol or nicotine consumption and preference in either sex. Thus, this study implicates Hgfac and Slc39a8 in alcohol and tobacco use in a sex-specific manner.

The Role of Physical Education in Preventing Unhealthy Lifestyles in Immigrant Adolescents.

In recent years, migratory phenomena have changed the composition of Spanish society. There are many studies that explore the healthy habits of young adolescents, but few focus on young immigrants. The purpose of this study is to examine the causal relationships between certain factors that influence the health of immigrant youth and sports. The sample consisted of 173 students enrolled in secondary education in the city of Cuenca. The structural model confirms the relationship between the latent variables and sports. Specifically, we obtained a positive influence of an active lifestyle (regular physical activity and exercise) and a negative influence for the remaining variables (alcohol consumption, unhealthy foods, self-medication and tobacco consumption in the family). Physical education should promote healthy lifestyles; greater coordination between physical education and other subjects involved in education and the promotion of health are necessary because we consider that this task is not exclusive to physical education.

Individual-, family- and school-based interventions to prevent multiple risk behaviours relating to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in young people aged 8-25 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundEngagement in multiple substance use risk behaviours such as tobacco smoking, alcohol and drug use during adolescence can result in adverse health and social outcomes. The impact of interventions that address multiple substance use risk behaviours, and the differential impact of universal versus targeted approaches, is unclear given findings from systematic reviews have been mixed. Our objective was to assess effects of interventions targeting multiple substance use behaviours in adolescents.MethodsEight databases were searched to October 2019. Individual and cluster randomised controlled trials were included if they addressed two or more substance use behaviours in individuals aged 8-25 years. Data were pooled in random-effects meta-analyses, reported by intervention and setting. Quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Heterogeneity was assessed using between-study variance, τ2 and Ι2, and the p-value of between-study heterogeneity statistic Q. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken using the highest and lowest intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsOf 66 included studies, most were universal (n=52) and school-based (n=41). We found moderate quality evidence that universal school-based interventions are likely to have little or no short-term benefit (up to 12 months) in relation to alcohol use (OR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.84, 1.04), tobacco use (OR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.15), cannabis use (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.31) and other illicit drug use (OR 1.09, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.39). For targeted school-level interventions, there was low quality evidence of no or a small short-term benefit: alcohol use (OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.74-1.09), tobacco use (OR 0.86, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.11), cannabis use (OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.66-1.07) and other illicit drug use (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.62-1.02). There were too few family-level (n=4), individual-level (n=2) and combination level (n=5) studies to draw confident conclusions. Sensitivity analyses of ICC did not change results.ConclusionsThere is low to moderate quality evidence that universal and targeted school-level interventions have no or a small beneficial effect for preventing substance use multiple risk behaviours in adolescents. Higher quality trials and study reporting would allow better evidence syntheses, which is needed given small benefit of universal interventions can have high public health benefit.Trial registrationCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD011374. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011374.

P-249 Clinico-epidemiological management of gastric adenocarcinoma. A retrospective study of 105 cases

The incidence of gastric cancer varies widely by country and population. The gastric cancer is the fourth most frequently occurring malignancy and the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. 80-90 % of patients are ultimately diagnosed at an advanced stage. Surgical resection of the local disease is the gold standard therapy; chemotherapy and radiotherapy have improved loco- regional control rates and distance. The prognosis is poor with a survival rate at 5 years not exceeding 15% for all stages combined. We retrospectively analyzed 105 patients with gastric carcinoma admitted to the medical oncology department between January 2018 and December 2020. All of our patients was from western Algeria. The mean age was 59 years, with range (27-83 years), 55,23% male and 44,76% female, sex ratio was 1.23. Most patients had a good performance status (0-1) in 76%. Weight loss was found in 14% of patients. Risk factors: tobacco (32,3 %), alcohol tobacco (6 %) gastric ulcer ( 5,7 % ). Abdominal pain was the most frequent symptom (95%), followed by vomiting (73%) and anemia in 43 % of cases. 39 % localized in antrum, 33 % fundus, 33 % antro-pyloric. The histological diagnosis was confirmed in all cases with 100 % of adenocarcinoma from endoscopy. HER2:3+ found in 9,5 %. According to TNM classification, the majority of patients were in stage III (56 %), stage IV (33 %), only 2% were in stage I. 88% of patients received chemotherapy, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in 57%, adjuvant in 42%, palliative in 53%. The response was stability in 40%, RC in 1,61%, RP 11 %, progression 39%. 64,7% ongoing surgery. Gastric carcinoma is rare in Algeria. It is still diagnosed in an advanced stage in relatively young patients. A screening program at national scale should be investigated to improve prognosis of this cancer.

Correlates of Aggression in Men With Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Childhood Trauma and Methamphetamine-Use Characteristics.

BackgroundAggression is common among individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MAUD) and constitutes a serious public health issue. The current study aimed to examine associations of methamphetamine-use characteristics and childhood trauma with aggression in men with MAUD.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to August 2018. MAUD patients recruited from a compulsory drug rehabilitation center (n = 360) and healthy comparison subjects (n = 604) completed a survey that measured aggression and childhood trauma, using the Chinese version of Buss-Perry Aggressive Questionnaire (AQ-CV), and the short form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), respectively. MAUD patients also provided information on methamphetamine-use characteristics such as the age of MAUD onset, MAUD severity, and co-occurring alcohol use disorder (AUD) and tobacco use disorder (TUD) using standard or self-designed questionnaires. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used to compare childhood trauma and aggression between the MAUD and comparison groups. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to determine correlates of overall aggression and its five sub-scales among the MAUD group.ResultsThe MAUD group had higher childhood trauma and aggression scores than the comparison group. Within the MAUD group, age of MAUD onset, having severe MAUD, co-occurring AUD, co-occurring TUD, and childhood trauma were associated with overall aggression, with slightly different correlates found for its five sub-scales.ConclusionsOur study shows a high level of childhood trauma and aggression in the MAUD group. Both methamphetamine-use characteristics (age of MAUD onset, severe MAUD, co-occurring AUD/TUD) and childhood trauma were associated with aggression in MAUD. Our findings provide useful information on potential risk factors for aggression and inform future longitudinal research to establish causal relationships between these factors and aggression to guide further prevention and treatment programs.

Effects of e-cigarette use on mental health among youths: quasi-experimental evidence from Canada.

Existing research on mental health comorbidities of youth e-cigarette use is subject to confounding bias and reverse causality. This study aimed to measure the effects of e-cigarette use on youth mental health, using e-cigarette minimum legal age (MLA) law in Canada as a natural experiment. We used difference-in-differences (DD), difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) and two-sample instrumental variables (TSIV) methods. Data were from nationally representative Canadian Community Health Surveys 2008-2019 and Canadian Student Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs Surveys 2008-2019. The study sample comprised of respondents aged 15 to 18 (in DD analysis; n = 33 858) and aged 15 to 24 (in DDD analysis; n = 78 689). Primary outcomes were self-reported mood disorders and anxiety disorders. Secondary outcomes were cannabis use, illicit drug use, cigarette use and strength of peer relationships at schools. After the e-cigarette MLA laws, risks of mood disorders declined by 1.9 percentage points (95% CI, 0.0-3.8; P =0.05) in the DD analysis and by 2.6 percentage points (95% CI, 0.2-5.0; P =0.03) in the DDD analysis. For anxiety disorders, while the DD estimate was negative but imprecisely estimated, the MLA law reduced risks of anxiety disorder by 3.6 percentage points (95% CI, 0.9-6.2; P = 0.01) in the DDD analysis. Youths in provinces with MLA laws were also less likely to report cannabis use and illicit drug use and more likely to feel being part of schools. TSIV analysis indicates that youth e-cigarette use increased the likelihood of mood and anxiety disorders by 44% and 37%, respectively. In Canada, the e-cigarette minimum legal age law appears to have reduced risks of mood and anxiety disorders, lowered substance use and improved peer relationships at schools. Combined with previous evidence of lower e-cigarette use following the minimum legal age law, our findings indicate that youth e-cigarette use increases risks of mood and anxiety disorders.

Smoking Susceptibility in Canadian Adolescent Electronic-Cigarette Users

Background: E-cigarette use is increasing among Canadian youth, with experimentation especially prevalent among never-smoking youth. Among this group, there is concern e-cigarette use contributes to future initiation of smoking through a gateway effect. However, e-cigarette use and smoking share many common risk factors; a postulated mechanism to explain the apparent causal pathway from e-cigarette use to smoking initiation in previously smoking-naïve youth. A better understanding of the relationships between smoking susceptibility and e-cigarette use among never-smoking youth is needed. Purpose/objectives: The primary aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the risk factors associated with smoking susceptibility in youth who have recently used e-cigarettes. Methods: This study used data (n = 40,363) from the 2018/2019 Canadian Student Tobacco Alcohol and Drug Use Survey (CSTADS) to compare the risk factor profiles of susceptible and non-susceptible never-smoking e-cigarette users, as well as susceptible and non-susceptible never-smoking youth who have never used an e-cigarette. Results: E-cigarette use, independent of susceptibility status, was associated with a sociodemographic and behavioral risk factor profile likely to confer a higher risk of initiating smoking. Among e-cigarette users, smoking susceptibility was associated with more smoking risk factors. Conclusions/importance: Study findings support a common risk-factor model, rather than e-cigarette use itself, to explain differences in the likelihood of smoking initiation among e-cigarette users. E-cigarette use and smoking initiation may be interchangeable outcomes amongst those with smoking risk factors. The risks of e-cigarette use, and their regulatory status, need to be balanced with their potential as harm reduction tools.

Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated With Risky Health Behavior Among Adult Males Aged 15-59 Years in Ethiopia: Generalized Structural Equation Modeling.

BackgroundAlcohol drinking and tobacco smoking are the largest preventable causes of death and important risk factors for a number of non-communicable diseases and cause premature death and many socioeconomic consequences. Therefore, the present study is aimed to assess the spatial distribution of risky health behavior and its associated factors among adult males in Ethiopia.MethodsAll men (12,688) within the age range of 15–59 years were included in the final analysis. The distribution of risky health behavior across the country was observed by using ArcGIS software. In SaTScan software, the Bernoulli model was fitted by Kulldorff methods to identify the purely spatial clusters of risky health behavior. Generalized Structural Equation Model (GSEM) was used to determine factors associated with risky health behavior (regular alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking).ResultsRisky health behavior had spatial variation across the country. The primary clusters were located in Tigray, Amhara, and north-eastern Benishangul national regional states. Spatial scan statistics identified 118 primary clusters [Log-Likelihood ratio (LLR) = 524.8, p < 0.001]. Residence, frequency of listening to a radio, occupation, and frequency of watching television were significantly associated with drinking alcohol, whereas wealth index was associated with tobacco smoking. Age, region, educational status, marital status, and religion had association with both domains of risky health behavior.ConclusionRisky health behavior had spatial variation across the country. Bans on advertising and promotion of alcohol and tobacco on national press media should be strengthened. Aggressive health education efforts should be directed toward this high-risk population (Tigray, Amhara, and north-eastern Benishangul regional states). Improving risky health behavior is an important approach to reducing health disparities and promoting a more cost-effective utilization of scarce resources in the public health sector.

The effect of social phobia and peer pressure on substance use among adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of social phobia and peer pressure on substance use among adolescent. Methods The study was conducted in three high schools in the city of Van/Turkey between November 2015-July 2017. The descriptive study was conducted with 1996 adolescents using face-to-face data collection method. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents (SPSCA), and Peer Pressure Scale (PPS). The data were collected face to face in the classroom environment. All ethical principles were observed in the study. Results It was determined that the SPSCA and PPS mean scores of adolescents were at a low level. The mean PPS and SPSCA scores of adolescent were found to be positively and weakly correlated (p < .05). It was concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean SPSCA and PPS scores of adolescent who smoke tobacco and drink alcohol (p < .001). Conclusion As the result of the research, it is identified that substance use among adolescents is at a considerable level. It is observed that several sociodemographic variables are effective in substance use on peer pressure and social phobia perceived by adolescents. It is recommended that school health nurses include the topic “the effect of social phobia and peer pressure on substance use” in training programs.

Abstract TP82: Gaps In Clinical History And Diagnostic Evaluation For Young Women With Ischemic Stroke - We Need An Updated Approach

Introduction: Young women with stroke represent a unique patient population. There are a variety of sex-specific etiologies that warrant a different approach to evaluation and secondary prevention in young women. Secondary prevention begins during the acute hospitalization, thus, certain aspects of the history and evaluations may be indicated early after stroke. We describe our center’s experience with young women presenting with stroke over a 2.5-year period. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of women between 18-45 years, identified from our stroke registry (1/2015 to 5/2018). An assessment of key variables regarding common stroke risk factors (RFs), sex-specific RFs, (pregnancy history, estrogen use, migraine, autoimmune conditions) and workup (pregnancy test, hypercoagulable states, substance use) was conducted. Results: Of 198 women with acute ischemic stroke in our study period, medical RFs of hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atrial fibrillation were each ascertained for more than 98% of women. Lifestyle RFs of tobacco use and alcohol use were reported for 85.9% and 87.6%, respectively and urine drug screens were performed in 67%. Obstetric history (gravida/para) was obtained in only 19.7%, pregnancy tests were conducted in 69.2%, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were only reported in patients who were pregnant (2%) or post-partum (5.6%). Oral contraceptive (OCP) or hormone replacement (HRT) was reported in 6.6% and migraine with or without aura in 12.6%. Among 76 patients (38.4%) with cryptogenic stroke, obstetric history was reported in only 25%, OCP/HRT use in 5.3%, and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome was assessed in 64%. Conclusion: The acute stroke hospitalization is a critical period for identification of stroke etiology and assessment of cardiovascular risk. There are known sex disparities in standard evaluation and management of stroke. In pre-menopausal women, gaps in care may be even greater if the history and assessment are not completed with sex-specific variables in mind. We suggest a standard approach to the history and assessment of young women. We plan to implement this approach in our patient population while tracking the impact on care.

Knowledge and practice regarding the behavioural risks of cancer among college students in Ethiopia.

In recent years, morbidity and mortality due to cancer has been increasing in Ethiopia, putting it among the most important public health issues. Cancer and associated complications can be prevented provided that effective interventions are put in place to control risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice of preventable behavioural risk factors of cancer. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 200 college students in Northeast Ethiopia utilising quantitative methods of data collection. Data on socioeconomic characteristics, health belief variables, knowledge and behavioural risk factors (alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, physical activity and dietary practice) were collected. The level of knowledge and practice was summarised using descriptive statistics. To investigate the variation in knowledge and practice across sociodemographic characteristics, we performed Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The majority (81.0%) of participants was male and 82.0% were in the age group of 18–24 years. More than half (61.0%) of them had poor knowledge about the behavioural risk factors of cancer. Nearly one-third (30.5%) consume alcohol, whereas 16.0%, 18.0% and 20.0%, respectively, smoke tobacco, consume street food and packed-fried snacks daily. Alcohol consumption (p = 0.02) and level of vigorous physical activity (p = 0.001) were significantly higher among males than females. Alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking and unhealthy dietary practice were remarkably high, whereas knowledge towards the behavioural risk factors was low. Therefore, health education and collaborative action between different sectors are needed to counter the emerging problem.The trial is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (https://register.clinicaltrials.gov) NCT04269018.

Drinking and smoking polygenic risk is associated with childhood and early-adulthood psychiatric and behavioral traits independently of substance use and psychiatric genetic risk

Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking are hazardous behaviors associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. In this study, we explored the association of polygenic risk scores (PRS) related to drinks per week, age of smoking initiation, smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, and smoking cessation with 433 psychiatric and behavioral traits in 4498 children and young adults (aged 8–21) of European ancestry from the Philadelphia neurodevelopmental cohort. After applying a false discovery rate multiple testing correction accounting for the number of PRS and traits tested, we identified 36 associations related to psychotic symptoms, emotion and age recognition social competencies, verbal reasoning, anxiety-related traits, parents’ education, and substance use. These associations were independent of the genetic correlations among the alcohol-drinking and tobacco-smoking traits and those with cognitive performance, educational attainment, risk-taking behaviors, and psychopathology. The removal of participants endorsing substance use did not affect the associations of each PRS with psychiatric and behavioral traits identified as significant in the discovery analyses. Gene-ontology enrichment analyses identified several neurobiological processes underlying mechanisms of the PRS associations we report. In conclusion, we provide novel insights into the genetic overlap of smoking and drinking behaviors in children and young adults, highlighting their independence from psychopathology and substance use.

Co-occurring addiction problems among high school students in Sousse (Tunisia)

Abstract Background Adolescence is a transitory period characterized by psychological, physical and emotional changes. Teenagers seek new experiences and engage in a range of risky behaviors, including the consumption of psychoactive substances that lead to addiction problems. Adolescent addiction represents a major public health and safety issue. Addictions co-occur in the same individual, increasing the risk of negative outcomes and health problems. We aimed to determine the prevalence of occurring and co-occurring addiction behaviors among high school students in the region of Sousse and to specify the risk factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 5 to March 14, 2018 in public high schools in the governorate of Sousse. The data were collected by anonymous self-administered questionnaire, then processed and analyzed using the SPSS software version 10. Results A total of 1399 high school students were included in our study. An average age of 17±2.28 years and a female predominance (60.5%) were noted. The prevalence of tobacco product use and alcohol consumption was 20.9% and 10.1% respectively. The prevalence of illicit substance use was 7%. Facebook and video game addiction were reported among 36.1% and 35.3% high school students respectively. The analysis of co-occurring addiction problems showed that 12.2% and 4.5% had two and three addiction problems, respectively. Almost 3% of included adolescents had the maximum number of four addiction problems. Multivariate analysis showed that co-occurring addiction increases among boys, participants that repeated the grade and among those with moderate or severe depression, anxiety and alexithymia. Conclusions The findings have implications for identifying the risk factors of co-occurring addictive behaviors, and the development of primary prevention strategies resulting from such factors Key messages The prevalence of addictive behavior is very high in middle school students. Understanding the risk factors of co-occurrence addictive problems is important for prevention program planning.

Gender as a determinant of lifestyle in young university students

Abstract Introduction Lifestyles is part of the subject's personal decisions, resulting from the exposure and interaction of factors such as living conditions, behavior patterns, socio-cultural elements, a set of norms, habits, and routines, which affect negatively or positively the health, but since it is a personal decision, it is detached from determinants such as gender. Therefore, the objective of the study was to identify the differences in the lifestyle of university students according to gender. Methods Analytical cross-sectional study. The FANTASTIC questionnaire was applied to 187 students with an average age of 20.5 years from the Santo Tomás University in Bogotá and Bucaramanga, Colombia. A chi-square test was performed for each qualitative question and an ANOVA for the quantitative data resulting from each factor, taking gender as the basis of analysis. Statistical analyzes were processed in SPSS 25.0, at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results It was found that women walk daily for more than 30 minutes (p = 0.00; 95% OR: +4.0 women); men are more likely to smoke (p = 0.001; 95% OR: +2.6 men) and drive after drinking alcohol (p = 0.012; 95% OR: +2.5 men); performance of periodic medical check-ups (p = 0.007; 95% OR: +2.0 men) and compliance with traffic orders (p = 0.004: 95% OR: +2.9 men) and seat belt use (p = 0.006; 95% OR: +1.0 men) is higher in men. Significant differences were found between tobacco consumption (p = 0.001), and alcohol (p = 0.013), physical activity (p = 0.011) and other behaviors (p = 0.001). Conclusions Men are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption and less physical activity; therefore, gender is a determining factor for the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits. Key messages The lifestyle of the university population is influenced by gender, which is why promotion and prevention campaigns must be differential between men and women. Sex is a determining factor for a healthy lifestyle.

The role of the dental surgeon in the early diagnosis of oral cancer: a concise systematic review

Introduction: Oral cancers (OC) represent more than 90% of cases. It is estimated that more than 400,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year worldwide. OC is preventable as most of the different identified risk factors, such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing, are behaviors that increase the likelihood of the disease. Surgical biopsy remains the gold standard, but adjunctive tools have been developed to aid diagnoses, such as vital toluidine blue staining and autofluorescence imaging. Objective: To emphasize and present the importance of the dental surgeon in the early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer. Methods: The survey was conducted from July 2021 to August 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the rules of Systematic Review-PRISMA. Study quality was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: Early detection and treatment of OC were found to be important predictors for improving survival and reducing mortality. A thorough clinical inspection of the oral cavity can detect up to 99% of oral cancers. Other diagnostic types have been developed to help overcome the limits of standard oral clinical examination, highlighting toluidine blue staining, light-based detection techniques, and salivary biomarkers. Self-examination is an effective strategy to reduce the levels of mortality and morbidity caused by this pathology. A gain of 8.09% more in sensitivity and 11.36% more in specificity was observed with the fluorescence test. Conclusion: The findings clearly showed that early diagnosis of oral cancer is essential to increase the chances of cure and survival of patients, avoiding invasive surgical intervention. Currently, there are several diagnostic tools for screening and visual devices for the early detection of oral lesions through auxiliary methods, logically maintaining biopsy as the gold standard.

Gambling and substance use: A cross-consumption analysis of tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and gambling

Background: Gambling has never been as popular and widely available as it is today. Despite the widespread normalization of gambling as just another form of leisure consumption, its potential interaction with substance use (e.g. smoking and drinking) is nowadays an issue of social concern. In fact, empirical research has found both substances to have strong interdependencies with gambling through multiple factors. Methods: Gambling is a two-step decision: potential gamblers first decide whether to participate, then their expenditure. Using data from the Spanish gambling prevalence survey, a double-hurdle model is proposed to estimate the effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on gambling participation and expenditure decisions utilizing binary consumption and frequency of consumption approaches. Results: In line with previous research, results showed that people who smoked tobacco and/or drank alcohol were more likely to gamble and to have a greater expenditure. Each additional level of frequency of consumption of both products was found to likely increase the prevalence of gambling. Conclusions: The frequency of consumption of tobacco and/or alcohol was positively associated with the likelihood of gambling and spending more on gambling products. Findings may assist gambling stakeholders to prevent potential gambling-related harm.

Head and neck cancer risk factors in the French West Indies

ObjectivesThe incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in the French West Indies (FWI) is relatively high, despite a low prevalence of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking. Little is known about other risk factors in the FWI. We assessed associations between several factors and HNSCC risk, their population attributable fractions (PAF) in the FWI, and compared these PAFs by subsite, sex and age.Materials and methodsWe conducted a population-based case-control study (145 cases and 405 controls). We used logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (OR), PAFs and their 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsTobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, high-risk HPV, family history of HNC, low BMI and several occupations and industries were significantly associated to the occurrence of HNSCC. The majority of HNSCC cases were attributable to tobacco smoking (65.7%) and alcohol (44.3%). The PAF for the combined consumption of tobacco and/or alcohol was 78.2% and was considerably larger in men (85%) than in women (33%). The PAFs for the remaining risk factors were 9% for family history of HNSCC, 9% for low BMI, 15% for high-risk HPV, and 25% for occupations. The overall PAF for all risk factors combined was 89.0% (95% CI = 82.0–93.2). The combined PAFs by sex were significantly greater in men (93.4%, 95% CI = 87.5–96.5) than in women (56.4%, 95% CI = 18.7–76.6).ConclusionTobacco and alcohol appeared to have the greatest impact on HNSCC incidence among the studied risk factors, especially among men. Prevention programs for HNSCC in the FWI should target tobacco and alcohol cessation, particularly in men. Future research should emphasise on the role of occupational factors to better understand this disease.