TMs Law Research Articles

ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTION OF FOKKER-PLANCK EQUATION BASED ON DARCY-BUCKINGHAM APPROACH IN UNSATURATED SOIL

The present study discusses one dimensional groundwater infiltration phenomenon in unsaturated soil. The mathematical formulation is developed using Dracy’s law, equation of continuity, and standard relations between diffusivity coefficient and hydraulic conductivity. We solved the obtained system using double power series method in the form of asymptotic expansion which represents moisture content in soil.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM PEMILIK MANFAAT (BENEFICIAL OWNER) DI PERUSAHAAN INDONESIA

This research studies about the concepts of the beneficial owner, their legal liabilities and disclosure according Indonesia’s law and regulations. The research method is using normative method that examines the internal aspects of the law and bases its analysis on the prevailing laws and regulations and is relevant to the problem being studied. The data used is secondary data in the form of library data derived from basic regulations and laws and regulations relevant to the research topic, books, and legal journals related to the research topic. The results of this study indicate that the beneficial owners are the parties who receive the benefits and are able to exercise absolute control over the corporation and there are five methods used to identify the beneficial owners. Legal arrangements related to the introduction and disclosure of beneficial owner are regulated in Peraturan Presiden Nomor 13 Tahun 2018 about Penerapan Prinsip Mengenali Pemilik Manfaat Dari Korporasi Dalam Rangka Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang dan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme. The regulation contains the criteria for the beneficial owner and the mechanism for reporting the beneficial owner to the parties concerned. In relation of their legal liabilities, there are three parameters from beneficial owners, which are consist of: Ultimate power, economic benefit, and control. According to Indonesia’s Penal Code Article 55, beneficial owners can be held accountable by expanding what they did and what their intentions were.

SEPARAZIONE DI CARICA IN MISCELE DI MATERIALI ORGANICI: VALE LA LEGGE DI COULOMB?

After a brief introduction to organic photovoltaic materials, I discuss the problem of charge separation in these systems. In the best devices, the excitations produced by absorption of a photon can be converted into positive and negative charge carriers (holes and electrons, respectively) with near-100% efficiency. Such efficiencies are apparently at odds with Coulomb’s law, which would lead to change recombination due to their mutual electrostatic attraction. A theoretical model developed within my group overcomes this apparent contradiction, by taking into account quantum mechanical effects such as the delocalization of the charge carriers.

A scientometric analysis of “flavour and fragrance journal” indexed in scopus during 2000–2019

The main aim of this study is to analyse the publication pattern of the Flavours and Fragrance Journal (FFJ) published between 2000 and 2019 indexed in Scopus International database. The data was collected using the ISSN of the journal. The authors examined various Scientometrics indicators such as Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Doubling Time (Dt.), Annual Growth Rate (AGR), Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), Lotka’s Law of Scientific Productivity, Authorship pattern especially Collaborative Co-efficient, Modified Collaborative Co-efficient, Collaborative Index along with other basic indicators. The results of the study indicate that the research published in FFJ has increased over some time; CAGR of the journal is below 5.0% growth rate for all years, except 2005 (5.77 CAGR); there were 1466 (96.98%) multiple-authored research papers published in the journal compared to 45 (3.02%) single-authored research papers; among the productive institutions, the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow has published the highest publications (152); 106 countries have contributed to the FFJ. France has emerged as a major contributor with 224 publications, followed by Italy (138) and India (118) respectively and the highest frequency keyword used by the authors was essential oil” with 329 publications.

Penyidikan Tindak Pidana Illegal Logging pada Satuan Reserse Kriminal Polres Kutai Timur

Abstract This paper wants to give an idea about the condition of illegal logging crime in East Kutai Regency. Focus on writing about the stage of investigation carried out and analyze the factors that influence law enforcement by East Kutai Police. The research findings show that the pattern of illegal logging in East Kutai Regency is more on the deviation of social innovation according to Anomie’s theory, the investigation is in accordance with the legal procedure but quite weak in the planning and supervision stage, and the factors influencing according to the theory of Soekanto’s law enforcement factors. Therefore, it is necessary to create employment for the society equally in East Kutai Regency, socialization of all parties about forestry criminal law, East Kutai Polres should increase the quantity and quality of investigator, carry out the supervision function maximally, and utilize the activeness of society who care about environment. Keywords: illegal logging, investigation, law enforcement, environment

NEW SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ESOMEPRAZOLE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM USING WOOL FAST BLUE

The new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Esomeprazole in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. This method is based on the reaction with wool fast blue, in the presence of buffer at PH 1.5 to form a colored species with a λmax 590nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50-250µg/ml for both the methods. The method was extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference form in any common pharmaceutical excipients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies. Keywords: Spectrophotometric determination Wool fast blue, Esomeprazole.

Direct Spectrophotometric Determination of Glimepiride in Pure Form And Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Bromocresol Purple

A simple, direct and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Glimepiride (GLM) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations by complex formation with bromocresol purple (BCP). The method involves the formation of a yellow ion-pair complex between BCP with glimepiride at pH<3,8; after reacting GLM with Na2CO3 to give C24H33N4H+O5NaS which is extracted by chloroform. The formed complex [GLM]:[ BCP] was measured at lmax 418 nm against the reagent blank prepared in the same manner. Variables were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. Molar absorptivity (e) for complex was 20600 L.mol-1.cm-1. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1.226 – 46.608 mg.mL-1 in present of 5.0x10-4 mol/l of BCP with good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.9997). The relative standard deviation did not exceed 3.6%. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.15 and 0.46 mg.mL-1, respectively. The proposed method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity (LOD and LOQ) and robustness. The developed method is applicable for the determination of GLM in pure and different dosage forms with average assay of 98.8 to 102.0% and the results are in good agreement with those obtained by the RP-HPLC reference method.

Old Inconsistency In Electromagnetism And A Way To Eliminate It

Classical electromagnetic theory uses axial pseudo-vectors to describe magnetic interactions. It is impossible to explain adequately magnetic interaction at the micro level (elements of conductors and the magnetic interactions of charges) by axial vectors. As a result, the correct form of interactions in classical electrodynamics is only an integral one. The differential formulas for magnetic interactions violate the third Newton’s law.
 In the paper, we use polar vectors (real physical vectors) to describe magnetic interactions. On this way, we show that the real physical magnetic field, in contrast to the solenoidal field of the axial vector magnetic induction B, has two components: a potential field with nonvanishing divergence and a solenoidal field with vanishing divergence. These two fields act separately and independently and have different models of interactions.
 Doing so, we can write differential form for the Ampere’s law obtaining correct formula for the magnetic interactions and adequate interpretation of the Biot-Savart law.

Investigating Okun’s Law in Nigeria through the Dynamic Model

Unemployment is a persistent challenge for countries, especially the developing ones. Nigeria as a developing country faces a herculean task reducing the increasing spate of joblessness amongst her citizens. Okun’s law explains the relationship between unemployment and economic growth in an economy. This study therefore investigates Okun’s law in Nigeria between 1985 and 2015 through the dynamic model. The generalized method of moments estimation result reveals that that present and past output growth are negatively related to unemployment rate. However, only past output growth has a significant effect on unemployment rate. It also shows that past unemployment rate is significantly and positively associated with present unemployment rate. The Toda-Yamamoto Granger non-causality test finds that there is no causality between unemployment and economic growth. This study presents evidence to partially support Okun’s law of inverse relationship between unemployment and output growth and suggests that promoting economic growth can be a policy tool for reducing unemployment rate in Nigeria.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ATORVASTATIN AND PIOGLITAZONE IN COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Simple, accurate, precise, and sensitive ultraviolet spectrophotometric and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) methods for simultaneous estimation of Atorvastatin (ATOR) and Pioglitazone (PIO) in combined tablet dosage form have been developed and validated. The spectroscopic methods employs formation and solving of simultaneous equation at 247 nm and 267 nm as 2 wavelengths for estimation of ATOR and PIO respectively (method 1) While method 2 involves formation of Q- absorbance equation at 233 nm (isoabsorptive point) and 267 nm (I» max of Pioglitazone) with methanol as solvent. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 5.0–50.0 mcg/mL for ATOR and PIO, respectively. The RP-HPLC method uses HPLC system with a Phenomenex Luna C18 (5 mm x 25cm x 4.6mm i.d) using Methanol, acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer, pH 2.5 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid (60:20:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at ambient temperature as the mobile phase. The detection was carried out using an ultraviolet detector set at 233 nm. For the HPLC method, Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration range of 5.0-50.0 µg/ml for ATOR and PIO, respectively. LOD values for ATOR and PIO were found to be 57.12µg/ml and 12.01 µg /ml respectively. All the methods have been successfully applied for the analysis of the drugs in a pharmaceutical formulation. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.1-4

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ENTECAVIR IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS BY RP-HPLC

Objective: The objective and purpose of the analysis have sensibly assessed by selecting of a rapid and sensitive RP-HPLC method for Entecavir in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by using the most commonly employed C-18column with UV detection.Methods: In estimation by RP-HPLC method Agilent 1120 compact LC system with variable programmable UV detector and Rheodyne injector with 20 µl fixed loop was used for the chromatographic separation. The mode of operation was isocratic with the components of a solution consisting of methanol: acetonitrile(70:30v/v) and triethanolamine (2-4drops)at the flow rate of 1.2 ml/min and run time was 10 min. Forced degradation studies were conducted to evaluate the stability and specificity of the method along with the validation parameters.Results: Validation parameters of HPLC were found at a detection wavelength of 255 nm. Linearity was observed with the concentration range (Beer’s law range) 20-100µg/ml with R2=0.9991. Robustness with detection wavelengths 253 and 257 nm with a flow rate of 1 ml/min and 1.4 ml/min showed good results. The retention time of the drug was 2.64 min and assay showed 98.1%.Conclusion: The proposed RP-HPLC method was validated as per the ICH Q2B Guidelines, and was found to be applicable for routine quantitative analysis of Entecavir by RP-HPLC using UV detector in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The results of linearity, precision, accuracy and specificity, were proved, that does not exceed certain specified limits. The method provides selective quantification with no interference from other formulation excipients. The proposed method was highly sensitive, reproducible, reliable, robust and specific. Therefore, this method is a simple, rapid analysis may actually be more desirable than a more complicated and time-consuming process. The degradation studies at various stress conditions like thermal and hydrolytic, drug gets degraded at a temperature of 80 °c and refluxing with water at 70 °c for 24hours.Â

Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in South Africa: A Vector Error Correction Modelling and Granger Causality Test

Previous studies generally find mixed empirical evidence on the relationship between government spending and economic growth. This study re-examine the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in South Africa for the period of 1990 to 2015 using the Vector Error Correction Model and Granger Causality techniques. The time series data included in the model were gross domestic Product (GDP), government expenditure, national savings, government debt and consumer price index or inflation. Results obtained from the analysis showed a negative long-run relationship between government expenditure and economic growth in South Africa. Furthermore, the estimate of the speed of adjustment coefficient found in this study has revealed that 49 per cent of the variation in GDP from its equilibrium level is corrected within of a year. Furthermore, the study discovered that the causality relationship run from economic growth to government expenditure. This implied that the Wagner’s law is applicable to South Africa since government expenditure is an effect rather than a cause of economic growth. The results presented in this study are similar to those in the literature and are also sustained by preceding studies.

Territorial Distribution of the Population in the Russian Federation

In 1931, Robert Gibrat found that the number of the employees of a firm and urban population follow the lognormal distribution. Numerous studies results show that the Gibrat’s law provides a basis for the analysis of the dynamics of the number of the employees of mature and large firms, which have already carved out a niche. Furthermore, the Gibrat’s law allows analyzing the dynamics and laws of the spatial distribution of the population of different countries in a case if their socioeconomic development is sustainable and equilibrium. The purpose of the study is testing the Gibrat’s law for Russian cities and towns of different sizes. If the Gibrat’s law is valid, we can conclude that the spatial distribution of the population in the country is equilibrium and the labour distribution is close to optimal. The opposite result demonstrates the imbalance between the allocation of manufacture and labour force. The author took 2010 national census results as source data. I have tested the hypothesis of the lognormal law of population distribution in Russia over different cities and towns using the Pearson fitting criterion with the value a = 0,05. The results of the study have shown that the distribution of the population over Russia does not follow the Gibrat’s law. As a result, the distribution of the population is uneven, which translates into the significant labour migration from settlements with the small population to large cities. The knowledge of the laws of the territorial distribution of the population and driving factors of population mobility is of importance for the development and implementation of effective socio-economic policy in the country. The definition of the population distribution imbalance over various population centers and the development of recommendations for the creation and optimal location of new production in the country may be the promising area for future research. The study of spatial clustering of population centers and comparative analysis of such clusters with Russian regions in their current administrative borders are important as well.

Structural, Dielectric and Electrical Characteristic of Bi0.5Pb0.5[Fe0.1La0.4(Zr0.25Ti0.25)]O3

The polycrystalline compound Bi0.5Pb0.5 [Fe0.1La0.4 (Zr0.25Ti0.25)]O3 was synthesized by substituting Pb, La, Zr and Ti ions on perovskite structured bismuth ferrite (BFO) with the help of mixed oxide solid state reaction method. The present work is to observe the effect of off-valence and iso-valence substitution on the dielectric and electric properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO). The room temperature XRD pattern of the calcinated powders of the sample reveals that the crystal structure is tetragonal with space group P4mm, while BFO has rhombohedral structure with space group R3c. The SEM of the sintered pellet of the compound indicates that the small grains are uniformly distributed over the surface. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) was adopted to analyze the dielectric, impedance and conductivity behavior of the compound. The results show that the dielectric loss in the material is significantly less than that of BFO and the dielectric and ferroelectric behavior of the sample get enhanced. The complex impedance plots show the existence of non-Debye type of relaxation phenomena, which is caused by resistive and capacitive effect of the bulk and grain boundaries. The Arrhenius plot for the compound indicates that the material possesses NTCR behavior. The frequency response of ac conductivity obeys Jonscher’s law and UDR (universal dielectric response).[Key words: off-valence, iso-valence, CIS, non-Debye type relaxation, NTCR, UDR]

Compact, Field-Portable Smartphone Chiral Molecule Concentration Estimation System via Multi-sensor Computational Polarimetry

In this paper, we present a compact, field-portable smartphone chiralmolecule concentration estimation system based on the principleof multi-sensor computational polarimetry. The presented systemwas designed as an attachment for a smartphone, thus leveragingthe computational power to achieve full autonomy and smallform factor, while greatly reducing the cost of the system. In addition,by leveraging Maul’s Law, the size and complexity of thepresented system can be greatly reduced, consisting of just fourstatic components: i) a diode laser source, ii) a linear polariser, iii)a cell for chiral solution, and iv) a linear analyser. Finally, the highmegapixel count of the smartphone camera is leveraged via multisensorcomputational polarimetry, where a multitude of measurementsby different sensors are made in a single acquisition to enhancethe estimation of the angle of linear polarisation, and therebyenhance the estimation of the concentration of chiral molecules insolution. Such a system can have potential for enabling low-cost,mobile chiral molecule concentration analysis, which would be wellsuitedfor a wide range of industrial and clinical applications wherefield testing or on-site testing is required.

Moisture Diffusivity during Microwave Drying of Wastewater Sewage Sludge

Abstract. Microwave drying of wastewater sewage sludge was investigated in this study. The power level ranged from 360 to 600 W, and the initial mass of the samples varied from 30 to 50 g. The drying kinetics of sludge showed three distinct phases: a short adaptation period, a long constant drying rate period, and then a falling drying rate period. Dimensional measurements indicated that the initial volume shrank by up to 40% depending on the applied drying conditions. Mathematical modeling of microwave drying of wastewater sewage sludge was performed using Fick’s law with introduction of shrinkage and considering finite dimensions of the sample. The diffusion coefficient was expressed as a function of the applied drying conditions (power level, initial thickness and initial mass of the sample). In this study, it was proved that neglecting shrinkage or considering an infinite shape leads to an overestimation of the diffusion coefficient.

Experimental Confirmation of Avogadro’s Law for Thermal Radiation

Experimental study of pressure variation in metal empty sealed container in low vacuum conditions (0.1-10 mbar) for temperature range from 290 to 1490 K is presented. Three characteristic areas of pressure variation were registered: the pressure growth in accordance with Avogadro’s law in the temperature range from 290 to 700-800 K, the pressure drop in the temperature range from 800 to 1300 K and again the intensive pressure increasing in the temperature range from 1300 to 1490 K. Possible causes of registered pressure variation in sealed container with increasing temperature and then cooling to its original conditions were analyzed. One of the more active causes is thermal radiation action in metal empty sealed container.

CHARGE TRANSFER COMPLEX METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ETORICOXIB IN TABLETS

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method employing acid-dye technique was developed for the estimation of etoricoxib in pharmaceutical dosage form. The proposed method is based on the formation of ion-pair complex of etoricoxib with an acid dye, which is extracted into chloroform and the absorbance measured at the λmax of the complex. The λmax of the ion-pair complex was found to be 414nm. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 10-80 µg/ml .The proposed method is statistically validated and found to be useful for the routine determination of etoricoxib in tablets. Keywords: Etoricoxib, Spectrophotometry, Charge transfer complex, Tablets, Validation.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF EFAVIRENZ IN TABLETS

Two simple and precise spectrophotometric methods ( A and B ) were developed for the estimation of efavirenz ( EFZ ) in bulk drug as well as in pharmaceutical dosage form( tablets). Methods A is based on the formation of pink coloured chromogen by the diazotization and coupling reaction of EFZ with β-Naphthol. The λmax of the pink coloured chromogen was found to be 494nm. Method B is First derivative spectroscopy method. The first derivative spectrum is a plot of the rate of change of absorbance with wavelength against wavelength (dA /dλ versus λ). It is characterized by a maximum, minimum and a cross- over point at the λmax of the absorption band. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 10-60µg/ml and 4-24 µg/ml for methods A and B respectively. The proposed methods were statistically validated and found to be useful for the routine determination of EFZ in tablets. Key words: Efavirenz, β- Naphthol, First derivative spectroscopy, Tablets, Validation

Tangential Flow Microfiltration of Gasification Power Plant Effluent by Inorganic Membrane

In the present paper, treatment of gasification power plant effluent from gas scrubber was carried out using micro–porous alumina membrane tubes consisting of different channels (1 and 7) under simulated process conditions of temperature (45 – 55°C) and at varying transmembrane pressure drop (0.2 – 2 bar). The effect of membrane geometry on the membrane separation characteristics and fouling behavior was studied. The experimental results show that the flux decreases significantly (~ 40%) during the first few minutes (10 min) of filtration which then stabilized with time. This behavior can be attributed to the classical dependence of flux on the time in microfiltration, which shows development of a relatively important fouling layer on the membrane surface. The characteristics of the effluent after filtration showed significant decrease in turbidity (95%), COD (50%), total dissolved solids (10%), and total solids (55%). The total suspended solids are reduced by almost 100% and the pH remained unchanged (in the field of neutrality) during the process. The effect of various resistances that are acting in series was calculated using Darcy’s Law. These experimental results indicated that different filtration laws could be applied simultaneously for the description of the filtration data, which were found during cross–flow microfiltration of gasification power plant effluent. Key words: Ceramic membrane, gasification effluent, microfiltration, fouling, membrane cleaning