Translation Of Title Research Articles

Statistics ofRILM: Répertoire International de Littéerature Musicale

Commonly referred to asRILM Abstracts of Music Literature orRILM, theRILM database is published in printed, online, and CD-ROM formats. This international musicological bibliography of scholarly writings in 202 languages on music and related disciplines is classified by topic and includes original-language titles; title translations in English; full bibliographic information; abstracts in English; author, journal, and subject indexes; and a thesaurus.

Save My Rainforest

Save My Rainforest Maria Anna Jankowska Serials Catalog Librarian, University of Idaho Library, Moscow, Idaho 83844 USA. TEL: 208-885-6631. Zak, Monica. Save My Rainforest. Illustrations by Bengt-Arne Runnerstromm, English version by Nancy Schimmel. Volcano, CA: Volcano Press, 1992. 31 pp. US $14.95 hardcover ISBN: 0- 912078-94-4. Save My Rainforest presents a true story about eight- year-old Omar Castillo's efforts to protect the endangered Lacandona rainforest located in southern Mexico. The boy is afraid that the disappearance of numerous plants and animals, following the destruction of the forest, will deprive other children of the opportunity to see and experience this gigantic rainforest. First he writes to the President and when he does not receive any answer he decides to walk 870 miles to Tuxtla to ask the governor to save the rainforest for the children. When this action does not bring any results he tries to meet the President because he is the one responsible for the whole country (p. 24). His adventures in attempting to achieve this goal are thrilling. Save My Rainforest is a translation of Swedish title, Radda Min Djungel, by Bokforlaget Opal. The book was also published in Spanish language edition under the title Salven Mi Serlva. The book has very fast action supported by wonderful illustrations. In the text one can find a few Spanish words which enhance the original background and give the children an opportunity to learn some Spanish. By not providing information on the type of paper used for printing this book the publisher lost an opportunity to underscore the message contained in the book. Save My Rainforest can serve as an excellent source of school discussions on protecting the rainforest in Latin America. Highly recommended for all school libraries.

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1990)

Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1986) The following compilation is the twenty-fifth annual bibliography of current publications on the history of technology. The reader is referred to previous bibliographies pertaining to the history of tech­ nology (see Technology and Culture, Winter 1964, the Spring issues for 1965 and 1966, and the April issues, 1967 through 1987) and to the fifth publication in the SHOT monograph series, Eugene S. Fergu­ son’s Bibliography ofthe History of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: SHOT and MIT Press, 1968). As in past years, several individuals have again provided assistance with translation of foreign language titles. Their efforts facilitate ac­ curate subject and chronological classification; therefore, we would like to express our appreciation to Dr. Steven Goldman, Dr. James Saeger, and Victoria Dow of Lehigh University. We continue to be grateful for the receipt of numerous compli­ mentary subscriptions tojournals, newsletters, and other publications, and to the many individuals, too numerous to list here, who continue to send us citations to books and articles. The preparation of this manuscript for publication requires the dedicated and attentive efforts of several individuals other than the compilers. We would particularly like to express our gratitude to Christine Andrews and Mary Jo Carlen. Science, Technology and Society Program Stephen H. Cutcliffe Lehigh University Fairchild-Martindale Library Christine M. Roysdon Information Services Lehigh University Ralph Brown Draughon Library Judith A. Adams Humanities Department Auburn University© 1988 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/88/2902-0009$01.00 338 Bibliography (1986) 339 With the collaboration of: Department of History and Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania Department of History Lehigh University Polytechnic Library Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic Jane Morley Louis Rodriquez Ian Winship CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISIONS I. The 20th Century and Works Covering More than One of Di­ visions II—V II. Prehistory, Antiquity, and Traditional Societies III. The Middle Ages IV. From the Renaissance through the 17th Century V.The 18th and 19th Centuries CLASSIFICATIONS 1. General and Collected Works (including works covering two or more categories 7-17) 2. Historiography and Documentation (bibliographies, guides, and indexes; problems of libraries and archives) 3. Biography 4. Technical Societies, Technical Education (including mu­ seums and exhibitions) 5. Economic, Political, and Social History 6. General Relationships between Technology and Culture; the Philosophy of Technology 7. Civil Engineering—General and Comprehensive Works 7.1. Architecture and Building Construction 7.2. Bridges; Harbors; Tunnels; Dams (see also Trans­ portation) 7.3. Surveying: Instruments and Maps; Cartography; Urban Engineering; Water Supply and Sewerage 8. Transportation—General and Comprehensive Works 8.1. Land Transportation (roads and vehicles; railroads and vehicles) 340 Cutcliffe, Roysdon, and Adams [1.1] 8.2. Marine Transportation (ships; navigation and charting; canals and boats) 8.3. Air and Space Transportation (aircraft and spacecraft) 9. Energy Conversion (hydraulic engineering; internal combus­ tion engines; steam engines; steam-electrical central stations; electrical power transmission; lighting; heating and ventilating; refrigeration; nuclear, solar, and direct-conversion power plants) 10. Materials and Processes—General and Comprehensive Works 10.1. Metals: Mining, Processing, Metallurgy 10.2. Chemical Industries; Oil and Gas; Coal; Rubber; Plastics 10.3. Ceramics; Glass; Cement; Stone; Salt 10.4. Paper; Lumber; Textiles; Leather; Bone 11. Electronics; Mechanical and Electro-mechanical Tech­ nology (tools; machines; instruments; timekeepers; automatic control; typewriters; sewing machines, etc.; mechanical power transmission; weights and measures) 12. Computing Technology (computers, calculating machinery) 13. Communication and Records (printing; telegraph; telephone; radio; phonographs and recorders; photography) 14. Agriculture and Food Technology 15. Industrial Organization and Labor (managementtechniques; mass production techniques) 16. Military Technology 17. Industrial Archaeology I. THE 20TH CENTURY AND works covering more than ONE OF DIVISIONS II-V 1. GENERAL AND COLLECTED WORKS Abelshauser, Werner. “Neuanfang oder Wiederaufbau? Zu den Wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ausgangsbedingungen der westlichen Industrie nach dem Zweiten Weitkrieg,” Technikgeschichte 53 (1986): 261—76. Social and economic conditions of the West Ger­ man industrial revival after World War II. Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y., and Hill, Donald R. Islamic Technology: An Illustrated. His­ tory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. 304; illustrations; map; bibliography. Baark, Erik, and Jamison, Andrew, eds. Technological Development in China, India and Japan: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986. Pp. 264; illustrations...

On the Measure of Solid Angles

One would think that such a nice formula should be old and well-known. But so far, I have not been able to find it in the literature. However, almost the same result was known to Euler [4, p. 215] and Lagrange [8, p. 340]. (The title above is a translation of the Latin title of [4].) We use the standard notations a, b, c for the sides of our spherical triangle T, and A, B, C for the angles. The area of T is its excess E = A + B + C rr. The old result can be written

Contemporary Spanish and Spanish American Fiction in English: Tropes of Fidelity in the Translation of Titles

(1989). Contemporary Spanish and Spanish American Fiction in English: Tropes of Fidelity in the Translation of Titles. Translation Review: Vol. 30-31, No. 1, pp. 41-46.

Determining cause of death in 45,564 autopsy reports.

It has been demonstrated that death certificates do not accurately record the actual cause of death in up to one-fourth of cases, as determined from subsequent autopsy findings. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of natural language autopsy data bases as an automated quality assurance mechanism. We translated the account of the major process leading to death, or the primary diagnosis, from all 45,564 narrative autopsy reports obtained at The Johns Hopkins Hospital between May 28, 1889, and June 30, 1987, into the hierarchical system of Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) titles. We obtained a total of 125,772 MeSH title translations, 1,563 of them distinct (average 2.8 per case), ranging in frequency from 6,029 occurrences of LUNG to 1 occurrence apiece of 357 MeSH titles. The natural-language-to-MeSH translations showed expected trends over the past century: fewer infectious diseases; more cardiovascular and neoplastic disease among adults; and more respiratory diseases and congenital malformations in the pediatric age group. The greater availability of autopsy documents in electronic form should increase the value of this resource for quality assurance.

Concept recognition in an automatic text-processing system for the life sciences

This article describes a natural-language text-processing system designed as an automatic aid to subject indexing at BIOSIS. The intellectual procedure the system should model is a deep indexing with a controlled vocabulary of biological concepts — Concept Headings (CHs). On the average, ten CHs are assigned to each article by BIOSIS indexers. The automatic procedure consists of two stages: (1) translation of natural-language biological titles into title-semantic representations which are in the constructed formalized language of Concept Primitives, and (2) translation of the latter representations into the language of CHs. The first stage is performed by matching the titles against the system's Semantic Vocabulary (SV). The SV currently contains approximately 15,000 biological natural-language terms and their translations in the language of Concept Primitives. For the ambiguous terms, the SV contains the algorithmical rules of term disambiguation, rules based on semantic analysis of the contexts. The second stage of the automatic procedure is performed by matching the title representations against the CH definitions, formulated as Boolean search strategies in the language of Concept Primitives. Three experiments performed with the system and their results are described. The most typical problems the system encounters, the problems of lexical and situational ambiguities, are discussed. The disambiguation techniques employed are described and demonstrated in many examples. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Guillén de Castro (review)

Hipólito de Vergara Vergara, Hipóhto de. See: TIRSO DE MOLINA, Iscla-Rovira. Gil Vicente Diez Borque, José María, See: JUAN DEL ENCINA. Vicente, Gil, Farces and Festival Plays, ed. Thomas R. Hart, Eugene: University of Oregon Press, 1972. Young, Richard ?., "Gil Vicente's CastiHan Debut," Segismundo, 8 (1972), 25-50. Virués *Blüher, Karl Alfred, "Virués' Dramaturgie des desengaño" See: MISCELLANEOUS , Schalk. * An asterisk is used to mark items not yet verified by the compiler. Because there are bound to have been items missed or omitted in the process of compiling this bibliography, will anyone who notes such please notify the compiler so that future bibliographies may be more complete? I am indebted to professors Warren T. McCready and James A. Parr for assistance in preparing the present listing. Reviews WILSON, WILLIAM E. Guillen de Castro. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1973. 166 pp. $5.95. Although the author frequently admits that Guillen de Castro is of lesser stature than Lope or Calderón, he nonetheless correctly stresses the importance of Castro in the development of the Comedia; his influence on Lope, Calder ón and Moreto; his contribution as the source (in his Cid dramas) of French tragedy beginning with Corneille ; as well as Castro's leadership in the so-called Valencian School. It is interesting that thus far, of that group, only Virués has been the subject of a book and only now, some three and a half centuries after Castro's death, do we finally have a volume devoted exclusively to Giullén de Castro. The translation of Castro's titles leaves something to be desired. For example, Engañarse engañando stresses process whereas The Deceiver Deceived foreshadows result; similar criticism could be made of Wilson's The Impoverished Seeker of Royal Favor for Castro's El pretender con pobreza. Other examples include Wilson's own interpretation rather than translation of titles, such as the Cervantes-based El curioso impertinente as Dangerous Curiosity and La fuerza de la sangre as Kinship's Powerful Call. Moreover, since nearly all his plays have never been translated, one questions the utility of improvising translations at all. The "Selected Bibhography" goes far beyond references to Castro and his works and serves as a useful guide for the general reader and novice in the field of the Comedia, and although the author's intended readers are those "who are in the early stages of their study of [the Comedia]," there is Httle here that is not on required Hsts for students at such a stage. Unfortunately , the difference between works dealing with Castro, as opposed to the much larger number of entries which barely, if at all, mention him (e.g., Rodriguez Marin's edition of Don Quijote , Schevill and BoniUa's edition of Cervantes' complete works or A. A. Parker's The Approach to the Spanish Drama of the Golden Age) is not made clear, the bibliography being divided merely into four categories: editions, 82 articles, dissertations and books. On the other hand, many of the bibliographical entries are succinctly and accurately summarized in brief annotations, a helpful guide where these are provided. With regard to typographical errors, I spotted only one, which happens to be my own middle initial in the bibliography on p. 154. The opening chapter, "Castro's Life and Work," is the shortest and says nothing of note that others have not said previously. Similarly, chapter 2, "Summaries and Sources," takes a handful of plays, spends most of the time summarizing plots and appropriate portions of source material (ballads, the Classics, Cervantes and, to some extent, historical events). The point is well made but merely restates through plot summaries and comparisons what is either known or seems obvious, namely that Castro's plot technique was to adapt such sources to the Lope de Vega style of theater. The third chapter, "Castro's Versification and the Dating of his Plays," is a good lesson on Spanish versification, especially as apphed to the Comedia and particularly by Castro, but is essentially a summary of Bruerton's work and adds nothing new but lengthy translations of the examples chosen, which causes one to...

Polska retrospektywna bibliografia narodowa jako szczególne dziedzictwo bibliograficzne

Teza/cel – Retrospektywna bibliografia narodowa jest dobrem kultury, źródłem do historycznych badań księgoznawczych w kraju. Celem artykułu jest propozycja zdefiniowania terminów „dziedzictwo bibliograficzne” i „narodowe dziedzictwo bibliograficzine” w kontekście dziedzictwa dokumentacyjnego i kulturowego. Drugim zagadnieniem jest ukazanie znaczenia retrospektywnych bibliografii piśmiennictwa narodowego, mianowicie Bibliografii polskiej Karola Estreichera i Bibliografii polskiej 1901-1939 jako istotnych elementów dziedzictwa kulturowego i najważniejszych źródeł do badania historii ruchu wydawniczego w Polsce (statystyka, oferta tytułowa, wydawcy, geografia wydawnicza, aktywność autorska, przekłady piśmiennictwa obcego itp.). Trzecim problemem jest przedstawienie stanu opracowania polskiej retrospektywnej bibliografii narodowej za okres 1901-1939. Metody badań – Podstawą była analiza piśmiennictwa dotyczącego narodowych bibliografii retrospektywnych oraz ocena aktualnego stanu prac nad nimi na podstawie sprawozdań i informacji wydawniczych. Wyniki i wnioski – Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy zaproponowano przyjęcie terminu „dziedzictwo bibliograficzne”, mieszczącego się w zakresie „dziedzictwa dokumentacyjnego”, oraz zaliczenie do „narodowego dziedzictwa bibliograficznego” pomnikowych, czyli najbardziej istotnych dla narodu, nauki i kultury, spisów bibliograficznych (narodowych, dziedzinowych, regionalnych, osobowych), w tym przede wszystkim retrospektywnych bibliografii narodowych: Bibliografii polskiej Karola Estreichera i Bibliografii polskiej 1901-1939. Uznano za konieczne zintensyfikowanie w Bibliotece Narodowej prac nad bibliografią piśmiennictwa narodowego za okres 1901-1939. Zaproponowano podjęcie starań o włączenie Bibliografii polskiej Estreichera wraz z jej dokumentacją na Polską Listę Krajową Programu UNESCO „Pamięć Świata”.

The Roman Government in Greek Sources: The Effect of Literary Theory on the Translation of Official Titles

linguistic problem of inadequate vocabulary, apart from the literary considerations of turning scientific Greek into poetic Latin. Modestinus, on the other hand, could draw on some four hundred years during which the Greek world had been subjected to Roman v6poia and documents in Greek were being published of a legal complexity that, if it did not equal that of a textbook on excusatio (the topic which the section introduces), at least offered the lawyer some precedent for his method. In fact, apart from a rather larger number of transcribed words, Modestinus' usage, and in general the Greek quotations in the Digest, do not differ from the bulk of official documents on stone or papyrus. Although there are problems, points not yet fully elucidated, it is clear that under the Empire at least, there existed a reasonably consistent, standardized Greek terminology,' drawing largely from familiar Greek official language, either of the Hellenistic states (e.g., lrapxos) or of the poleis (e.g., 6~biapxos and raitas) in a process called by Magie comparatio,2

Translating the titles of chemical abstracts into information language

AN ALGORITHM has been devised by Lakhuti in the electro-modelling laboratory of the VINITI for machine searching for chemical abstract titles on given subjects. He has devised an information language (ZL) on the basis of Stokolovaya’s methods. These give a genustype classification of all the concepts used in the search. It is pre-supposed that the titles deal only with the properties of substances and the reactions taking place between these substances. The record unit of the information language (IL) is divided into four zones (from zero up to three), i.e. into four definite positions. Zone O-for recording the name of the reaction. Three types of term are distinguished which denote the reaction according to the nature of the chemical process: R,--reaction, synthesis, formation and so on; R,r-combination, decomposition, etc. ; R,,,-alkylation, sulphonation and so on. Zone I-for recording the starting materials in the reaction. Two positions are distinguished, the second of which is for the active agent of the reaction. Zone II-for recording the final products of the reaction. Zone III-for recording additional information (about the reactions and the compounds which take part in them). The algorithm was devised for the machine translation of titles (Russian and English) into IL in order to achieve automation of the process. 1. This paper considers certain aspects of the development of a vocabulary and algorithm for the machine translation of Russian and English languages into information language for chemistry. It seems to us that our conclusions apply to the general problem of the conversion of one tongue into information language and not to the special problem of translating from Russian or English. Our conclusions therefore refer to both natural languages equally.

Wave Propagation in a Random Medium

By Lev. A. Chernov London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. Pp. viii + 168. Price 58s. This book has been translated from the Russian original by R. A. Silverman ; its contents would have been more clearly indicated if the literal translation of the Russian title had been used, viz., Wave Propagation in a Medium with Random Inhomogeneities. The work includes an investigation of the effect of refractive index fluctuations on the propagation of acoustic and electromagnetic waves through the troposphere and the ocean.

Nikolsky sign; page from notable contributors to the knowledge of dermatology.

Nikolsky, Pyotr Vasilyewich, or Pierre W. Nikolsky, was born in Usman, Tambow, Russia, in 1858 (some biographic references give 1855). He studied at He became an assistant of Stoukowenkow at Kiev (1884 to 1935) and served in the skin clinic. Nikolsky became professor, first at Warsaw, in 1900, then at Rostov, as was announced at the Budapest Kongress. Nikolsky presented L'etat de la dermatologie et de la syphiligraphie en Russie jusqu'a 1884. He wrote that he saw the Russian dermatology from its infancy. Nikolsky is best known for his contribution of 1896, which earned him the eponym, Nikolsky's sign. A German translation of the Russian title was Material zur Lehre von Pemphigus Foliaceus, Cazenave, Kiev. Nikolsky made this reference to the subject: Ce fut le Prof. Stoukowenkow qui le premier diagnostiqua un cas de pemphigus foliaceus Cazenave et ce fut sur 5 cas de cette maladie que je basai

At Harvard in the Nineties

IN the autumn of 1891 Pierre la Rose and I settled into 14 Matthews, where we continued as room-mates for the whole of our course at Harvard, until our graduation in June, 1895. Number 14 was on the third or fourth floor at the back of Matthews, and as you sat in our window seat you had to your left Harvard Square, to your right the beautiful rosebrick oblong of Massachusetts Hall, with its ancient thick walls and incongruous modern fire-escapes, which at certain hours would be black with students retiring from Charles Eliot Norton's course in fine arts on the upper floor. La Rose, whom I had met at Exeter Academy the year before, had pretensions to taste in furnishing, and we had orange sash-curtains, and over the upright piano a bust of Richelieu (why Richelieu I can not say) set off against an India shawl. There was a crucifix too, more, I always felt, for artistic than religious reasons, though la Rose, who had an ecclesiastical turn of mind, insisted upon it. He used to madden me by talking about The Church -with none of the adjectives I was used to adding-and about doctrinal subtleties incomprehensible to me, with his friend Gaillard Lapsley and with other upper-classmen. Lapsley intimidated me with his strenuous learning. The court fool of our group, the irreverent and ribald jester, was John Mack; and his translation of Newman's title, Apologia pro Vita Sua, as Apology for Living in a Sewer, solaced my wounded sense of being nothing but a sectarian and outsider. On the whole, I was fortunate in my room-mate. As a youngest son, ten years younger than my next older brother, I had been somewhat spoiled in boyhood, so that my early tastes were hardly more than boyish enthusiasms and headstrong prejudices. I idolized Dickens, for instance, but despised Thackeray; along with Moszkowski, Grieg, and Nevin, whom I admired for their prettiness, I placed Beethoven, but