Titanium Materials Research Articles

Exploring heterogenous TiO2 nanocrystals from natural ilmenite mineral extraction for energy application

The semiconductor oxide material titanium dioxide (TiO2) has a number of strategic uses, such as an antimicrobial, self-cleaning, photocatalyst, and dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Despite the fact that his substance is naturally obtained from the ilmenite (FeTiO3) mineral, there have been few investigations in this field. This work produced heterogenous TiO2 nanocrystals from ilmenite extraction, which were then subjected to post-hydrothermal treatment at a range of temperatures of 80, 100, 120, and 150 °C. In the present study, it was examined how temperature change affected the optical characteristics, crystal structure, and prospective integration of TiO2 nanocrystals into DSSC. The obtained TiO2 nanocrystals were identified as anatase phase by the X-ray diffraction analysis. As a result of raising the post-hydrothermal temperature from 80 to 150 °C, the crystallite size of heterogenous TiO2 nanocrystals was successfully enhanced from 58.09 to 72.48 nm. The band gap energy (Eg) may be lowered from 2.81 to 2.65 eV by increasing the size of the crystallites. The greatest open circuit voltage (Voc) measured by the voltage test findings was 16.80 mV. According to the study's findings, heterogenous TiO2 nanocrystals synthesized from the ilmenite mineral might be used in dye-sensitized solar cell applications.

Carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes inhibit the development of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms

Staphylococcus aureus forms biofilms that cause considerable morbidity and mortality in patients who receive implanted devices such as prosthetics or fixator pins. An ideal surface for such medical devices would inhibit biofilm growth. Recently, it was reported that surface modification of stainless steel materials with carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CICNT) inhibits the growth of S. aureus biofilms. The purpose of this study was to investigate this antimicrobial effect on titanium materials with CICNT coated surfaces in a variety of surface morphologies and across a broader spectrum of S. aureus isolates. Study samples of CICNT-coated titanium, and control samples of bare titanium, a common implant material, were exposed to S. aureus. Viable bacteria were removed from adhered biofilms and quantified as colony forming units. Scanning electron microscopy was used to qualitatively analyze biofilms both before and after removal of cells. The CICNT surface was found to have significantly fewer adherent bacteria than bare titanium control surfaces, both via colony forming unit and microscopic analyses. This effect was most pronounced on CICNT surfaces with an average nanotube diameter of 150 nm, showing a 2.5-fold reduction in adherent bacteria. Since S. aureus forms different biofilm structures by isolate and by growth conditions, we tested 7 total isolates and found a significant reduction in the biofilm load in six out of seven S. aureus isolates tested. To examine whether the anti-biofilm effect was due to the structure of the nanotubes, we generated an unstructured carbon surface. Significantly more bacteria adhered to a nonstructured carbon surface than to the 150 nm CICNT surface, suggesting that the topography of the nanotube structure itself has anti-biofilm properties. The CICNT surface possesses anti-biofilm properties that result in fewer adherent S. aureus bacteria. These anti-biofilm properties are consistent across multiple isolates of S. aureus and are affected by nanotube diameter. The experiments performed in this study suggest that this effect is due to the nanostructure of the CICNT surface.

Results of a clinical trial of humeral neck osteosynthesis with carbon – carbon composite material

The metals utilized in the production of various implants in traumatology possess all the required mechanical properties. However, these materials are susceptible to oxidation. Carbon-carbon composites, on the other hand, exhibit X-ray transparency and are easily machinable. Thanks to their intricate yet essential physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, they find effective application in osteosynthesis and endoprosthesis procedures for bone structures. The aim of this study is to comparative view of the treatment outcomes for patients with fractures of the proximal part of the humerus by carbon-carbon composite material plates and titanium plates. Materials and methods. In this study, a carbon-carbon composite material plate was conducted osteosynthesis of the proximal part of the shoulder. In the comparison group, a titanium plate was employed. The study group comprised 20 patients, while the comparison group included 15 patients. The analysis of the results was carried out utilizing the Constant–Murley scale and the Quick DASH questionnaire. Results. A comparative study of treatment outcomes between the main and comparison groups revealed a more significant positive treatment effect in the group that underwent osteosynthesis of the humeral neck by a carbon-carbon composite material plate. This effect was observed at the 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month evaluation points. It was characterized by reduced shoulder pain, alleviated dysfunction manifestations, enhanced daily activities, and improved overall quality of life among patients in this group. Conclusions. The analysis of long-term treatment outcomes for proximal humerus fractures, utilizing both carbon-carbon composite material plates and titanium plates, by the Constant–Murley scale and the Quick DASH questionnaire, demonstrated statistically confirmed improvements in shoulder joint function for both treatment methods.

Bed joint reinforcement of shear walls using threaded titanium rods

Shear walls in historic constructions often require retrofit. The lateral load capacity is frequently insufficient to withstand seismic actions. Threaded titanium rods embedded in mortar bed joints have emerged as a viable solution to reinforce brickwork shear walls. The use of a high tensile strength and ductile material (titanium alloys), with a high degree of reversibility of the retrofit intervention, is promising as it represents a new opportunity in masonry conservation. Aiming at studying the effectiveness of the titanium rod repair, this research had a twofold goal: 1. laboratory tests were performed to investigate the structural response of reinforced walls at macro-scale level; 2. a numerical modelling strategy was implemented to fill the knowledge gap regarding the material properties of brickwork masonry (English and Flemish bond). Quasi-static cycling loading tests performed on full scale (1200x1200 mm, two wythes thickness) specimens demonstrated how bed joint reinforcement using threaded titanium rods produced a significant increase in the lateral load and deformation capacities. To provide an effective tool for predicting all material parameters, as input data, and for designing the proposed strengthening system, a step-by-step procedure - based on the use of digital image processing (DIP) techniques, homogenization theories and micro-modelling strategies - was therefore proposed.

Clinical Outcome of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone Plates in Patients with Proximal Humeral Fracture: One-Year Follow-Up.

Proximal humerus fractures are seen frequently, particularly in older patients. The development of new osteosynthesis materials is being driven by the high complication rates following surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Plate osteosyntheses made of steel, titanium and, for several years now, carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) are used most frequently. A prospective, randomized study was conducted in order to evaluate whether there are differences in the functional postoperative outcome when comparing CFR-PEEK and titanium implants for surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures. The primary outcome of shoulder functionality 1 year after surgery was measured with the DASH score, the Oxford Shoulder Score, and the Simple Shoulder Test. Bony consolidation of the respective fracture was confirmed in all the patients included in the study within the scope of postoperative follow-up care. No significant differences in the DASH score, Oxford Shoulder Score, or Simple Shoulder Test were observed 1 year post-operatively when comparing the implant materials CFR-PEEK and titanium. There are no differences in terms of the functional outcome between CFR-PEEK plates and titanium implants 1 year after surgery. Studies on the long-term outcomes using CFR-PEEK plates in osteoporotic bone should be the subject of further research.

ВЕРТИКАЛЬНЫЕ ТИТАНОВЫЕ ВИНТЫ С МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫМ ПОКРЫТИЕМ ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ НАДЁЖНОСТИ ФИКСАЦИИ И СТАБИЛИЗАЦИИ АБАТМЕНТОВ К ПЛАТФОРМЕ ДЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ИМПЛАНТАТОВ

Vertical screws of abutments after dental implantation tend to loosen, unscrew and break, which is associated with low strength, tribological and corrosion properties of screw material under stress and aggressive environment in the oral cavity. The main causes of problems with dental screws are a decrease in their fatigue strength due to defects, residual tensile stresses and hydrogen pickup of surface layer, as well as the process of fretting corrosion that occurs under conditions of micro-displacement under cyclic loads of conditionally stationary tribocoupling. The design and operational characteristics of abutment screws, the main problematic properties of titanium materials are considered, the calculated dependences of torque, pre-tightening force, friction coefficients in thread and on support surface are given. The analysis of numerical values of these parameters is given. It is concluded that the use of vertical titanium screws with functional coatings is one of the ways of improving the reliability of the dental implantation system. The results of studies of the BioPateks diamond-like coating of the a-C:H/a-SiC-Ag system for vertical titanium abutment screws applied using cold atmospheric plasma are presented. The effectiveness of this coating has been demonstrated in metallographic analysis, static tensile tests, tribological studies, tests under microabrasive wear conditions, studies of barrier properties from the release of toxic vanadium and aluminum ions, studies of surface defects during fretting fatigue. The BioPateks coating and its application technology can be used both in industrial and in clinical and laboratory conditions. For these purposes, small-sized and low-energy equipment is used.

Structural and functional regularities of the damage accumulation and failure in metals under dynamic loading and wear

The effect of damage caused by friction and wear on the accumulation of fatigue damage in the near-surface layers of the material used in technical systems operating under dynamic loading is studied. A comparative study of the samples of carbonized Cr – Mn – Si steel under ultrasonic loading in the range up to 109 cycles and the samples of steel 45 loaded at a permanent frequency of 100 Hz to simulate conditions of tribological tests for frictional fatigue revealed the same types of damage occurring in the characteristic frequency ranges of loading. To assess the effect of friction fatigue on damage accumulation and the probability of operational failures the authors have supposed that the processes of structural damage accumulation in cyclic and frictional fatigue are similar. The analysis of experimental data on the behavior of the friction coefficients and the magnitudes of broadening X-ray lines which characterize changes in the dislocation structure of the metallic structural materials (steels and titanium alloys) upon friction and the friction fatigue curves confirmed that the process of friction fatigue failure occurs via the mechanisms of low and high cycle fatigue that proves the validity of the proposed approach. The calculation results for the probability of the compressor failure are presented as an example. The calculations are based on the friction fatigue curves in a wide range of loading cycles obtained upon testing the crankshaft neck. The use of friction fatigue curves thus obtained provided assessment of the effects of combined action of the dynamic loading and friction, resulting in increased gaps and the dynamic loads (due to the wear of contacting parts) on the fatigue damage accumulation, durability and the reliability of the mechanical systems during operation.

Thermo-hydraulic efficiency of lung-inspired compact plate heat exchangers made using additive manufacturing techniques with steel, aluminum and titanium powders

The selection of material for compact plate heat exchangers (CPHEs) is of increasing importance due to global economic and supply constraints. Additionally, the influence of material selection on the thermo-hydraulic characteristics of CPHEs is an area of ongoing research. This study aims to address these issues by analyzing the thermo-hydraulic performance of CPHEs made from steel, aluminum, and titanium materials with small, complex channels. Using an additive manufacturing method (specifically Direct Metal Laser Sintering), lung-inspired CPHEs of identical geometry and roughness were manufactured from steel, aluminum and titanium powders. The thermo-hydraulic characteristics of CPHEs as well as that of a traditional one with Chevron-type, were investigated using both experimental and numerical techniques under specific operating conditions to determine the optimum between maximum heat transfer and minimum pressure drop. The findings of this study reveal that as the temperature difference between the inlet on the hot and cold sides, as well as the flow rate, were increased, there was a corresponding increase in both amount of heat transferred and loss of pressure across all investigated CPHEs. Compared to the chevron type brazed plate heat exchanger, the CPHE made from aluminum showed a 75.2 % and 11.2 % increase in heat transfer and a 31.8 % and 10.9 % reduction in pressure drop at 3 and 6 L/min, respectively, for a temperature difference of 90–40 °C. This study suggests that the use of materials with different thermal conductivities in CPHEs may offer a promising solution to achieve elevated heat transfer rates while minimizing pressure drop.

Numerical Study of Graphene‐Based Wideband Solar Absorber using MIM Structure for Solar Thermal Energy Conversion

AbstractA super‐wideband solar energy absorber (SWBSEA) design is proposed in this research. In order to achieve high absorption in the design, a thin film of graphene is also used as a substrate coating that is exposed to the medium of air. The metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) is designed with a Ti‐SiO2‐TiN structure. The fractal interwoven shape (FIS) resonator layer is constructed of titanium material, which is based on a layer of silicon dioxide, and a ground layer of titanium nitride. The spectrum of solar radiation that is typically absorbed spans from the Ultraviolet (UV) to Mid‐infrared (MIR) range, with 92.81% average absorption. The absorption bandwidth of 0.61 µm is achieved with 96.21% average absorption. The designed solar absorber has a wide angle of incidence ranging from 0° to 80°. The design is also polarization insensitive for Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) waves. The created SWBSEA solar absorber design is extremely effective, polarization, and angle‐insensitive, and offers broadband absorptance that may be put into the solar cell as an absorber and is frequently utilized in heating, drying, and photovoltaic applications.

Effect of temperature and rolling direction on the formability of CP2 and Ti-6Al-4V titanium materials

Abstract Pure (CP2) and alloyed titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) have an important place in biomedical and aerospace applications due to their low density and high strength properties. In this study, the effect of the formability of CP2 and Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy at different temperatures on mechanical properties and microstructure was investigated. The hot forming process was carried out by pressing 1 mm sheet titanium plates at different temperatures on the U profile mold. Specimens along the rolling direction and perpendicular to the rolling direction were taken from the bottom the formed U-plates. Afterward, tensile tests, microhardness measurements, and changes in microstructure were examined, respectively. As a result, at high temperatures and in different rolling directions, significant changes in microstructure and mechanical properties were observed. It was determined that the best forming temperature of CP2 and Ti-6Al-4V materials along the rolling direction was 500 °C, white it is 400° for perpendicular to the rolling direction was 400 °C.

Deploying a Novel Approach to Prepare Silver Nanoparticle Bellamya bengalensis Extract Conjugate Coating on Orthopedic Implant Biomaterial Discs to Prevent Potential Biofilm Formation.

This study is based on the premise of investigating antibacterial activity through a novel conjugate of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in line with a green synthesis approach by developing antimicrobial-coated implants to prevent bacterial resistance. The AMPs were obtained from Bellamya Bengalensis (BB), a freshwater snail, to prepare the nanocomposite conjugate, e.g., AgNPs@BB extract, by making use of UV-Visible spectroscopy. The antimicrobial assessment of AgNPs@BB extract conjugate was performed using the Resazurin Microtiter Assay Method (REMA), followed by the use of three biocompatible implant materials (titanium alloys, Ti 6AL-4V stainless steel 316L, and polyethylene). Finally, the coating was analyzed under confocal microscopy. The results revealed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the surfaces of implants coated with conjugate (AgNPs@BB extract) in comparison to uncoated implants. For the MTT assay, no significant changes were recorded for the cells grown on the AgNPs/AMP++ sample in high concentrations. Staphylococcus epidermidis, however, showed more prominent growth on all implants in comparison to Staphylococcus aureus. It is evident from the results that Staphylococcus epidermidis is more susceptible to AgNPs@BB extract, while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of AgNPs@BB extract conjugates and biosynthesized AgNPs was also on the higher side. This study indicates that AgNPs@BB extract carries antibacterial activity, and concludes that an excessive concentration of AgNPs@BB extract may affect the improved biocompatibility. This study recommends using robust, retentive, and antimicrobial coatings of AgNPs@BB extract for implantable biocompatible materials in accordance with the novel strategy of biomaterial applications.

Advanced surface engineering of titanium materials for biomedical applications: From static modification to dynamic responsive regulation.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been widely used as orthopedic implants, because of their favorable mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Despite their significant success in various clinical applications, the probability of failure, degradation and revision is undesirably high, especially for the patients with low bone density, insufficient quantity of bone or osteoporosis, which renders the studies on surface modification of Ti still active to further improve clinical results. It is discerned that surface physicochemical properties directly influence and even control the dynamic interaction that subsequently determines the success or rejection of orthopedic implants. Therefore, it is crucial to endow bulk materials with specific surface properties of high bioactivity that can be performed by surface modification to realize the osseointegration. This article first reviews surface characteristics of Ti materials and various conventional surface modification techniques involving mechanical, physical and chemical treatments based on the formation mechanism of the modified coatings. Such conventional methods are able to improve bioactivity of Ti implants, but the surfaces with static state cannot respond to the dynamic biological cascades from the living cells and tissues. Hence, beyond traditional static design, dynamic responsive avenues are then emerging. The dynamic stimuli sources for surface functionalization can originate from environmental triggers or physiological triggers. In short, this review surveys recent developments in the surface engineering of Ti materials, with a specific emphasis on advances in static to dynamic functionality, which provides perspectives for improving bioactivity and biocompatibility of Ti implants.

Modeling, simulation, and experimental study of personalized porous tooth structure formed by laser selective melting (SLM)

The work aims to study and summarize the technology methods for personalized design and 3D printing for the human tooth, mainly including scanning the human model of the oral cavity with the lost tooth, dealing with the point clouds data, reconstructing the dental crown and dental root with porous structure, simulating the deformation and stress of different porous structure, and printing the different unit body by SLM 3D printing with metal powder material titanium alloys TC4. Finally, experiments are conducted to verify the performances of the printed unit entity with a porous structure. The conclusion is that the porous structure designed is effective for a closer elastic modulus E=2.20-3.00 GPa to the Human cementum. It can increase the matching between the elastic modulus of the patient’s jaw bone, reduce the stress shielding effect, achieve increased bone bonding area, improve bone bonding efficiency, and improve the long stability of implant bone bonding. It also has a 20.44 % weight loss. It becomes lighter and more economical. Through the research, the rapid and personalized customization forms can be realized to promote the further development of the dental reconstruction area.

Fabrication of biomimetic antibacterial titanium surfaces by hydrothermal oxidation

Abstract Within this paper we demonstrate a novel approach to create antibacterial nanostructures on the implant material titanium grade 23 by a high-pressure oxidation method. Titanium samples were oxidized and resulting nanostructures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. Antibacterial properties were tested using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis as common lab strains. In addition, cytotoxicity was determined according to ISO 10993-5 standards. Results reveal that the fabricated nanostructures have similar antibacterial properties known from different insect wings like dragonflies or cicadas and have no cytotoxic effect.

Strong and ductile nanoscale Ti-1Fe dual-phase alloy via deformation twinning

A nanoscale Ti-1Fe dual-phase alloy was fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. The microstructure, phase constituent, and tensile properties of this alloy were examined to understand the mechanisms of nanotwin formation and its deformation. The interfacial coherency between the α/α’-Ti and β-Ti phases, along with the abundance of dislocations at grain boundaries and the increased Schmid factor after deformation, effectively lowered the strain level needed to generate deformation twins. The resulting deformation twinning, grain refinement, and solid solution of Fe all contributed to the alloy's excellent room-temperature tensile strength of 1021.7±15.2 MPa and ductility of 13.4±0.8 %. This study provides a path towards the design of high-performance and economical titanium materials without using expensive alloying elements.

Review of The Security Check Process at The Passenger Security Checkpoint (PSCP) to Improve Flight Security at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport

Threats to aviation security have increased, firearms technology has developedrapidly, including the existence of firearms using a magazine in which there are 4 (four) rounds of ammunition and firearms with revolver type with titanium material which is light, strong and can store 5 (five) rounds of ammunition so that it can shoot with a certain amount of ammunition contained in it. In addition to thedevelopment of firearms, there are also sharp weapons that are not made of metal (non-metallic knife) where the developmentof this sharp weapon is in stark contrast to the technology of security equipment used at terminal 3 Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, the majority of which still use metal detectors. With the development of weapons technology, both firearms and sharp weapons, it is this equipment, procedures and capabilities of aviation security personnel, especially at Terminal 3 of Soekarno- Hatta Airport, that can be improved to anticipate technologicaldevelopments in aviation crimes, so that aviation security and safety is the goal. in aviationin Indonesia can be realized. The Ministry of Transportation seeks to assist every airport operator in determining standards for each personel, equipment and procedures to anticipate increasing aviation security threats through the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number PM 28 of 2021 concerning the National Aviation Security Education and Training Program.

Indigenous Development of Titanium Compressor Blade For Turbofan Engine

The Indigenous development of titanium compressor blade was taken up for turbofan engine for aeronautical applications. This titanium compressor blade is classified as flight safety critical part due to its rotating nature in dynamic load conditions. This blade is made from precision forging in titanium material with strength class of 880-1130 MPa. The material produced in accordance with this specification is melted by the triple VAR process or the cold hearth plus VAR process. The material specification calls for compliance on requirements on a forging lot/heat-treat lot/ingot for metallurgical defects like High Interstitial Defects (HID) "Type I" alpha defects, High-Density Inclusions (HDI), High-alpha defects ("Type II" alpha defect), Beta flecks, Clean shrinkage porosity and Strain-induced porosity. The forging required for compressor blade was developed as per approved test schedule, machined for finished dimensions and assembled and type tested in turbofan engine for its qualification. The titanium compressor blade was cleared for production after successfully completing stipulated qualification requirements. This paper covers the approach toward indigenous development of aero-engine titanium compressor blade forging, machining, assembly and its qualification testing in details

Improved Biocompatibility and Angiogenesis of the Bone Titanium Scaffold through ERK1/2 Signaling Mediated by an Attached Strontium Element.

The promotion of early osseointegration is crucial for the success of biomedical titanium implants. Physical and chemical modifications to the material surface can significantly compensate for the lack of biocompatibility and early osseointegration of the implant. In this study, we implanted strontium onto titanium plates and analyzed the effect of strontium-doped materials on angiogenesis and biocompatibility in the human bone structure. Our findings demonstrated that strontium-loaded titanium sheet materials effectively promote human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) biocompatibility and vascular differentiation ability, as evidenced by proliferation-apoptosis assays, RT-qPCR for vascular neogenesis markers, ELISA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, and nitric oxide (NO) analysis. Mechanism studies based on RNAseq and Western blotting analysis revealed that strontium can promote titanium material biocompatibility with HUVEC cells and vascular neovascularization ability by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway. Meanwhile, blocking the ERK1/2 signaling pathway could reverse the promotional effect of vascular formation. Overall, we have successfully fabricated a multifunctional biocompatible bone implant with better histocompatibility and angiogenesis compared to uncoated implants.

Analysis and optimization of concentrator photovoltaic system using a phase change material (RT 35HC) combined with variable metal fins

One of the biggest challenges of modern technology is the production of clean energy from available resources such as wind, sun and sea. The solar panel is considered as a potent tool for the production of green electric energy from solar irradiation. However, the performance of photovoltaic (PV) systems is related to the effectiveness of the integrated cooling system. In the present paper, PCM (RT35HC) has been used as a cooling process, which is placed in the back container of the photovoltaic unit. To enhance the thermal performance of PCM, a set of fins of different materials (graphite, copper, steel and titanium) has been integrated into the cooling enclosure. Additionally, the performance of the solar panel has been investigated with the variation of the inclination angle (β = 0, 30, 45, 75, and 90°). Independently of the fins material type and the inclination angle (β) of the PV-system, the presence of fins has relatively enhanced the energetical efficiency of the solar panel, especially with the adoption of graphite and copper materials. With the use of graphite and copper, the mean temperature of the solar panel was reduced by 3 °C compared to the case of steel and titanium. The overall PV temperature was stabilized at around 40 °C. The outcomes of the present study are of great importance for future developments of photovoltaic (PV) systems.

Enhanced reduction of nitrate by TDER packed with surface-modified plastic particles electrodes

Based on Iron cathodes, nitrate could be selectively decomposed into other lower-valence nitrogen compounds, including ammonia, nitrogen gas, nitrite and nitric oxide, but the removal efficiencies of nitrate and total nitrogen (TN), are affected significantly by the synergistic effects of anodes, chloride electrolyte and conductive plastic particles electrodes. In this work, the base material Titanium (Ti) metal plates and plastic particles which surfaces were mainly coated with Ru-Sn oxidizing compounds, were applied as plates anodes and conductive particles electrodes in Three Dimensional Electrode Reactors (TDER). The Ti/RuSn plate anodes showed excellent performance on degrading nitrate, more nitrogen gas (83.84%) and less ammonia (15.51%) was produced, less TN and Iron ion (0.02 mg/L) was left in the wastewater, and less amount of chemical sludge (0.20 g/L) was produced. Furthermore, the removal efficiencies of nitrate and TN were further increased by the surface-modified plastic particles, which were cheap, reusable, corrosion-resistance, easy to obtain as manufactured materials and light to be suspended in waters. The degradation of nitrate and its intermediates was enhanced possibly by the continuous synergistic reactions initiated by hydrogen radicals, which was generated on the countless surficial active Ru-Sn sites of Ti/RuSn metal plate anodes and plastic particles electrodes, among residual nitrogen intermediates, most of ammonia was selectively converted to gaseous nitrogen by hypochlorite from chloride ion reaction.