Titanium Aluminum Research Articles

Alumina and titanium nanoparticles to diesel–Guizotia abyssinica (L.) biodiesel blends on MFVCR engine performance and emissions

Deteriorating air quality and diminishing fossil fuel reserves drive the demand for alternative fuels. Biodiesel from animal and plant sources appears promising, but it has drawbacks like lower thermal efficiency and higher fuel consumption. One solution is exploring Nano additive biodiesel for internal combustion engines to address these limitations. The present research focuses on Guizotia abyssinica (L.) (GA) crops and the synthesis of biofuels from the bioresource and the aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. During nanoparticle characterization in X-ray diffraction (XRD), the interplanar spacing for the most intense peaks of (222) and (101) in Al2O3 and TiO2 was observed to be 2.63 and 3.48, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the formation of Al2O3 and TiO2. In the experimental evaluation, a multi-fuel variable compression ratio (MFVCR) engine was used to evaluate the performance and TESTO350 for the emission analysis. Nano additive biodiesel achieved a peak cylinder pressure of 55.19 bar and reduced CO emissions by 9.78 % compared to other biodiesel blends. The inclusion of nano additives in biodiesel resulted in a maximum brake thermal efficiency of 32.99 % and a minimum brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.362 kg/kWh compared to other fuels in the study.

Thermal Atomic Layer Deposition of Gallium Nitride Films Using Tris(dimethylamido)Gallium and Ammonia

Gallium nitride (GaN) is a III-V semiconductor material with a wide and direct bandgap, relatively high carrier mobility, and high breakdown voltage. GaN is suitable for applications in optoelectronic devices and power devices, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Typically, epitaxial GaN layers are grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at high deposition temperatures. However, low-temperature growth of GaN is necessary for temperature-sensitive devices and substrates. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a technique that offers unique advantages, such as low process temperature, excellent conformality, and atomic-level thickness control.In this study, we investigated the thermal ALD process of GaN at a low temperature of 200°C. Tris(dimethylamido)gallium (TDMAGa) was selected as the Ga precursor because tris(dimethylamido)titanium and tris(dimethylamido)aluminum were successfully adopted in the low-temperature ALD process of TiN and AlN thin films [1]. The growth and properties of ALD GaN films were investigated. ALD GaN films exhibited a self-limiting reaction with a deposition rate of 1.34 Å/cycle at 200°C, with a refractive index of 2.07. The saturation times for TDMAGa and NH3 pulses were 5 s and 30 s, respectively. Deposition at 250°C showed a deposition rate higher than 3 Å/cycle due to the thermal decomposition of TDMAGa. The ALD GaN film deposited at 200°C was amorphous and nitrogen deficient. To improve the crystallinity and composition, the as-deposited GaN films were annealed in an NH3 atmosphere in the deposition chamber without air exposure. The effects of annealing on the crystallinity and composition of the films were investigated. Acknowledgments This work was supported by Samsung Display Co., Ltd.

A method for preparing alloy coating on the aluminum alloy substrate via laser cladding technology to prevent the galvanic corrosion of TC4/5083 couple

The Cu-Ni-Cr alloy coating was prepared on 5083 aluminum alloy substrate using laser cladding technology. The microstructure of the coating and its galvanic corrosion resistance in contact with TC4 alloy were studied. The results indicate that the Cu-Ni-Cr alloy coating primarily consists of Al-rich dendrite phase and Cu-rich matrix phase. The shear strength of the Cu-Ni-Cr alloy coating is 154.68 MPa, which is greater than that of the aluminum alloy substrate. The galvanic current density of the TC4/Cu-Ni-Cr couple is 0.05 μA·cm−2. The neutral salt spray corrosion test results demonstrate that the Cu-Ni-Cr alloy coating exhibits excellent resistance to galvanic corrosion. The coating can attenuate the galvanic corrosion effect when it is in contact with the TC4 titanium alloy, offering new solutions to address the galvanic corrosion challenges between titanium alloy and aluminum alloy in marine environments.

Evaluation of Doped Polyaniline as Potential Sensing Materials and/or Absorbents For Styrene and Phthalates in Aqueous Solutions

AbstractThe removal and detection of toxic analytes, including monomers and plasticizers, is important for both health and the environment. Potential absorbents and/or sensing materials are successfully made from polyaniline (PANI) and PANI doped with 10 wt.% of aluminum oxide (PANI‐Al2O3) and titanium dioxide (PANI‐TiO2). The amount of metal oxide incorporated into the surface layers of the polymer and the total amount incorporated are confirmed by energy dispersive X‐rays (EDX) and microwave plasma‐ atomic emission spectroscopy (MP‐AES), respectively. All three materials are evaluated as potential sensing materials and/or absorbents for styrene, monobutyl phthalate (MBP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at 100 ppm in aqueous solutions. It is found that incorporating TiO2 into PANI improved both the sensitivity and selectivity to styrene, making PANI‐TiO2 a good absorbent and potential sensing material for styrene. Additionally, incorporating Al2O3 into PANI improved the sorption to MBP, but reduced the selectivity. As a proof‐of‐concept, the responses of the polymeric nanocomposites are combined and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) as such an algorithm. The output reveals good separation of the responses to each analyte, thereby demonstrating how sensing materials with poorer selectivity can be used together to overcome limitations in selectivity.

Passive Q-switched fiber laser with MAX phase molybdenum titanium aluminum carbide film

Passive Q-switched fiber laser with MAX phase molybdenum titanium aluminum carbide film

Electro-thermal analysis of hybrid fluid through wavy divergent channel

In the bio-medical domains, the transportation of physiological fluids within the human body like chyme movement in the gastrointestinal tract, bolus through the esophagus, blood circulation in the small vessels and heart chambers etc., where the channels are nonuniform in nature. Due to diverse applications of nonuniform channel, in the current mathematical analysis the peristaltic flow of hybrid fluid (containing particular nanoparticles) under an applied axial electric field through the nonuniform channel is presented. To observe hybrid fluid performance, a set of modified hybrid fluid that comprise nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, aluminum trioxide and copper with water as a base fluid is considered in the analysis. Taking into consideration the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. Poisson-Boltzmann equations are linearized by the Debye-Hückel approximation. Solutions for the axial velocity, average flow rate, pressure gradient, pumping phenomena, heat transfer phenomena and volumetric fraction are obtained analytically. The physical impacts of numerous embedded parameters on the above-mentioned features are argued through graphs which are plotted by Mathematica 11.0 Software. Additionally, the influence of porous medium and nonuniform nature of flow geometry are also discussed in detail. The study could be useful in medical as well as the industrial domains since the electro-osmotic phenomenon is observed throughout the human body where through the osmosis, the body absorbs the nutrients from the food and toxins are removed from the blood stream. Also the nanofluids are widely used in medicines for drug delivery. Also in industries, electro-osmosis has many applications in microchips, biophysics, microfluidics, gas and oil manufacture and separations through the membranes etc.

Synergistic in-situ reinforcement of lignin and adhesive for high-performance aligned bamboo fibers composites

To replace plastics with bamboo, it is necessary to develop renewable, lightweight, high-strength, damping, and vibration-reducing bamboo structural materials that can be applied in buildings, transportation, and mechanical engineering applications. Here, a low-cost and high-efficiency top-down method was designed for processing natural bamboo into a lightweight and high-strength aligned bamboo fiber composite. This composite used oriented bamboo fibers that had their lignin and hemicellulose removed, which were used as continuous reinforcement materials, and phenolic resin was used as the adhesive, followed by hot pressing. A highly-interwoven structure was formed by the penetration of the adhesive and the combination of strong hydrogen bonds and chemical bonds formed during hot pressing. This resulted in the high performance of the composite, which exhibited a tensile strength of 421.5 MPa, a bending strength of 211.19 MPa, and an impact toughness of 26.7 J/cm2, which were respectively 2.50, 2.09, and 5.7 times higher than those of natural bamboo. Due to its low density (1.08 g/cm3) and specific tensile strength of 390 MPa g−1 cm3, it was superior to commonly used engineering structural materials such as aluminum alloy, steel, and titanium alloy. It also exhibited excellent damping and vibration reduction performance (with the first three damping ratios of 0.75 %, 0.68 %, and 1.75 %) and dimensional stability (with a 24-h water absorption thickness expansion rate of 7.75 %). Due to its excellent mechanical properties and dimensional stability under wet and hot conditions, this composite is expected to replace nonrenewable synthetic materials as a green and sustainable engineering structural material. It may find applications in drone wings, wind turbine blades, and automotive manufacturing.

Surface Modification and Analysis of St37 Steel with Al2O3-TiO2, ZrO2, and Cr2O3 Ceramic Coatings: Structural, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties

St37 steel, widely used in many engineering applications, experiences significant losses in its mechanical and physical properties over time due to reasons such as corrosion or wear. In this study, the aim was to improve the surface properties of St37 steel using the plasma spray method. To achieve this, the surface of St37 was coated with four different oxide layers: zirconium oxide (ZrO2), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), and aluminum oxide-titanium oxide at different ratios [Al2O3-%13 TiO2 (AT13) and Al2O3-%40 TiO2 (AT40)]. Microhardness measurement, wear test, scratch test, and structural analyses (XRD and SEM) were performed on the samples. The highest coating thickness (311 µm) was observed in the chromium oxide-coated sample. All applied coatings significantly increased the hardness of St37 steel, with the chromium oxide-coated sample exhibiting the highest hardness value (1664 HV0.1). The highest adhesion strength was determined to be 59 N in the aluminum oxide-titanium oxide (AT13) coated sample, while the lowest adhesion strength was found to be 28 N in the chromium oxide-coated sample. In this study, the analysis results of untreated and differently oxide-coated St37 steel samples are presented comparatively.

The influence of silicon content on the microstructure and high‐temperature oxidation behavior of aluminum‐silicon coatings on Ti‐6Al‐4 V alloy by hot dipping route

AbstractThe poor high‐temperature oxidation properties of Ti‐6Al‐4 V (titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium) alloy limit its applications under high‐temperature components of aero‐engines. In this study, the aluminum‐silicon coatings with different silicon content were fabricated on titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium alloy via the hot dipping route. A metallurgical bond was established at the interface between aluminum‐silicon coatings and substrates following the hot dipping. The results showed that three different coatings were formed: titanium(aluminum, silicon)3+ liquid‐(aluminum, silicon), titanium(aluminum, silicon)3+ τ2+ liquid‐(aluminum, silicon) and τ1+ τ2+ liquid‐(aluminum, silicon). Furthermore, the formation of aluminum‐silicon coatings was analyzed by diffusion path theory. The coated alloy was subjected to a high‐temperature oxidation test at 850 °C, and the weight gains were only 5.1 % to 22.4 % of the bare alloy. The coatings improved the high‐temperature oxidation resistance of titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium alloy. The most favorable oxidation behavior was noticed for the titanium(aluminum, silicon)3+liquid‐(aluminum, silicon) coatings. The higher the silicon content in titanium(aluminum, silicon)3+liquid‐(aluminum, silicon) coatings, the more excellent high‐temperature oxidation resistance was achieved.

Numerical Investigation of Thermal Behavior of Nano-Phase Change Materials Due to Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in the Porous Finned Tube

In this study, the melting of different types of phase change materials in a heat exchanger, the effect of porosity, triangular fins, and the addition of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, and copper oxide, nanoparticles on the thermal behavior of four types of materials are studied numerically. The enthalpy porosity method is used during the melting process. The main heat transfer fluid is non-Newtonian and the tube is filled with a porous medium. The nanoparticle volume fraction is varied from 0 to 10%, the fin height is considered from 0 to 6 mm, and the porosity is considered equal to 0.8991, 0.9138, 0.9486, and 1. Based on the results, RT26 has the lowest melting time, and RT35 has the longest melting time with an increasing percentage of approximately 250%. The addition of fins and nanoparticles leads to an increase in the liquid fraction. The full charge time of materials with the addition of aluminum oxide nanoparticles is slightly less than other nanoparticles. Furthermore, the effect of using fins is greater than the effect of the addition of nanoparticles to reduce the melting time. Also, the maximum increase in the liquid fraction is approximately 30% due to the absence of a porous medium.

Epoxide-Mediated Synthesis of Two-Component Al2O3–TiO2 Aerogels and Their UV-Protective Characteristics

A new method was proposed to synthesize aerogels based on Al2O3–TiO2 by the hydrolysis of mixed solutions of titanium tetrachloride and aluminum nitrate in the presence of propylene oxide, followed by supercritical drying of the obtained gels. The aerogels are characterized by a high specific surface area (140–500 m2/g) and a high specific porosity (1.7–2.7 cm3/g). Heat treatment of the Al2O3–TiO2 aerogels at temperatures up to 600°C does not lead to crystallization of titanium dioxide, whereas the formation of crystalline anatase in aerogels based on individual TiO2 is observed already at a temperature of 450°C. Using the standardized ISO 24443-2016 method, the SPF value of the obtained materials was determined, which turned out to be comparable to the characteristics of a commercial inorganic UV filter based on TiO2 (Kronos 1171). At the same time, the photocatalytic activity of the Al2O3–TiO2 aerogels turned out to be more than 120 times lower than the similar characteristics of the commercial UV filter based on titanium dioxide. The results obtained demonstrated that the Al2O3–TiO2 aerogels are promising as components of sunscreens.

Effect of high Hartmann number on thermal performance of SWCNT-Fe3O4 hybrid nanoenhanced PCM in magnetized minichannel

Numerical investigations are conducted to investigate the impact of the magnetic field on the molten phase formation and thermal performance of phase change material (PCM) incorporated with hybrid nanoparticles within a three-dimensional vertical channel subjected to differential heating. The PCM, lauric acid, is dispersed using nanoparticle pairings consisting of iron oxide combined with aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and single-wall carbon nanotubes. This study focuses on examining the melting characteristics under turbulent conditions, specifically at high Rayleigh (Ra) and Hartmann number (Ha) within the specified range of 106≤Ra≤1010 and 0≤Ha≤1500. The enthalpy-porosity method is being considered for evaluating the phase change characteristics with an in-house code. For Ha of 1500, the melting process influenced by thermal convection was effectively suppressed, leading to significant delays in the melting rates. The melting time and molten fraction of the PCM exhibit a decreasing trend in response to the applied magnetic field, which results in an 82.14% reduction in the heat transfer rate. The SWCNT-Fe3O4 nanoparticle pairs demonstrated superior thermal performance, as the melting fraction and convective heat transfer were increased by 84.03% and 43.83%, respectively. The thermal performance exhibits a decreasing relationship with the Hartmann number, resulting in a 23.87% reduction in the heat transfer of nanoenhanced lauric acid. The accuracy of the present mathematical model is confirmed through validation against experimental benchmark data.

Advances in ultrasonic welding of lightweight alloys: A review

Abstract The lightweight alloy sheet materials have been widely used in industries such as automobiles, aviation, and aerospace. However, there are huge challenges in the structural joining process. Likewise, industries are probing new technologies and are rapidly adapting to more complex light alloy materials. The ultrasonic metal welding is a reliable solid-phase joining technology, which has incomparable development prospects in the high-strength joining of lightweight alloy sheet materials. This article summarizes the research progress of ultrasonic welding of aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, and titanium alloy thin plates in recent years. The key features of this review article are the ultrasonic welding process, advantages, applications, and limitations. It introduces the welding process parameters to explore the breakthroughs for straightforward direction. Furthermore, to strengthen the phenomena, the current state of the ultrasonic welding of lightweight alloys and their future perspectives are also reflected.

Spherical TiAl Alloy Powders by PREP: Preparation, Microstructure and Properties

TiAl alloy powders were prepared by plasma rotate electrode pulverization (PREP) with high speed. The effect of preparation process on the microstructure and properties of powders was studied. The results showed that the titanium aluminum powder prepared by PREP method was solid and spherical without satellite powder. The powders had two morphologies: cracked surface and smooth surface. The relationship between particle size and surface morphology was as follows: the smaller the particle size, the smoother the surface. Ti, Nb and Gr elements were uniformly distributed, while Al elements were segregated, but no alloy element loss occurred. The powderswere mainly composed of γ-TiAl and α2-Ti3Al phase and contained a small amount of NbCr2 phase. The average thickness of laminates of α 2+γ was about 0.2μm. Thelamellar thickness of γ phase was about 20nm. The long axis of NbCr2 phase was 200nm, and the short axis was 50 ~ 100nm. The higher the rotating speed of the electrode, the smaller the particle size and the higher the sphericity of the powders. With the increase of plasma generator current, the particle size decreased and the sphericity increased. The yield of - 100 mesh ~ + 325 mesh powders for EBSM molding could reach more than 80.68 %, when42000r / min and 670A process parameters were adopted.

Design of Dual-Material Gate Junctionless FinFET based on the Properties of Materials Forming Gate Electrode

This work elaborately investigates the electrical behaviour and short channel performance of Dual-Material Gate Junctionless Fin Field Effect Transistors (DMG-JLFinFETs) with multiple-gate metal pairs and varying gate metal length ratios. Rigorous analysis on the nature of DMG-JLFinFET with gate length as low as 10 nm is done using a device simulator by Silvaco, Inc. The gate material closer to the source, namely M1, has a dominating influence on the threshold voltage (V th) and tunnelling current (I tunn) than the gate material closer to the drain (named M2) in a DMG-JLFinFET. I tunn is lower when the work function of M1 (Φ M1) is greater than the work function of M2 (Φ M2). The relative change in threshold voltage is minimum for Platinum–Gold (PtAu)-DMG-JLFinFET (0.68%). Titanium–Aluminium (TiAl) and Nickel–Titanium (NiTi) gate material pairs, having the same work function difference of 0.38 eV, have the least Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) of 12.88 mV/V. A better Sub-threshold Swing (SS) is observed for DMG-JLFinFET having Φ M1 < Φ M2. For devices with Φ M1 > Φ M2, SS can be improved by making a length of M1 (L M1) greater than 70% of the total gate length (L g).

Microstructural and Eddy Current Evaluation of Ball-Milled Nanostructured Aluminum–Titanium Alloys

Microstructural and Eddy Current Evaluation of Ball-Milled Nanostructured Aluminum–Titanium Alloys

Irreversibility analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of viscoelastic hybrid nanofluid flow in a channel

This manuscript delves into the analysis of irreversibility in Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection flow of a viscoelastic hybrid nanofluid within a vertical channel. The study adopts a parallel plate configuration and employs Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles dispersed in a Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-water base fluid. Utilizing similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), streamlining the mathematical model. These ODEs are then solved using the homotopy analysis method via Mathematica software for various governing parameter values. Key parameters including the Brinkman number, volume fractions of nanoparticles, magnetic effects, and wall temperature parameter are systematically investigated. Noteworthy insights include that volume fraction and magnetic parameter augments velocity at the left wall and slows down it toward the right wall; Brinkman number and wall temperature parameters significant in elevating temperature; Entropy and Bejan number respond differently to variations in the Brinkman number. Entropy escalates with increasing magnetic parameter, while the Bejan number declines. Illustrated through graphs, these findings enrich the comprehension of MHD mixed convection flow and heat transfer in viscoelastic hybrid nanofluids, elucidating irreversibility aspects tied to such systems.

Wettability of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Reinforced with TiO2 and Al2O3 Nanoparticles at Different Reflow Times.

This study investigated the influence of reinforcing 0.50 wt.% of titanium oxide (TiO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles on the wettability performance of a Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy. The thermal properties of the SAC305 nanocomposite solder are comparable with thos of an SAC305 solder with a peak temperature window within a range of 240 to 250 °C. The wetting behaviour of the non-reinforced and reinforced SAC305 nanocomposite solder was determined and measured using the contact angle and spreading area and the relationships between them were studied. There is an increment in the spreading area (5.6 to 7.32 mm) by 30.71% and a reduction in the contact angle (26.3 to 18.6°) by 14.29% with an increasing reflow time up to 60 s when reinforcing SAC305 solder with 0.50 wt.% of TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles. The SAC305 nanocomposite solder has a better wetting performance compared with the SAC305 solder. As the reflow time increased, the spreading area increased and the contact angle decreased, which restricted intermetallic compound growth and thus improved wettability performance.

Generation of Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser using MAX phase titanium aluminum nitride Ti4AlN3

We achieved a self-induced Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) operating at 1559.4 nm through the integration of a Titanium Aluminum Nitride, Ti4AlN3 MAX phase film as a saturable absorber (SA). The MAX phase was embedded into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix, ensuring contamination-free compatibility. The SA film demonstrated a modulation depth of 17% and saturation intensity of 0.5 MW/cm². Integration of the film enabled stable Q-switching, producing pulses with 5.75 µs width at 59.2 kHz repetition rate and 29.9 – 64.7 mW pump power. Parameters included a maximum average output power of 2.34 mW, maximum pulse energy of 39.5 nJ, and highest peak power of 6.87 mW. The RF spectrum exhibited a 63 dB signal-to-noise ratio, indicating high pulse signal quality. This demonstration of Ti4AlN3 MAX phase film Q-switched fiber laser holds promise for applications including biomedicine.

Generation of dual-wavelength Q-switched laser pulses by employing Mo2Ti2AlC3 MAX phase film

In this paper, we experimentally generate dual-wavelength laser pulses from a Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser (QS-EDFL) by utilizing molybdenum titanium aluminum carbide (Mo2Ti2AlC3) MAX Phase film. The Mo2Ti2AlC3-SA film, which belongs to the MAX phase compound, is prepared using the mechanical exfoliation. The optical and physical properties of Mo2Ti2AlC3-SA are investigated. The fabricated film has a linear absorption of 8 dB and modulation depth of 17 % at 1.55 mm region. A steady dual-wavelength Q-switched laser pulses are achieved with 1531.6 nm and 1557 nm peaks and a free spectral range (FSR) of 25.4 nm. By increasing the input pump power from 131.87 mW to 167 mW, the repetition rate of generated pulses is varied over 104 kHz to 126 kHz. At the highest input power (167 mW), the energy and output power of the obtained pulses are 87.30 nJ and 11 mW, respectively. The results reveal that the exfoliated Mo2Ti2AlC3-SA can be operated inside EDFL to produce stable pulses with dual wavelengths.