Titanium Alloy Wire Research Articles

Design of self-deployable origami utilizing rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism

Origami-inspired mechanisms are extensively utilized in aerospace, medical devices, and soft robotics due to their simplicity, reliability, and high fold-to-deploy ratio. However, actuating these structures for deployment remains challenging. This paper presents a design method for self-deployable origami utilizing the rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism. Initially, the rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism is designed by replacing one revolute joint of the rigid spherical mechanism with a V-shaped elastic nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) alloy wire. We show that the rigid-elastic coupling spherical mechanism has equivalent kinematics to the associated rigid spherical mechanism, which is also the equivalent mechanism of the rigid-elastic coupling origami unit. By leveraging the elastic deformation of the Ni–Ti alloy wire in conjunction with the motion of the revolute joints, the rigid-elastic coupling mechanism acquires bistable characteristics, thereby enabling shape memory for self-deployment. The typical origami patterns, such as Miura-ori and Yoshimura-ori, are employed as design examples to showcase the performances of the associated self-deployable origami.

Current Research Situation and Prospect of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloy

Wire arc additive manufacturing is an important part of additive manufacturing. Because of its low processing cost, high forming efficiency, high material utilization rate and low equipment cost, it is favored in the fields of medical and aerospace. This paper briefly discuss the technologies of titanium alloy wire arc additive manufacturing. The influence of different deposited parameters, interpass rolling, ultrasonic assistance and heat treatment on the forming quality of titanium alloy wire arc additive components are summarized and analyzed. Finally, combined with the actual engineering requirements, the problems and research directions of the development of titanium alloy additive manufacturing are analyzed.

Heating of metallic orthodontic devices during anti-aging treatment with vacuum and electromagnetic fields: In vitro study.

The physical appearance of an individual plays a primary role as it influences the opinion of the viewer. For this reason, orthodontic therapy to improve perceived aesthetics is in high demand among patients. This factor, combined with the increase in the number of non-invasive facial aesthetic treatments, has led to the need to understand potential risk factors in the application of medical devices to the perioral skin in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro heating of the orthodontic bracket following electromagnetic fields and negative pressure (V-EMF) used as an anti-aging treatment. Two different types of titanium alloy wires, one made of "beta-Titanium" alloy and the other "Ni-Ti" (DW Lingual Systems GmbH-Bad Essen-Germany) were used. The orthodontic wires and brackets mounted on a resin mouth were covered with porcine muscle tissue, then subjected to anti-aging therapy with a Bi-one LifeTouchTherapy medical device (Expo Italia Srl-Florence-Italy) which generates a combination of vacuum and electromagnetic fields (V-EMF) already adopted for antiaging therapy. During administration of the therapy, the orthodontic brackets and porcine tissue were thermally monitored using a Wavetek Materman TMD90 thermal probe (Willtek Communications GmbH-Germany). In total 20 orthodontic mouths were used, 10 with Beta Titanium wires and 10 with Nickel Titanium wires. A temperature increase of about 1°C was recorded in each group. The outcome of the present research shows that the absolute temperatures measured on orthodontic appliances, which, despite having a slightly different curve, both show an increase in temperature of 1.1°C at the end of the session, thus falling well within the safety range of 2°C as specified by the standard CENELEC EN 45502-1. Therefore, V-EMF therapy can be considered safe for the entire dental system and for metal prostheses, which tend to heat up at most as much as biological tissue (+0.9°C/1.1°C vs. 1.1°C/1.1°C). In conclusion, anti-aging therapy with V-EMF causes a thermal increase on orthodontic brackets that is not harmful to pulp health.

Effect of artificial defect on tensile properties of thin titanium alloy wire

Effect of artificial defect on tensile properties of thin titanium alloy wire

Improvement of microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy GTAW based wire arc additive manufacturing by using interpass milling

TC4 titanium alloy wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is easy to produce coarse columnar β grain structure which affects mechanical properties. So in this paper, an innovative process of interpass milling assisted TC4 titanium alloy gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) WAAM is proposed. The controlling interpass milling depth is used to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy parts during the GTAW-WAAM. The results showed that the coarse columnar β grains and fine α phase were observed in the non-interpass milling part. When the interpass milling assistance GTAW-WAAM was employed, the coarse columnar β grains transformed into short columnar and equiaxed grains. With the increased of interpass milling depth, the average size of α phase was gradually refined to 13.5 μm below. The highest average microhardness in the top, middle and bottom areas obtained by using the interpass milling depth of 300 μm were 369 HV0.2, 371 HV0.2 and 371 HV0.2 respectively, which was increased by 32 HV0.2, 28 HV0.2 and 26 HV0.2 compared with non-interpass milling respectively. The horizontal and vertical ultimate tensile strength first increases and then decreases with the increase of interpass milling depth, reaching its maximum at a milling depth of 300 μm. The highest tensile strength of the horizontal and vertical directions obtained by using the interpass milling depth of 300 μm were 1022 MPa and 1042 MPa. The level of the ultimate tensile strength is related to the combined proportion of total average β grain size and total average < 15 μm α phase size, and the proportion of both is balanced and maximized to obtain the maximum ultimate tensile strength. The interpass milling depth of 300 μm satisfies both conditions, so its maximum horizontal and vertical ultimate tensile strength is achieved. Fracture type of tensile specimen was ductile fracture due to observing a lot of dimples on the fracture morphology. The above conclusions show that interpass milling is an aided process to effectively improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy GTAW wire arc additive manufacturing thin-walled parts, which has high research significance and practical value.

Enhanced microstructural homogeneity and strength-ductility synergy of Ti-6Cr-5Mo-5V-4Al β-titanium alloy wires through boron addition

One of the long-term concerns regarding titanium alloy wires involves microstructural inhomogeneity, mechanical instability and product unreliability in service. In this study, a strategy of micro-alloying was utilized to address the issue in Ti-6Cr-5Mo-5V-4Al (Ti6554) β-titanium alloy wires. The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti6554 hot-rolled wires were optimized through boron (B) additions. The results manifest that B-addition promotes microstructural homogenization of wires, wherein the microstructure nearly completely consists of normal grain region (NGR) without abnormal grain region (AGR) like that in the B-free alloys. This microstructural homogenization relieves mechanical fluctuation amongst different samples and renders plastic flow highly repeatable upon stretching. Meanwhile, B-addition strengthens wires whilst maintains decent ductility and thereby achieves the better combination of strength and ductility in comparison with that in the B-free wires. The analyses indicate that the addition of B facilitates the universal occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) to form NGRs at the expense of AGRs, which is beneficial to microstructural homogenization of hot-rolled wires. A good plastic accommodation resulting from NGRs and strengthening caused by TiB laths endow Ti6554 wires superior strength-ductility synergy. These findings provide helpful guidance for microstructural and performance optimization of titanium alloy wires.

Structure and Mechanical Properties of β Titanium Alloy Wire Produced by Combined Rolling and Subsequent Aging

Structure and Mechanical Properties of β Titanium Alloy Wire Produced by Combined Rolling and Subsequent Aging

High surface quality additive manufacturing process of titanium alloy with composite heat source

In order to solve the problems of high surface roughness and low dimensional accuracy of titanium alloy metal-wire fuse additive manufacturing, this paper proposes a high surface quality and dimensional accuracy of titanium alloy additive manufacturing with composite heat source process. On the basis of orthogonal experiments, titanium alloy wires with diameter of 0.3 mm Ti-6Al-4V were deposited in a small molten pool by laser and Joule heat source. Thin-walled titanium alloy parts with high surface quality and dimensional accuracy were obtained, and the quality, microstructure, and mechanical properties were tested. The measurement areas are shown that the average roughness Ra is 1.65 μm in the direction deposition, and the dimensional accuracy error is less than 0.28 mm. On this basis, the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium alloy thin-walled were analyzed. The microstructures are net-like, with microhardness of about 330HV. The ultimate tensile strength of titanium alloy thin-walled parts is 917.56 MPa, and the elongation can reach 20.68%, which is comparable to the strength of casting and forging fracture. The results show that the proposed additive manufacturing process of metal-wire with composite heat source has the potential of further metal AM in high surface quality parts.

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium-Based Materials Using Electron Beam Wire 3D Printing Approach: Peculiarities, Advantages, and Prospects

Potential of additive manufacturing technologies, namely, xBeam 3D Metal Printing for the fabrication of uniform Ti–6Al–4V (Ti-6-4, mas.%) material as well as layered titanium-based structures, with mechanical properties sufficient for wide practical application is demonstrated. The key distinctive features of this process are titanium alloy wire as a feedstock material and hollow conical electron beam for heating and melting of the wire. 3D printed with special ‘shift strategy’ Ti-6-4 alloy meets requirements to mechanical characteristics of corresponding conventional cast and wrought products, if microstructure features, material anisotropy and crystallographic texture are controlled with proper selection of processing parameters. Production of multilayered materials consisting of combined layers of different titanium materials, viz. commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), Ti-6-4 and high-strength T110 alloys, as well as metal matrix composites (MMC) based on Ti-6-4 matrix reinforced by fine TiC particles is considered. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of all 3D printed materials are investigated. Terminal ballistic tests are performed with different ammunition. Described results show the promising potential of 3D printing technologies, xBeam 3D Metal Printing as an example, for manufacturing of titanium-based multilayered armour materials with reduced thickness and weight, and at the same time, sufficient protection characteristics.

Design and mechanical properties of cervical fusion cage based on porous entangled metal rubber material.

Titanium and its alloys are one of the mainstream materials for the manufacture of intervertebral cages. With the application on clinical, the problems of elastic modulus is relatively high, subsidence of adjacent vertebral implants and stress shielding after surgery have gradually exposed. In this paper, metal rubber made from titanium alloy wire was used to prepare cervical fusion cage (CFC), which was a porous material with buffering and vibration damping properties. The C5/C6 segment of the goat cervical vertebra was used as the research object. The shape parameters of the CFC were determined by combining the three-dimensional model data of the cervical vertebra and the structural characteristics of the natural intervertebral disc. The force of CFC under different working conditions were simulated and analyzed by finite element simulation. Then three kinds of metal rubber core (MRC) were prepared by medical titanium alloy wire (TC4), and their mechanical properties and fatigue strength were experimentally studied. With the increases of density, the mechanical properties of MRC improved. The variation range of the loss factor η under different amplitudes and frequencies were 20% and 16.3%, respectively. After one million vibrations, the wear rate was 0.131g/MC; after five million vibrations, the wear rate was 0.158g/MC, which was similar to the existing clinical prosthesis wear rate. The MRC has sufficient mechanical strength. Compared with the existing clinical prostheses, it has a longer service life and has broad application prospects.

Near-Net Forging of Titanium and Titanium Alloys with Low Friction and Low Work Hardening by Using Carbon-Supersaturated SKD11 Dies

A new near-net forging procedure of titanium and titanium alloys was proposed by using a carbon-supersaturated punch and die. Due to the in situ formation of carbon-based tribofilm on the contact interface between the dies and work materials, a low frictional state was sustained through the forging process even in a high reduction in thickness. The work hardening was suppressed during forging; an additional annealing process was unnecessary through the whole process of near-net forging. Pure titanium and β-phase titanium alloy wires were utilized to describe their galling-free forging behavior when increasing the reduction in thickness. Wires with a diameter of 3 mm were upset in a single-shot forging. The reduction in thickness reached 58% when upsetting the pure titanium wire and 45% when upsetting the β-phase titanium alloys, without lubricating materials or oils at room temperature. The friction coefficient on the contact interface was estimated to be 0.05 by inverse analysis. The work-hardening behavior was described by the hardness mapping on the work cross section. The formation of carbon tribofilms was explained by microstructural analysis, element mapping, and Raman spectroscopy. This tribofilm was formed from the isolated carbon solute from the carbon-supersaturated punch and die to sustain the in situ solid lubrication on the contact interface.

Effect of Solution Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC16 Titanium Alloy Wire

Abstract TC16 titanium alloy wire was treated by solution treatment, and then the optical microscope, tensile property and impact property tests were used to analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of TC16 titanium alloy wire after solution treatment. The results show that there are a lot of primary α phase, metastable β phase and α” phase after solution treatment. With the increase of solution temperature, the content of primary α phase decreases to completely disappear and more α” phase is formed. Under the condition of solid solution, the tensile strength decreases with the increase of temperature, while the plasticity changes little with the increase of temperature. The maximum tensile strength is 969 MPa, the maximum yield strength is 572 MPa, the maximum elongation after fracture is 26 %, and the maximum section shrinkage is 59 %. The impact toughness and impact absorption energy increase with the increase of solid solution temperature, and the maximum impact toughness is 90 J/cm2, and the maximum impact absorption energy is 37 J.

Numerical Analysis and Experimental Verification of Resistance Additive Manufacturing

In recent years, scholars have proposed a metal wire forming method based on the Joule heat principle in order to improve the accuracy of additive manufacturing and reduce energy consumption and cost, but it is still in the theoretical stage. In this paper, a mathematical model of resistance additive manufacturing was established using finite element software, and the temperature variation of the melting process under different currents was analyzed. A suitable current range was preliminarily selected, and an experimental system was built. Through experimental study of the current and wire feeding speed, the influences of different process parameters on the forming appearance of the coating were analyzed. The results showed that the forming appearance was the best for Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy wire with a diameter of 0.8 mm, when the current was 160 A, the voltage was 10 V, the wire feeding speed was 2.4 m/min, the workbench moving speed was 5 mm/s, and the gas flow rate was 0.7 m3/h. Finally, the process parameters were used for continuous single-channel multilayer printing, verified the feasibility of the process at the experimental level and provided reference data for the subsequent development of this technology.

Experimental Study on Welding Process of TC4 Titanium Alloy with Different Welding Wires

In present study, the effects of different welding wires on the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy test plates were studied. The results show that the test plates welded by TA20 titanium alloy wire, TC3 titanium alloy wire and TC4 titanium alloy wire are well formed, no defects are found in the cross section of the weld. The microstructures of these test plates are similar, and needle-like martensite exists in the weld area. In comparison, this is little obvious difference in tensile strength among these test plates welded by different welding wires, while the plates welded by TC4 titanium alloy has better elongation, contraction of aera, impact toughness and better balance of strength and toughness.

Galling-Free Cold and Warm Forging of Titanium Wires to Flat Plates by SiC-Coated SiC dies

Pure titanium and titanium alloys were difficult to be forged and press-forged because of their easiness in galling to die and punch surfaces during metal forming. β-SiC coated SiC dies were developed to perform a galling free cold forging of pure titanium wire up to the higher reduction of thickness than 50%. Since the thickness of this SiC coating was 4 mm, various cavities and micro-punches were formed into coating by micro-machining. The pure titanium and β-phase titanium alloy wires were employed as a work for cold and warm forging to investigate the effect of flow stress on the forging behavior up to the reduction of thickness by 70% under the controlled holding temperature. The contact interface of β-SiC coating to the work was precisely analyzed to describe the in situ solid lubricating process on the interface. The free carbon agglomerates isolated at the center of contact interface from the carbon supersaturated β-SiC coating, and, worked as a solid lubricant to prevent the β-SiC coating punch and die from galling during forging under high reduction of thickness.

WITHDRAWN: The effect analysis for the nano powder dielectric processing of ti-6242 alloy is performed on wire cut-electric discharge

Abstract The present paper focuses on the titanium alloy wire electric discharge unit. It can be considered as an attempt to develop models of response variables, Using a different liquid, one of which is nanoparticle (AL2O3), using a ratio of (2 mg) and the function of comparison in both cases they are; the rate of material removal, using the response surface methodology in the wire electrical discharge machine process. The pilot plant is based on the Minitab 18 concept, and the study conveys the six key parameters. ANOVA was applied to evaluate the value of the advanced model; the test results support the validity and appropriateness of the advanced RSM model. Ultimately optimal parameter settings are improved.

Effect of Magnetic Head Shape on Processing of Titanium Alloy Wire by Magnetic Abrasive Finishing.

Titanium alloy wire is characterized by high specific strength, good corrosion resistance, high-temperature resistance and other excellent comprehensive performance. It has been widely used not only in aerospace, shipbuilding and other high-tech fields, but also increasingly in medical equipment, food safety and other fields. Because titanium alloy wire is relatively difficult to process, it has a large deformation resistance, good elasticity, high flexion ratio and more serious rebound. During the processing, adhesion problems may occur, thus reducing the surface quality. The magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) has good flexible machining characteristics. In this study, the rotating magnetic field was loaded on the titanium alloy wire, and the magnetic abrasive was absorbed by the magnetic field force to form a magnetic abrasive brush, so as to realize the precision processing of the titanium alloy wire. Under the same processing time, when the angle of the magnetic head was 37°, the surface roughness of titanium alloy wire was reduced to 0.28 μm by MAF, which improved the processing quality and efficiency of the titanium alloy wire.

Impact of recycling on the mechanical properties of nickel-titanium alloy wires and the efficacy of their reuse after cold sterilization.

OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to assess the feasibility of reusing nickel–titanium (NiTi) alloy wires after 6 weeks of intraoral use by evaluating the changes in the load-deflection properties and surface characterization of these alloy wires after cold sterilization by immersion in 2% of acidic glutaraldehyde for 10 h.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Twenty wires each in three groups of G1-as-received wires (ARW), G2-unsterilized used wires, and G3-sterilized used wires (SUW) were tested by the three-point bending test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were subjected to statistics, one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni posthoc test for comparison.RESULTS:Recycling of NiTi wires produced statistically insignificant changes in both the loading and unloading properties of the wires. The forces needed to twist the used wires, that is, G2-(UUW) and G3-(SUW) were lower than G1-(ARW), suggesting lowering of the stiffness of the wires. Superelasticity is well-maintained by G2-(UUW) and G3-(SUW) although there is an insignificant lowering of the forces exerted by them during loading and unloading. SEM demonstrated no increase in the pitting of surfaces in both G2-(UUW) and G3-(SUW); multiple areas were seen to be more smoothened over G2-(UUW) and G3-(SUW) NiTi wires surfaces.CONCLUSION:The findings of this study support the reuse of NiTi wires after 6 weeks of use in oral conditions followed by cold sterilization by immersion in 2% acidic glutaraldehyde for 10 h.

Effects of cold tandem rolling on microstructures and mechanical properties of TC16 titanium alloy wire for fastener use

High-precision dimension controlling and special requirement of microstructures and mechanical for TC16 Alloy wire was obtained by cold rolling. In this paper, the effects of cold tandem rolling on M and STA mechanical of TC16 Alloy wire were investigated through Comparative study TC16 Alloy wire by cold tandem rolling and hot-draw. The results show that the M state tensile and yield strength of TC16 Alloy wire obtained by cold tandem was lower, while the ductility was higher. And this benefits the subsequent Cold Heading formability. The result of solid solution for TC16 Alloy wire by cold tandem rolling was evidenced, the tensile strength has been increased and the ductility has been reduced more drastically. To break down elongated α of Vertical microstructure ability and drastic machining deformation have significant contributions to the annealed ductility and solution strengthening. It is very positive to TC16 titanium alloy use for fastener of heat treatment strength with the cold tandem rolling technology application.

A new strategy for enhanced fabrication of flake-like zinc–aluminum layered double hydroxide on nickel–titanium alloy fiber for highly efficient solid-phase microextraction of ultraviolet filters

A new flake-like zinc–aluminum layered double hydroxide (ZnAl-LDH) coating was firmly fabricated on a superelastic nickel–titanium alloy (NiTi) wire. Herein, the NiTi wire was hydrothermally treated for the in-situ growth of nickel and titanium oxide nanoflakes (NiTiONFs) and used as a fiber support for subsequent growth of ZnAl-LDH nanoflakes. The resulting coating was able to selectively extract the studied ultraviolet filters (UVFs) more effectively and quickly in comparison with the commercial polyacrylate and polydimethylsiloxane fibers. This fiber shows long recycling lifetime due to the ZnAl-LDH coating embedded into the active NiTiONFs support with high mechanical stability. For this purpose, main experimental parameters including temperature, stirring rate, extraction and desorption time, and ionic strength were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimized conditions, good linearity was obtained for the developed SPME–HPLC–UV method with the NiTi@NiTiONFs@ZnAl-LDH fiber. Limits of detection were between 0.009 μg L−1 and 0.052 μg L−1 for five UVFs. Intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) for single fiber repeatability were less than 6.4% and 6.6% for five replicate extractions of UVFs at the spiking level of 50 μg L−1. RSDs for fiber-to-fiber reproducibility varied from 6.3% to 6.9%. The developed method was successfully used for the determination of UVFs in snow water, river water and wastewater samples. The relative recoveries of 80.1%–109% were achieved. Thus the developed method could be potentially applied to selective enrichment and determination of UVFs in different environmental water samples.