Titaniferous Magnetite Ore Research Articles

Optimization of Soda ash Roasting-water Leaching Conditions for Vanadium Recovery from a Vanadium-bearing Titaniferous Magnetite Ore

함바나듐 티탄철광으로부터 바나듐 회수를 위한 소다회 (Na2CO3) 염배소-수침출 조건 확립에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 주요 광물로 자철석 및 티탄철석을 함유하고 있는 광석의 자력선별 정광을 연구에 사용하였으며, 정광 중 바나듐 함량은 V2O5로써 약 0.8%로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서 고려한 염배소 및 수침출 영향인자는 Na2CO3 첨가량, 염배소 온도 및 시간 (이상 염배소 인자), 염배소 산물의 D50 입도, 수침출 온도 및 시간 (이상 수침출 인자) 등이다. 연구 결과, 정광을 20 wt% Na2CO3, 1,000°C, 3시간 조건에서 염배소한 후 D50 2.1 µm, 80°C, 1시간 조건하에서 수침출하였을 때, 바나듐의 최대 침출율 85.2%가 달성되었다.

Production of Metallic Iron from the Pudo Magnetite Ore using End-of-Life Rubber Tyre as Reductant: The Role of an Underlying Ankerite Ore as a Fluxing Agent on Productivity

This research work investigated the nature of a nonmagnetic ore from Pudo in the Upper West Region of Ghana and its fluxing effect on the extent of reduction of the Pudo titaniferous magnetite ore using pulverised samples of charred carbonaceous materials generated from end-of-life vehicle tyres (ELT) as reductants. Reduction studies were conducted on composite pellets of the Pudo titaniferous magnetite iron ore containing fixed amounts of charred ELT and varying amounts (0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) of the nonmagnetic fluxing material in a domestic microwave oven and the extent of reduction was calculated after microwave irradiation for 40 minutes. Analyses by XRF, SEM/EDS and XRD of the nonmagnetic ore revealed an Ankerite type of ore of the form Ca0.95Fe0.95Mn0.1 (CO3)2. From the microwave reduction studies it was observed that premium grade metallic iron could be produced from appropriate blends of the Pudo iron ores using ELT as reductant, with a measured extent of reduction up to 103.8%. Further, the extent of reduction was observed to increase with an increase in the amount of the nonmagnetic fluxing material (Ankerite) that was added as fluxing agent.
 
 Keywords: Ankerite, End-of-life Rubber Tyres, Fluxing Agent, Extent of Reduction

Optimization of Reduction Parameters of Quenched Titaniferous Magnetite Ore by Boiler Grade Coal Using Box–Behnken Design

To improve the reducibility of titaniferous magnetite ore (TMO), a technique of high-temperature heating followed by water quenching has been adapted. This quenching technique imparts cracks into the dense TMO which in turn leads to the enhancement of reducibility during carbothermal reduction using boiler grade coal. A major problem associated with TMO is that the reducibility of the ore is very less as compared to haematite owing to its compact dense interlocking structure with polymetallic elements. In this context, a method of effective pre-treatment, i.e., heating at high temperature followed by rapid quenching using water has been used to impart cracks and fissures in the TMO lump to increase the extent of reduction. The quenching parameters, namely quenching temperature (1323, 1373 and 1423 K), quenching time (5, 10 and 15 min) and number of quenching (1, 2 and 3), have been optimized using Box–Behnken design (3-factors, 3-levels) with extent of reduction as the response. A maximum extent of reduction of 81.57% has been achieved at the following optimized conditions: quenching temperature—1373 K, quenching time—15 min and number of quenching—3. Under the identical conditions of reduction for untreated TMO, the extent of reduction is only 56.6%. This confirms the novelty of the repeated heating and quenching process of TMO prior to reduction.

A study on isothermal reduction kinetics of titaniferous magnetite ore using coke dust, an industrial waste

ABSTRACTIn the present study, isothermal reduction kinetics of titaniferous magnetite ore (TMO) fines (below 75 µm particle size) using coke dust, an industrial waste, in the form of briquettes have been performed at temperatures ranging from 1273 to 1473 K over varying reduction times: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 & 60 min. This process aims at the efficient utilisation of TMO which can serve as an alternate potential source of iron, titanium and vanadium. Chemical analysis of the briquette reduced at 1473 K for 60 min, yields a maximum of 89.56% degree of metallisation. Contracting geometry (CG3) is found to be the dominant driving mechanism involved and the activation energy of the reaction is evaluated as 59.52 KJ mol−1.

Optimization of Quenching Parameters for the Reduction of Titaniferous Magnetite Ore by Lean Grade Coal Using the Taguchi Method and Its Isothermal Kinetic Study

In the present study, a unique method is adopted to achieve higher reducibility of titaniferous magnetite lump ore (TMO). In this method, TMO is initially heated followed by water quenching. The quenching process generates cracks due to thermal shock in the dense TMO lumps, which, in turn, increases the extent of reduction (EOR) using the lean grade coal as a reductant. The optimum combination of parameters found by using Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array (OA) (five factors, three levels) is − 8 + 4 mm of particle size (PS1), 1423 K of quenching temperature (Qtemp2), 15 minutes of quenching time (Qtime3), 3 times the number of quenching {(No. of Q)3}, and 120 minutes of reduction time (Rtime3) at fixed reduction temperature of 1473 K. At optimized levels of the parameters, 92.39 pct reduction is achieved. Isothermal reduction kinetics of the quenched TMO lumps at the optimized condition reveals mixed controlled mechanisms [initially contracting geometry (CG3) followed by diffusion (D3)]. Activation energies calculated are 69.895 KJ/mole for CG3 and 39.084 KJ/mole for D3.

Sorting out of Gusevogorsk deposit titaniferous magnetite ore by technological types by methods of geoinformation modeling and preliminary estimation of their washability

A more complete and complex extraction of valuable components in the development of mineral resources is achieved through the separation of technological types and grades of ores, their separate extraction and processing, which allows to increase the yield, quality and nomenclature of commercial products and to raise the economic efficiency of the extraction and preparation processes. An important element of the separate processing of types of ores is the technology used for their zoning by grades in the open-pit space. Innovative direction in the development of the forecast of quality and preparation characteristics of mineral resources is the methods of geoinformation modeling with the use of Geological and Mining Information System technologies. The paper describes the technique of modeling and separation of ores into technological grades on the example of the Gusevogorskoye deposit of titanomagnetites, and presents the method of express ore preparability analysis with the estimation of the degree of contrast of qualitative characteristics.

Processing of Titaniferous Magnetite Ores with the Various Titanium Dioxide Content

The diagram of step-by-step transfer of the blast furnaces to melting of the titaniferous magnetite ores of actually Kachkanarsky field is offered. The damp pellets from a compound of the titaniferous magnetite concentrates of Gusevogorsky and Kachkanarsky fields with a step by 20 % are in vitro received. Their oxidizing roasting is made. The main metallurgical properties of the burned pellets - reducibility, durability, softening and melting temperatures are defined. Their X-ray diffraction analysis is made.

Novelty on reduction of raw and pre-oxidised titaniferous magnetite ore with boiler grade coal

ABSTRACTPre-oxidation of fines of magnetite containing materials is usually carried out to get better yield of metals. Titaniferous magnetite ore (TMO) is one kind of low-grade iron ore (around 45–50% of total Fe) with a significant amount of TiO2 (23.23%) and V2O5 (0.403%). TMO fines have been pre-oxidised at 973 K (700°C) for 9 h under air atmosphere. The effect of reduction of raw TMO fines as well as the pre-oxidised TMO fines using boiler grade coal in the form of cylindrical briquettes has been studied in the temperature range of 1273 K (1000°C) to 1473 K (1200°C) for periods of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min to estimate the relative yield of iron. The influence of temperature and time on reduction experiments has also been investigated with XRD, FESEM analyses along with chemical analysis of the reduced samples. The most novel result is that the yield of Fe by direct reduction of raw TMO (92.42%) is even marginally better than that of reduction of pre-oxidised TMO (90.89%) at 1473 K (1200°C) for 60 min. Thus the single-step reduction of raw TMO is techno-economically more viable than the pre-oxidation followed by reduction technique.

Production of Pig Iron by Smelting of Blended Pre-Reduced Titaniferous Magnetite Ore and Hematite Ore Using Lean Grade Coal

Production of Pig Iron by Smelting of Blended Pre-Reduced Titaniferous Magnetite Ore and Hematite Ore Using Lean Grade Coal

A study on reduction kinetics of titaniferous magnetite ore using lean grade coal

Reduction behaviour of cold bonded self-reducing titaniferous magnetite ore (TMO) and lean grade coal briquettes have been investigated under isothermal condition. The reduction experiments of TMO-coal composite briquettes have been performed at varying temperatures ranging between 1273 and 1473K for 3–60min. The metallised briquettes are characterised by XRD and further FESEM. It can be inferred that the coal devolatisation and char gasification are solely responsible for the reduction process. The isothermal kinetic study has been performed considering the loss of oxygen fraction from the TMO which showed contracting geometry (CG3) to be the initial mechanism followed by diffusion controlled mechanism (Jander kinetic model; D4) in the later part of the reaction. The corresponding activation energies using Arrhenius Equation are evaluated as 93.42 and 179.80KJ/mol, respectively.

Trace-element fingerprints of chromite, magnetite and sulfides from the 3.1 Ga ultramafic–mafic rocks of the Nuggihalli greenstone belt, Western Dharwar craton (India)

The 3.1 Ga Nuggihalli greenstone belt in the Western Dharwar craton is comprised of chromitite-bearing sill-like ultramafic–mafic rocks that are surrounded by metavolcanic schists (compositionally komatiitic to komatiitic basalts) and a suite of tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite gneissic rocks. The sill-like plutonic unit consists of a succession of serpentinite (after dunite)–peridotite–pyroxenite and gabbro with bands of titaniferous magnetite ore. The chromitite ore-bodies (length ≈30–500 m; width ≈2–15 m) are hosted by the serpentinite–peridotite unit. Unaltered chromites from massive chromitites (>80 % modal chromite) of the Byrapur and Bhaktarhalli chromite mines in the greenstone belt are characterized by high Cr# (100Cr/(Cr + Al)) of 78–86 and moderate Mg# (100 Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)) of 45–55. In situ trace-element analysis (LA-ICPMS) of unaltered chromites indicates that the parental magma of the chromitite ore-bodies was a komatiite lacking nickel-sulfide mineralization. In the Ga/Fe3+# versus Ti/Fe3+# diagram, the Byrapur chromites plot in the field of suprasubduction zone (SSZ) chromites while those from Bhaktarhalli lie in the MOR field. The above results corroborate our previous results based on major-element characteristics of the chromites, where the calculated parental melt of the Byrapur chromites was komatiitic to komatiitic basalt, and the Bhaktarhalli chromite was derived from Archean high-Mg basalt. The major-element chromite data hinted at the possibility of a SSZ environment existing in the Archean. Altered and compositionally zoned chromite grains in our study show a decrease in Ga, V, Co, Zn, Mn and enrichments of Ni and Ti in the ferritchromit rims. Trace-element heterogeneity in the altered chromites is attributed to serpentinization. The trace-element patterns of magnetite from the massive magnetite bands in the greenstone belt are similar to those from magmatic Fe–Ti–V-rich magnetite bands in layered intrusions, and magnetites from andesitic melts, suggesting that magnetite crystallized from an evolved gabbroic melt. Enrichments of Ni, Co, Te, As and Bi in disseminated millerite and niccolite occurring within chromitites, and in disseminated bravoite within magnetites, reflect element mobility during serpentinization. Monosulfide solid solution inclusions within pyroxenes (altered to actinolite) in pyroxenite, and interstitial pyrites and chalcopyrites in magnetite, retain primary characteristics except for Fe-enrichment in chalcopyrite, probably due to sub-solidus re-equilibration with magnetite. Disseminated sulfides are depleted in platinum-group elements (PGE) due to late sulfide saturation and the PGE-depleted nature of the mantle source of the sill-like ultramafic–mafic plutonic rocks in the Nuggihalli greenstone belt.

Upgrading Metals Via Direct Reduction from Poly-metallic Titaniferous Magnetite Ore

Pre-reduction is the thermo-chemical beneficiation process which is very useful technique for upgradation of metal values from complex low grade ore. The isothermal reduction behaviour of eastern Indian titaniferous magnetite lump ore without pre-treatment, pre-treated and ore-coke composite briquettes has been investigated in the present study. During pre-reduction of lump ore at 1473 K, magnetite and some part of ilmenite are transformed to metallic iron but most of the ilmenite has not reduced. Pre-treatment by multiple heating to high temperature (1373 K and 1473 K, respectively) and subsequently sudden cooling to room temperature by water successfully increase the porosity as well as many fissures in dense grain, which significantly enhance the degree of reduction. Ilmenite and magnetite phases are transformed to pseudobrookite and hematite during high temperature air soaking, and metallic iron is the dominant phase after reduction. Metallic iron and titanium dioxide are the major phases after reduction at 1373 K, but treatments above 1413 K lead to the formation of ferrous pseudobrookite (FeTi2O5). Finally, the different constitutes are separated by magnetic separation. The phases of reduced pre-treated and briquettes samples cannot be separated by magnetic separation, whereas reduced lump ore is separated successfully. The cause is perhaps due to association and interlocking of high intensity magnetic metallic iron with titanium oxide. Fe:TiO2 is upgraded about to 7.06:1 in the magnetic fraction of reduced lump ore which is formerly 2.14:1 in the case of raw ore. Vanadium is simultaneously distributed at a 3.81:1 ratio in magnetic and non-magnetic fraction.

Oxidation behaviour and phase characterization of titaniferous magnetite ore of eastern India

Titaniferous magnetite ore is a kind of symbiotic complex ore which comprises ilmenite, magnetite, hercynite and magnesio-hercynite spinel minerals. The ore collected from eastern India was characterized by XRD, WDXRF, SEM and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The oxidation behaviour of fine ore was investigated by TG-DTA analysis under oxygen atmosphere. Subsequent isothermal oxidation experiments were carried out under oxygen and air atmospheres, holding the samples for different periods of time at different temperatures from 873 K to 1473 K. It was observed that ilmenite phase transformed to hematite and titanium dioxide at lower temperature, whereas ferric-pseudobrookite phase was found at higher temperature. Direct reduction of oxidized sample-coke cylindrical briquettes was successfully achieved for phase transition from titaniferous magnetite to iron and titanium dioxide at 1473 K.

Mineralogy and carbothermal reduction behaviour of vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite ore in Eastern India

Vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite bands hosted by Precambrian gabbro-norite-anorthositic rocks or their metamorphic equivalents were discovered in some parts of Eastern Indian Shield, containing 48%–49% Fe (total), 10%–25% TiO2, and 0.3%–2.20% V2O5 by mass. Mineralogical and petrological study, composition, and characterization of the vanadium-bearing titaniferous magnetite ore were carried out by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), wave length X-ray florescence (WDXRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), etc. Chemical beneficiation for valuable metals, such as Fe, Ti, and V, was performed by reduction roasting. The direct and indirect reduction were investigated by mixing the lump ore with solid activated charcoal in a closed reactor and purging the reducing gas mixture in standard reducibility index apparatus at different temperatures and time intervals. The reduction roasting parameters were optimized. Finally, the reduced samples were crushed and upgraded by magnetic separation. The results show that, the maximum mass fractions of magnetic and nonmagnetic parts achieved are 69.36% and 30.64%, respectively, which contain 10.6% TiO2 and 0.84% V2O5 in the magnetic part and 36.5% TiO2 and 0.22% V2O5 in the nonmagnetic part.

Possibilities of two-stage processing of titaniferous magnetite ore concentrates

The technique and results of laboratory studies of the two-stage processing of the iron-vanadium and ilmenite concentrates produced from the titaniferous magnetite ores of Southern Ural deposits are presented. The processing includes solid-phase reduction of iron and separation melting of the reduction products. The optimum temperature-time parameters of the processing stages, which provide the most complete recovery of iron into a metallic phase at the maximum titanium oxide content in a slag, are found.

Extractive metallurgy of vanadium-containing titaniferous magnetite ores: a review

Many technologies exist for the treatment of titaniferous magnetites that contain vanadium. Each process is designed based on the relative amounts of titanium, vanadium and iron. In some cases, steelmaking is the primary purpose followed by the secondary recovery of vanadium. In others, the vanadium is the main product. This paper presents a review of these technologies

Preparation and characterization of iron aluminide based intermetallic alloy from titaniferous magnetite ore

Intermetallic alloys such as iron aluminide (Fe 3Al) display an attractive combination of physical and mechanical properties. It is a potential candidate for application demanding high strength, superior oxidation, sulphidation and corrosion resistance. However, the utilization of this alloy is limited owing to problems of its preparation by conventional techniques and poor room temperature ductility. The present paper is, therefore, an attempt to prepare an Fe 3Al-based alloy (iron aluminide alloy) of composition Fe–17.24Al–5.54Cr–1V–0.05C (wt%) by a non-conventional non-furnace process. The process essentially involves the use of cheap, indigenously available titaniferous magnetite ore containing oxides of iron and vanadium and oxide of chromium that are subsequently co-reduced by aluminium in the presence of excess aluminium and a requisite amount of carbon in a specially designed water-cooled copper reactor. The charge composition is judiciously adjusted to attain the alloy composition by utilizing the exothermicity of the overall reactions. The alloy is further characterized with respect to composition, phases and microstructure and properties such as fabricability, hardness, strength and oxidation resistance were studied to indicate its suitability for high temperature applications.

The oxidation of FeV 2O 4 by oxygen in a sodium carbonate mixture

The oxidation of FeV 2O 4, synthetic coulsonite, in a sodium carbonate mixture was studied by using thermal analysis and X-ray powder diffraction techniques. The vanadium is converted to water-soluble sodium vanadates in the temperature range 300°C to 800°C. Product formation is dependent on the amount of sodium carbonate present in the mixture. Na 3VO 3 and Fe 2O 3 were formed in a stoichiometric mole ratio of FeV 2O 4:Na 2CO 3 of 1:1 whereas Na 3VO 4, Na 4V 2O 7 and Fe 2O 3 were formed in a 2:5 mole ratio mixture and Na 3VO 4 and NaFeO 2 in a 1:5 mole ratio mixture. This temperature is much lower that the processing temperature of ∼1050°C currently used for the roasting of a titaniferous magnetite ore.

Recovery of titanium from the leach liquors of titaniferous magnetites by solvent extraction: Part 3. Continuous mini-plant trials

The recovery of titanium from the sulphuric acid leach of a titaniferous magnetite ore by solvent extraction has been investigated in two mini-plant campaigns. The leach liquor contained approximately 5 g l −1 titanium, 1 g l −1 vanadium, and 55 g l −1 iron in 75 g l −1 sulphuric acid. The objective was to achieve the maximum possible titanium recovery with maximum rejection of iron and vanadium. The organic phase comprised 10 vol.% tri- n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) in an aliphatic diluent. Stripping was effected using sulphuric acid. The first continuous counter-current mixer–settler mini-plant employed mixers of 100 ml capacity and was operated for 180 h. A larger mini-plant of 500 ml mixer capacity was subsequently commissioned and operated for 102 h. The degree of titanium extraction varied between 76 and 88%. Vanadium co-extraction was negligible (less than 1%), while the iron concentration in the loaded strip liquor was reduced to less than 2 g l −1. Approximately 60% of titanium loaded onto the organic phase was stripped, while 97% of the iron and 76% of the vanadium were stripped.

The selective carbochlorination of iron from titanlferous magnetite ore in a fluidized bed

The selective chlorination of iron from titaniferous magnetite ore using solid carbon as a reducing agent was studied in a fluidized bed. The effects of chlorination temperature, chlorine gas partial pressure, ratio of ore to carbon particle sizes, and the amount of added carbon were determined. Experimental results indicate that temperatures between 900 and 1000 K were favorable for the selective chlorination of iron. The rate was found to be first order with respect to chlorine concentration, and the observed effects of particle size, temperature, and the amount of carbon added were expressed quantitatively by using a mixed-control model.