Tire Oil Research Articles

Mechanical behavior of volcanic ash soils mixed with shredded tires

Thanks to the efforts of different public and private entities, recent years have seen a growing interest in protecting the environment and in the use of non-renewable natural resources such as tires. One of the most widely accepted ways of using non-perishable materials has been their application in the construction of civil works. This paper focuses on the assessment of test tubes made up with mixtures of fine-grained Volcanic Ash Soil and Shredded Tires (VAS-TDA) to be applied as an alternative material for low cost lightweight fills, that allow the use of the greatest quantity possible of tires. The physical and mechanical properties of specimens made with mixtures of soil and shredded tires were examined, varying the location of the site of soil extraction and tire size (Gravel Size-Sand and Gravel Size). It was determined that test tubes made up of 40% medium-sized shredded tires and 60% soil, reached low dry density values, and that increasing the content of shredded tires leads to greater plasticity and less compressibility. Similarly, resistance diminishes but only up to Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR) values appropriate for use in the nucleus and foundation of an embankment. For test tubes with a maximum content of 15% of type 2 shredded tires, there appeared to be little reduction in the resistance to the mixture, as long as a compaction energy of 2700 kN-m/m3 is applied.

Waste tires pyrolysis oil as a source of energy: Methods for refining

A huge amount of waste tires is generated every day in the world. This determines the search for ways to use them. The extended process of production and application of scrap tires leads to their significant mass accumulation, thus representing environmental risk. Tires are inert materials, extremely difficult to treat, and nonbiodegradable. In recent years, many plants have been built for processing, treatment, and utilization of this kind of waste. A problem has emerged to find a suitable, environmentally friendly application of the products (gaseous, liquid, and solid) from pyrolysis of the tires. Pyrolysis oil, which is a liquid product, is not suitable for direct use as fuel because of its high sulfur content. Therefore, the desulfurization of pyrolytic tire oil is an important part of the oil production process prior to its use. The objective of this article is to review the methods used for desulfurization of waste tire pyrolysis oils and the possibility of using scrap tires as a source of energy.

Terrain estimation via vehicle vibration measurement and cubature Kalman filtering

The extent of vibrations experienced by a vehicle driving over natural terrain defines its ride quality. Generally, surface irregularities, ranging from single discontinuities to random variations of the elevation profile, act as a major source of excitation that induces vibrations in the vehicle body through the tire–soil interaction and suspension system. Therefore, the ride response of off-road vehicles is tightly connected with the ground properties. The objective of this research is to develop a model-based observer that estimates automatically terrain parameters using available onboard sensors. Two acceleration signals, one coming from the vehicle body and one from the wheel suspension, are fed into a dynamic vehicle model that takes into account tire/terrain interaction to estimate ground properties. To solve the resulting nonlinear simultaneous state and parameter estimation problem, the cubature Kalman filter is used, which is shown to outperform the standard extended Kalman filter in terms of accuracy and stability. An extensive set of simulation tests is presented to assess the performance of the proposed estimator under various surface roughness and deformability conditions. Results show the potential of the proposed observer to estimate automatically terrain properties during operations that could be implemented onboard of a general family of intelligent vehicles, ranging from off-road high-speed passenger cars to lightweight and low-speed planetary rovers.

Hybrid soft soil tire model (HSSTM). Part III: Model parameterization and validation

Part I describes the tire structure model; part II the contact detection and contact interface models for rigid and deformable terrains; part III the model parameterization and validation. Model parameters are estimated using non-linear least-square optimization to minimize the error between the Hybrid Soft Soil Tire Model (HSSTM) predictions and experimental data. The parameterization routines’ initial conditions are estimated from modal analysis in radial and circumferential directions. The preliminary parameterized model is incorporated in the optimization routine to find tire sidewall and belt parameters in the radial direction using quasi-static cleat loading test data. The vertical force at the spindle and tire contact patch are used to study the model accuracy in the radial direction. FlatTrac tire longitudinal and lateral force test data are employed to estimate the parameters in these directions. The tire shear force and moment at the spindle are validated against experimental data for lateral dynamics performance.

Optimization of wear behaviour for AA2219-MoS2 metal matrix composites in dry and lubricated condition

Composite materials are tailor made materials with two insoluble phases which in combination gives better properties than conventional monolithic materials. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) has gained much limelight during the recent days due to the possession of enormous advantages and variety of applications. Aluminium matrix composites are widely employed in contact applications like brake drum, cylinder linings etc. due to its light weight, excellent wear and corrosion resistance. Self-lubricating materials like molybdenum di sulphide (MoS2) and graphite (Gr) improve the wear resistance of the aluminium MMCs. Study of tribological behaviour of composites under lubrication can also be done by using recycled oils extracted from discarded wastes like plastics, tyres etc., This promotes the recyclability and decreases the effects of such discarded wastes over the environment. In the current work aluminium alloy AA2219 is reinforced with molybdenum di sulphide (MoS2) through stir casting. Wear properties of the composites were measured and optimized in dry and lubricated condition in a pin-on-disc apparatus. For lubrication tyre oil and tyre oil nano fluid suspended with alumina is used. Experiments were randomized and designed using Taguchi method and L27 orthogonal array (OA) was used for the conduct of experiments. Dry sliding wear behaviour of AA2219-MoS2 composites were compared with the tyre oil as a lubricant. Wear behaviour of AA2219-MoS2 composites were found to be much lower when lubricated with tyre oil. It was understood from the experiments that tyre oil could be used as a viable lubricant in contact applications.

Flame spectroscopy of waste tire oils and waste cooking oils blends using coaxial burner

Waste tires and cooking oil pose a serious danger to human health and environment. Self-reacting pyrolysis system for waste tires is designed and constructed for converting waste tires into oil that could be used as a sustainable fuel. This study aims to analyze the thermal microstructure of conventional fuels like light diesel oil (LDO) and heavy diesel oil (HDO) as well as blended with waste cooking oil (WCO) and tires pyrolysis oil (TPO) using a co-axial burner via flame spectroscopy analysis. The first Blend 1 (B1) consists of 20% WCO + 80% LDO, the second one (B2) consist of 20% WCO+80%HDO and the last one (B3) was 20%TPO and 80% LDO by mass. This percentage was chosen carefully and according to previous combustion characteristics results. The experimental results showed that B1 will shrink C2 radicals by nearly 61% and 64.5% at Ф = 0.63 and 0.96 respectively. B2 will decrease C2 radicals by nearly 19% and 82% at Ф = 0.63 and 0.96 respectively. Finally, B3 will reduce C2 radical's intensity by nearly 39% and 58% at Ф = 0.63 and 0.96 respectively. TPO produced CH emission radicals lower than that of LDO by nearly 5.9%. LDO droplets absorbed more radiation energy needed for excitation than that of WCO due to droplet size and fuel physic-chemical properties. B2 fuel is recommended to replace LDO at Ф = 0.63 and 0.96.

Novel biofuels derived from waste tyres and their effects on reducing oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter emissions

Abstract There are tons of waste tyres produced each year globally. Production of oil from the waste tyre not only manages the wastes but also produces fuels for compression ignition engines. In this investigation, a novel approach developed by Green Distillation Technologies in Australia was used to convert whole end of life tyres (ELTs) into carbon, steel, and tyre oil. The physicochemical properties of the tyre oil are similar to diesel fuel, and the fuel is miscible with diesel in any blended ratio. An engine experiment was conducted on a EURO IIIA diesel engine. All experiments were performed at constant speed and four different engine loads. Two blends (10% and 20%) of tyre oil were compared to reference diesel fuel. Exhaust emissions, including gaseous emissions, particulate matter (PM) and particulate number (PN) were investigated. The results indicate simultaneous reductions in both diesel PM and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions with the tyre oil blends when compared to diesel. NOx emissions were reduced by approximately 30% with both blends with respect to diesel. The reduction in PM and PN emissions were in the range of 35–60% and 5–20%, respectively. Carbon monoxide (CO) were increased by ∼ 10% compared to the reference diesel except at quarter load. Insignificant change in brake power (BP), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were observe with the tyre oil blends. The engine remained compliant with its EURO IIIA guidelines during the use of the tyre oil blends. Based on the engine performance and emission result, the tyre oil could be alternative to traditional diesel fuel.

Hybrid Soft Soil Tire Model (HSSTM). Part I: Tire material and structure modeling

This paper is the first of three papers describing a study focused on developing a lumped-mass discretized tire model using Kelvin-Voigt material elements. The main motivation was to develop a tire model able to capture the dynamic behavior on tire-soft soil interaction, while also being able to run on rigid (flat and rough) surfaces. This paper presents underlying mathematical formulations for characterizing the tire material properties and the kinetics and kinematics of the tire structure; the second paper focuses on the modelling of the tire-terrain interaction. The interface for connecting the tire model developed with the vehicle modeling software CarSim, in order to perform full vehicle simulations is provided.To minimize the computational time of the code, different techniques were used in stiffness matrix partitioning, parameter initialization, and multi-processing. This resulted in significant improvements for efficiency of the code making it suitable for use by commercially-available vehicle simulation packages.

Enhancing the fuel properties of tyre oil diesel blends by doping nano additives for green environments

Abstract The waste tyres are deposited in landfills; it will cause severe health problems to human. To overcome this problem the present work is focused on converting waste tyre into oil and finding fuel properties towards clean environment by waste management. First the tyre oil blends 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by volume with diesel and without cerium oxide nano additives are taken. The properties of the blends are tested as per the american society for testing and materials (ASTM) standard. Heating value, density, viscosity, flash and fire point have been measured for the above tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel blends. The experimental results shows the viscosity, density of all fuel blends are higher than diesel and flash & fire point, calorific value of all fuel blends are lower than diesel. In such a case cerium oxide nano additive was doped with tyre pyrolysis oil of 5%, diesel of 90% with cerium oxide nano additives 50 ppm (B5D90 + CeO2 50 ppm), tyre pyrolysis oil of 5%, diesel of 85% with cerium oxide nano additives 100 ppm (B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm), tyre pyrolysis oil of 10%, diesel of 85% with cerium oxide nano additives 50 ppm (B10D85 + CeO2 50 ppm) and tyre pyrolysis oil of 10%, diesel of 80% with cerium oxide nano additives 100 ppm (B10D80 + CeO2 100 ppm) using solgel process, then all the fuel properties are increased compared to without nano additive blends. The experimental result shows the B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm the value comparative to diesel. The morphological and structural studies of cerium oxide (CeO2) nano additives were illustrated by (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and stability analysis was carried out for a prepared fuel. However, B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm were found to have higher brake thermal efficiencies, higher NOX along with lower smoke emissions in association to diesel operation where also discussed in this paper. The discussion was directed by the dual reason of dropping the environmental impacts, though ahead of economical sustainability. These properties, environmental impact and financial viability reveals that the tyre pyrolysis diesel blends doped with CeO2 nano additives is a most affordable alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engine towards clean environments.

Experimental investigation on engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a DI CI engine using tyre pyrolysis oil and diesel blends doped with nanoparticles

AbstractThis article investigates the utility of waste tyre oil as a potential source of partial replacement of diesel fuel. The experimental study of engine parameters such as performance, emissions, along with combustion characteristics of tyre oil blends with cerium oxide (CeO2) and without CeO2 nano additive in a four‐stroke single‐cylinder water‐cooled compression ignition engine was conducted without any engine adjustment. Tyre oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. These experimental results reveal that B5 blend has increased Brake thermal efficiency compared to other blends and nearer to diesel fuel at full load. The emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC), smoke are lower than diesel fuel by 3, 3.22% for B5 blend of full load. If CeO2 nano additives are doped with tyre oil blends in such case the B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm blends were increased in efficiency of 2.85% and emissions like HC, CO, Smoke are decreased by 3, 1.33, 7.7%, respectively compared to diesel. From the experimental results, B5D85 + CeO2 100 ppm fuel blend is the best fuel ratio for a CI engine for increased efficiency, reduced emission and better combustion. Hence, the tyre oil with CeO2 nano additives is a suitable alternative fuel for CI engine.

Screening hydrotreating catalysts for the valorization of a light cycle oil/scrap tires oil blend based on a detailed product analysis

Predicting the hydrotreating performance of industrial catalysts used for upgrading heavy oils is hampered by the unknown chemistry behind it. In this work, we have used a set of chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques (APPI/ESI FT-ICR MS, FID-MS GC × GC and PFPD GC) for acquiring a more precise composition of the feed and products of the hydrotreatment of a blend of light cycle oil and scrap tire oil (20 vol%) using three benchmark catalysts: CoMo/Al2O3, NiMo/SiO2-Al2O3 and NiW/USY zeolite. Despite the different nature of the catalysts, the composition of the products was relatively similar, indicating the slower and controlled transformation of the heaviest molecules of the feed, particularly in tire oil. A faithful analysis of these molecules by combining the results of the analysis clarifies the multiple mechanisms affecting hydrotreating simultaneously: hydrodearomatization, hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrodenitrification. An effort has been made to use these results in a quantitative manner for catalyst screening.

The best suitable alternative to diesel in a compression ignition engine between waste plastic oil and waste tire oil blends with diesel

ABSTRACT Depletion of conventional fossil fuels due to their increased consumption and the stringent emission norms, urge us to search alternative fuels for automotive engines. Alongside, serious challenge posed to the environment by the waste plastic in terms of its nondegradability is threatening the human sustainability. Both these issues can be addressed by converting the waste plastic into useful energy. In the present article, blends of diesel and oils derived from waste plastic and waste tire were used in a diesel engine, without any engine modifications to study the effect of blending waste plastic oil and waste tire oil to diesel up to 10% on the performance and combustion characteristics of the engine. Blending the pyrolysis oils to 10% with diesel could not improve the thermal efficiency but the change in the brake specific fuel consumption was to significant level. However, plastic oil-diesel blend yielded almost same brake specific fuel consumption which conveys that it is better to blend plastic oil rather than tire oil. But, the engine operation in case of P10 would not be as smooth as that in case of T10 and diesel owing to the higher rate of pressure rise of P10.

Bioethanol from moringa olefira and pithecellobium dulce leafs: Production and characterization

ABSTRACTMotive of this research is the production of bioethanol from two different biowastes and analysis of its thermal properties. The study of thermal properties can find the suitability of bioethanol with spark ignition engine operations. Bioethanol was produced as follows: extraction, pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Before this process, the feedstock was analyzed through thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) to analyze rate of mass reduction with respect to temperature. From TGA, the maximum percentage of mass reduction was found up to 35% with pithecellobium dulce leaf and up to 42% with moringa olefira leaf. During enzymatic hydrolysis, the cellulose was hydrolyzed into fermentable sugars and produced the cellulosic ethanol. After hydrolysis, saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for fermentation which induced the process to produce bioethanol. The maximum conversion rate was noted about 40 wt% with moringa olefira leafs and 28 wt% with pithecellobium dulce leafs. The extracted ethanol was subjected to thermal properties analysis which includes calorific value, density, viscosity, octane number, and cetane number. All those properties were found better with blends of tire oil, bioethanol, and gasoline. Also Fourier transform infrared spectrometry spectra confirmed the functional groups of alcohol, alkyne, Carbonyl, amide, and aromatic contents.

Hierarchical Multiscale Modeling of Tire–Soil Interaction for Off-Road Mobility Simulation

A high-fidelity computational terrain dynamics model plays a crucial role in accurate vehicle mobility performance prediction under various maneuvering scenarios on deformable terrain. Although many computational models have been proposed using either finite element (FE) or discrete element (DE) approaches, phenomenological constitutive assumptions in FE soil models make the modeling of complex granular terrain behavior very difficult and DE soil models are computationally intensive, especially when considering a wide range of terrain. To address the limitations of existing deformable terrain models, this paper presents a hierarchical FE–DE multiscale tire–soil interaction simulation capability that can be integrated in the monolithic multibody dynamics solver for high-fidelity off-road mobility simulation using high-performance computing (HPC) techniques. It is demonstrated that computational cost is substantially lowered by the multiscale soil model as compared to the corresponding pure DE model while maintaining the solution accuracy. The multiscale tire–soil interaction model is validated against the soil bin mobility test data under various wheel load and tire inflation pressure conditions, thereby demonstrating the potential of the proposed method for resolving challenging vehicle-terrain interaction problems.

A dynamic tire model based on HPSO-SVM

In order to accurately describe the force mechanism of tires on agricultural roads and improve the life cycle of agricultural tires, a tire-deformable terrain model was established. The effects of tread pattern, wheel spine, tire sidewall elasticity, inflation pressure and soil deformation were considered in the model and fitted with a support vector machine (SVM) model. Hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) was used to optimize the parameters of SVM prediction model, of which inertia weight and learning factor were improved. To verify the performance of the model, a tire force prediction model of agricultural vehicle with the improved SVM method was investigated, which was a complex nonlinear problem affected by many factors. Cross validation (CV) method was used to evaluate the training precision accuracy of the model, and then the improved HPSO was adopted to select parameters. Results showed that the choice randomness of specifying the parameters was avoided and the workload of the parameter selection was reduced. Compared with the dynamic tire model without considering the influence of tread pattern and wheel spine, the improved SVM model achieved a better prediction performance. The empirical results indicate that the HPSO based parameters optimization in SVM is feasible, which provides a practical guidance to tire force prediction of agricultural transport vehicles. Keywords: agricultural vehicle, tire force prediction model, support vector machine, hybrid particle swarm optimization DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191202.3227 Citation: Chen Y X, Chen L, Huang C, Lu Y, Wang C. A dynamic tire model based on HPSO-SVM. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(2): 36–41.

Hydrotreating a waste engine oil and scrap tire oil blend for production of liquid fuel

In this contribution, the oil derived from hydrothermal liquefaction of scrap tires (STs) was hydrotreated with waste engine oil (WEO) for the production of liquid fuels. Five activated carbon-supported noble metal catalysts, namely, Pd/C, Pt/C, Ru/C, Ir/C, and Rh/C, were screened at 380 °C for 60 min with 10 wt% catalyst added under 6 MPa H2. The mass ratio of scrap tire oil (STO) to WEO was 1:1. Among the catalysts, Rh/C showed the highest performance for sulfur removal from the resulting upgraded oil (UPO). With Rh/C, the effects of other reaction parameters, such as temperature (350–450 °C), catalyst loading (1–20 wt%), reaction time (30–150 min), STO/WEO mass ratio (0:5–5:0), and initial H2 pressure (0.1–9 MPa), on the yield and property characteristics of the UPO were optimized. The STO/WEO mass ratio and initial H2 pressure were the two main parameters that markedly affected the yield and property characteristics of the UPO. Using WEO as the reaction medium not only made the recovery of the UPO easier but also converted WEO into a major component of the UPO. WEO also suppressed coke formation and thus prolonged the lifetime of the catalyst. Compared with the initial STO and WEO blend, the UPO exhibited increased C and H contents but significantly decreased N, O, and S contents. N was more difficult to remove than S. Under optimal conditions, the N and S contents of the UPO were reduced to 0.04 and 0.03 wt%, respectively; the UPO had a higher heating value (HHV) of 48.08 MJ/kg. The UPO dominantly consisted of hydrocarbons (saturated and unsaturated) and aromatics whose contents were predominantly affected by the STO/WEO mass ratio and were very close to the mixture proportions of jet fuel and light diesel.

On-road NOx emissions of a modern commercial light-duty diesel vehicle using a blend of tyre oil and diesel

As a potential means of offsetting diesel fuel usage and reducing the environmental impact of used tyres, this study investigates the NOx emissions of a modern commercial passenger vehicle run on a blend of diesel and tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO). The test vehicle was driven on a route representative of the driving expected by a courier. Vehicle drivability with the TPO/diesel blend, compared to neat diesel, was not reported to be perceived differently by the automotive industry experienced driver. Additionally, the NOx emissions were comparable between the neat diesel trip and those run on the blend of TPO/diesel. Interestingly, the results showed that short transients had a substantive impact on aggregate NOx emissions—making conclusive on-road comparisons between fuels difficult. Despite this, the data collected for this study indicate that there is no substantive NOx emissions degradation when running the TPO/diesel blend.

Characterization studies: waste plastic oil and its blends

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on the basic properties of waste plastic oil (WPO), mixed plastics & tire oil, desulphurized WPO, distilled WPO and blends of WPO with diesel. The comparative analyses of various properties were done between all the categories of waste plastic fuels and diesel (ASTM D7467) standard fuels. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) was employed to find the functional groups of tested fuels. The waste plastics were utilized for pyrolysis under 350–450°C with atmospheric pressure conditions. After obtaining oil from pyrolysis, it was processed with both desulphurization and distillation processes for removing sulfur and refining purpose. The results showed that the distilled products and their blends were more suitable for engine operations than raw oils. Moreover, the engine can run without modification using WPO, blends of WPO & its distilled products. But the engine performance and the emission were highly affected with virgin raw WPO & distilled WPO. This was because of higher density and viscosity, lower cetane number, larger sulfur content, and acid value. Also, FTIR spectra displayed similar peaks found from both diesel and other WPO samples which confirmed the similar functional groups being present in various WPOs.

Real Time Tire Soil Parameters of a Tractor in Tillage Applications

Der Systemwirkungsgrad eines Traktors bei der schweren Bodenbearbeitung wird von den Verlusten bestimmt, die aus dem Reifen-Boden-Kontakt resultieren. Der Bediener kann diese Verluste durch eine angepasste Ballastierung und einen angepassten Reifendruck minimieren. Eine Analyse des Stands der Forschung zeigt, dass es fur eine Optimierung des Traktionswirkungsgrads nicht ausreicht, den Reifendruck bis an die Reifentrag­fahigkeitsgrenze abzusenken. Vielmehr muss der optimale Reifendruck fur die aktuellen Traktionsbedingungen ermittelt werden. Hierfur wurden mit einem Versuchstraktor Reifen-Boden-Kennfelder fur verschiedene Reifendrucke aus Sensordaten erzeugt und bewertet. Die Untersuchungen bestatigen zunachst, dass das Arbeiten an der Reifentragfahigkeitsgrenze nicht in jedem Fall zu maximalem Traktionswirkungsgrad fuhrt. Die Bewertung unterschiedlicher Reifendrucke anhand der Kennfelder eignet sich bei homogenen Traktionsbedingungen, wahrend die Bewertung bei heterogenen Traktionsbedingungen weiter erforscht werden muss.

An integrated framework for high-performance, high-fidelity simulation of ground vehicle-tyre-terrain interaction

Assessing the mobility of off-road vehicles is a complex task that most often falls back on semi-empirical approaches to quantify the tire-terrain interaction. We introduce a high-fidelity ground vehicle mobility simulation framework that uses physics-based models of the vehicle, tyres, and terrain to factor in both tyre flexibility and soil deformation. The tyres are modelled using a nonlinear finite element approach that involves layers of orthotropic shell elements. The soil is represented as a large collection of rigid elements that interact through contact, friction, and cohesive forces. The high-fidelity vehicle models incorporate suspension, steering, driveline, and powertrain models. To alleviate the prohibitive computational costs associated with a coupled simulation of the overall problem, we propose a decoupled approach implemented as an explicit, force-displacement co-simulation framework which is demonstrated on several full-vehicle on soft soil simulations. UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. #28937.