Tire Chips Research Articles

Tensile Strength and Toughness Index of Flyash-lime –gypsum Mixed with Dry/Treated Tire Chips

With the alarming growth in vehicle population in world, scrap tires are beginning to pile up. The paper presents an engineering overview of use of shredded scrap tires chips with fly ash, lime and gypsum mix. It has been observed that the tensile load, diametral strain and toughness characteristics of the reference mix mixed with dry tire chips can be increased by providing surface treatment of tire chips with carbon tetra chloride, sodium hydroxide and water. Beside this, it has been observed that curing methods and curing periods has also prominent effect on the tensile and toughness characteristics of reference mix mixed with dry/treated tire chips. As the composite formed by mixing fly ash, lime and gypsum with treated tire chips has shown increased toughness characteristics, hence the composite material find new application in those construction where there is more requirement of toughness characteristics. Utilizing some portion of these wastes like fly ash and tire chips in this way will reduce the quantity of the waste-requiring disposal. Moreover, the disposal in this way will be in an environmental friendly manner.

Atrazine Sorption by Biochar, Tire Chips, and Steel Slag as Media for Blind Inlets: A Kinetic and Isotherm Sorption Approach

Surface inlets are installed in subsurface drainage systems to reduce ponding duration and surface runoff, but can contribute to water quality concerns by allowing water to directly enter buried drains. Blind inlets consist of perforated pipes covered with gravel and are separated from an overlying sand layer by a geotextile membrane and have been shown to be more effective in reducing losses of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides than typical tile line risers. In this study, we investigated whether the effectiveness of blind inlets to sorb pollutants, with emphasis on the herbicide atrazine, could be further improved by amended them with materials other than limestone. The media, shredded tires (tire chips), electric arc steel furnace slag (steel slag), and oak-derived biochar were chosen because they are readily available, inexpensive, and do not present environmental concerns. Kinetic sorption and isotherms were determined to ascertain atrazine sorption by these materials, in addition to testing for potential metal leaching using the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The kinetic data were fitted using pseudo first- and second-order reaction equations and indicated that atrazine sorption rate was 38 times faster and equilibrium was reached 5 times earlier for biochar than tire chips. The 24-h sorption isotherm data were fitted to the Freundlich sorption equation. The sorption coefficient for biochar was higher than for tire chips, steel slag, and limestone. Per the SPLC and TLCP tests, there was no leaching of heavy metals at levels of environmental concern. Our results suggested that the effectiveness of blind inlets as well as other conservation practices that include filter media such as rain gardens and filter socks could be improved by incorporating more reactive materials than sand and gravel with biochar being a particularly effective alternative.

Engineering behavior of Tire Chips-Sand Mixture

Waste materials in the form of waste tires, rubbers etc, are produced in worldwide posing serious environmental problems. The reuse of tire chips may solve growing environmental problems in cost effective manner. It may help to solve geotechnical problems associated with low shear strength of soils, backfill materials against retaining walls and improving the stability of slopes etc. The objective of this research work is focused to investigate the feasibility of using waste tire chips as a means to enhance the shear strength of soil. To assess the behavior of the admixtures direct shear test and triaxial test were carried out by varying tire chips content. Various tire chips-sand mixtures by weight were taken. Under five normal stresses, the internal friction angle and the effects of different parameters were analyzed. The results revealed that shear strength parameters such as internal friction angle, normal stress and unit weight were improved significantly. Elastic Modulus are determined for sand-tire chips mixture and outcome indicates that it is a very effective energy absorbent material.

Liquefaction Potential and Dynamic Properties of Sand-Tyre Chip (STCh) Mixtures

Abstract This paper presented the results of the investigations on the liquefaction potential and the dynamic properties of sand-tyre chip (STCh) mixtures. A series of strain controlled consolidated undrained cyclic triaxial tests were carried out on specimens of sand mixed with varying proportions of tyre chips (TCh). The specimens of STCh mixture were prepared at a constant initial relative density and tested at an effective confining pressure of 69 kPa. The results show that TCh significantly reduces the liquefaction potential of sand with the addition of gravimetric proportion of TCh between 20 and 40 % to sand. The maximum shear modulus (Gmax) of the STCh mixture was determined by bender element tests for different gravimetric proportions of TCh and effective confining pressures. The initial shear modulus has been found to be influenced by the proportion of TCh and confining pressure. The shear modulus degradation and damping ratio curves were developed for dynamic analysis of sand-scrap tyre mixtures. The increase of scrap tyre in sand-scrap tyre mixtures reduced the shear modulus degradation and increased the damping ratio.

Application of tire crumbs on mechanical properties of a clayey soil subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

During recent years, processed used tires such as tire shreds, tire chips, tire bungs, and tire crumbs have been applied in order to improve the mechanical properties of soil mixtures. Finding more bene cial ways of using waste tires, this paper assessed the influence of adding tire crumbs to a clayey soil which was a ected by freeze-thaw cycles. Freeze-thaw cycling is a weathering process which occurs in cold climates during winter and spring and considerably changes the engineering properties of soils. In the present study, a clayey soil was mixed with six di erent percentages of tire crumbs (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5) and evaluated by triaxial compression tests under three di erent con ning pressures (30, 60, 90 kPa) after the soil was subjected to 1, 3, 6, and 9 cycles of freeze-thaw. It has been found that for the investigated soil, using 2.5% of tire crumbs decreases the cohesion reduction ratio by about 24% and the resilient modulus reduction ratio by about 6-42% during the cycles. Hence, although the addition of tire crumbs does not considerably a ect the strength reduction of soil during freeze-thaw cycles, it can reduce the changes of cohesion and resilient modulus of the soil, e ectively.

Compression and shear behavior of tire chips and prevention effect of liquefaction

Compression and shear behavior of tire chips and prevention effect of liquefaction

An Endeavour on Application of Crumb and Chipped Rubber as Aggregates in Modified Concrete

Concrete is one of the most popular construction materials. Due to this fact the construction industry is always trying to increase the uses, applications and properties of concrete, while reducing cost. Many properties of the concrete can be changed by adding industrial wastes in it. One such method may be the introduction of rubber to the concrete mix. It is a perfect way to modify the properties of concrete effectively. Rubberized concrete can be defined as a conventional concrete with coarse and fine rubber aggregate replacement. More recent research studies have experimented with rubberized concrete, which has the potential for high proportional replacement of natural sand with crumb rubber without the need for aggregate pre – treatment for crumb rubber aggregates. The use of waste automobile tire chips as partial replacement of aggregate in concrete has great potential to positively affect the properties of concrete and is used typically for non-structural applications.

Compactness of Scrap Tyre Rubber Aggregates in Standard Proctor Test

Scrap tyre derived aggregates (TDA) have been used in civil engineering since 1990-ties, mainly in the USA. The material may be used in various forms and sizes – from powder, through granulates, tyre shreds, chips. The TDA applications include: lightweight fills in embankments over soft soils, lightweight backfills behind retaining walls, insulation and drainage layers etc. In most of the works the material needs to be compacted to decrease the void ratio of the aggregate and reduce future settlement. This paper presents a study on compactness of four different fractions of scrap tyre rubber (A: 0.1 – 1mm, B: 0.5 – 2mm, C: 2 – 5mm and D: 10 – 40mm) in the standard Proctor test. The results in the form of dependency of dry and bulk density on water content are compared also with adequate results obtained for a clean uniform medium sand. It turns out that the optimum moisture content can be clearly estimated only in the case of the finest fraction (sample A) and it is equal to about 40%. The variability of dry density is however small – it changes from 0.54 to 0.61g/cm3. Coarser TDAs behave more like self-draining materials – they retain much less water and the maximum moisture content equals to about 18%, 23% and 38% in case of tyre chips (D), 2 – 5mm grains (C) and 0.5 – 2mm grains (B) respectively. The dry densities for samples B, C and D possible to be obtained with standard Proctor energy have been estimated as: 0.61, 0.60 and 0.59g/cm3 respectively.

Influence of waste rubber utilization on the fracture and steel–concrete bond strength properties of concrete

Mechanical and fracture properties of concretes in which the natural aggregate was replaced with two types, crumb rubber and/or tire chips, of waste scrap tire rubber were experimentally investigated. The concrete mixtures were produced at a constant water-to-cement ratio of 0.40 and with a cement content of 450kg/m3. A total of 19 concrete mixtures were designed by replacing the fine and coarse aggregates with crumb rubber and tire chips, respectively, at designated replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by total aggregate volume. The concrete samples were tested for compressive and splitting tensile strengths, modulus of elasticity, fracture energy, characteristic length, and steel–concrete bond strength. Test results indicated that utilization of rubber significantly affected the mechanical and fracture properties of concretes. Compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the concretes decreased while the ductility increased as the rubber had been used. Besides, the effect of rubber appeared to be more pronounced at higher rubber content and bigger size.

Recycled Tire Chips Mixed with Sand as Lightweight Backfill Material in Retaining Wall Applications: An Experimental Investigation

This paper presents studies on use of recycled tire shreds in sand–tire chips (STC) mixture for retaining wall applications. Small-scale physical model tests were performed on rigid retaining wall with different STC mixtures. Rigid retaining wall model of 600 mm height was constructed in a Perspex container. The wall was made with hollow rectangular steel sections. STC mixtures with different tire chips proportions, such as 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 % along with pure sand were considered as backfill materials. Static surcharge load, up to 10 kPa, was applied using concrete blocks. Model wall behaviour in terms of displacements and earth pressures has been discussed for sand alone (control case) and STC mixtures as backfill materials. The experimental results indicate that the horizontal displacements and lateral earth pressures are reduced to about 50–60 % of that of control case by using STC mixtures which functioned as light weight backfill materials.

Evaluation of the rheological behavior of fresh self-compacting rubberized concrete by using the Herschel–Bulkley and modified Bingham models

The study herein presents the use of the Herschel–Bulkley and modified Bingham models to monitor the rheological behavior related to workability of the fresh self-compacting concrete containing waste rubber. Therefore, the self-compacting rubberized concretes were produced at a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.35 and binder content of 520kg/m3. Class F fly ash was incorporated as 30% of total binder content by weight. Two types of waste scrap tire rubber, crumb rubber and tire chips, were utilized instead of natural fine and coarse aggregate at various level, respectively. The tire chips and three different graded crumb rubbers (No.18, No.5, and mixed crumb rubber) and five designated rubber contents of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% were considered as experimental parameters. The rheological behavior related to workability of the fresh concretes was investigated by using the ICAR rheometer. The torque–speed relationship obtained from rheometer was used to characterize the rheological behavior of fresh self-compacting rubberized concrete by applying the Herschel–Bulkley and modified Bingham models to experimental data. The results revealed that the self-compacting concretes produced in this study exhibited shear thickening behavior and increasing the rubber content resulted in higher exponent ‘n’ values for the Herschel–Bulkley and c/μ coefficients for the modified Bingham models.

Mechanical Properties of Waste Tire Rubber Concrete

The consumption of waste tire rubber in concrete has gained more attention from the point of view of enhanced engineering properties of the product, and also sustainability. Numerous attempts have been stated on the use of waste tire rubbers for the replacement of fine and coarse aggregates in concrete but there is vital need to comprehensively investigate the effect of them on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete (RC). The aim of this paper is to explore the effect of rubber types and rubber content on mechanical properties of concrete. The compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, strain at maximum strength, and compressive stress–strain curves of RC are studied. Extensive databases used for evaluating the mechanical properties of RC include the measured compressive strength of 298 mixtures, measured tensile strength of 90 mixtures, measured flexural strength of 93 mixtures, measured modulus of elasticity of 156 mixtures, and compressive stress-strain curve of 15 mixtures. Three main rubber mixtures are replaced by fine and coarse aggregate in the collected experimental results that are crumb rubber (CR, with dimension of 0.5–5 mm), tire chips (TC, with dimension of 5–25 mm), and combination of crumb rubber and tire chips (CR+TC). The mechanical properties of these three types RC are evaluated and appropriate constitutive relationships are proposed.

Mechanical performance and medium-term degradation of rubberised concrete

This laboratory study deals with a comprehensive investigation of modified concrete specimens using rubber particles obtained from End of Life Tyres (ELT). Different types of mixes have been studied with different percentages of rubber particles used as a partial substitute for natural aggregates by using and comparing mixtures with various types of addition and surface treatment. Three types of rubber particles (ash rubber, crumb rubber and tyre chips) have been employed in the rubberised concrete mixtures replacing partially the natural aggregates. Test results shown that the rubberised concrete mix had some appealing characteristics such as a low mass density but worse compressive strength in line with previous studies. Among the most important findings, a decline in mechanical performance was observed in rubberised concrete specimens at an age of about 60days. Moreover, cracking and delamination phenomena occurred on the test specimens cured under moist conditions which have never been described in the literature so far. The main innovation is in description of these results regarding time-dependent degradation of rubberised concrete and in a preliminary investigation about the causes of this phenomenon.

Effect of tyre chips on dynamic properties of saturated sands

The effect of adding various amounts of tyre chips to a host liquefiable sand deposit is investigated in this paper. Also the mixed soil's dynamic properties such as damping ratio and shear modulus degradation curves are analysed. A series of 1g shaking table model tests are conducted at different percentages of sand–tyre chips mixtures. Firoozkuh sand is utilised in the tests and the wet tamping sample preparation method is adopted. The results show that using tyre chips basically reduces pore-water pressure generation due to liquefaction. Also, mean damping ratio is increased with increasing tyre chip content in the sand–tyre chips mixture. Overall, reinforcing soil with tyre chips is found to decrease the deformations caused by liquefaction considerably. The reinforcing depth is also found to have a considerable effect on the liquefaction mitigation outcomes.

Effect of tyre chips on dynamic properties of saturated sands

Effect of tyre chips on dynamic properties of saturated sands

Model tests on the use of tyre chips as aggregate in stone columns

Large-scale beneficial use of recycled and waste materials for civil engineering applications can provide an attractive way to reduce the wastes to be disposed of and it may also provide fiscal benefits. Scrap tyres are one such waste material which has many properties that can be effectively utilised for civil engineering applications. In this study, the scope for using tyre chips as an aggregate for stone columns was investigated. Experiments were conducted using tyre chips 10 mm in size and stone aggregate passing through a 12·5 mm Indian standard (IS) sieve and retained on a 10 mm IS sieve. Fifteen model experiments were carried out on stone columns made of different mix proportions of stone aggregate (S) and tyre chips (T), in a kaolinite clay bed of uniform consistency. It was found that the mixtures 60%T + 40%S and 40%T + 60%S provided a load-carrying capacity in stone columns similar to the load-carrying capacity of stone column made using only stone aggregate (100%S). This clearly shows that waste tyre chips can be used as a partial replacement for stone aggregate up to about 40–60% in the construction of stone columns.

Finite-Element Analysis of Highway Embankment Made from Tire-Derived Aggregate

Tire-derived aggregate (TDA) has been used in many civil engineering applications. Despite its successful use in the past, the amount of experimental research available on TDA applications is not sufficient to provide data for the evaluation of an appropriate constitutive model. The majority of TDA constitutive models have been developed from laboratory tests performed on tire chips smaller than those used in field applications. In this study, nonlinear elastic material models, with an elastic modulus that varies as a function of vertical stress, have been developed for TDA produced from passenger and light truck tire (PLTT) and off-the-road (OTR) vehicle tires. The material model for TDA is established based on previous large-scale laboratory constrained compression tests conducted on TDA up to 300 mm in size. The model is used in a finite-element (FE) analysis using geotechnical software to predict the settlement of full-scale test embankment during construction. The results indicate that the settlements obtained from the FE analysis agree with the settlements measured in the field during construction of full-scale test embankment. This paper also provides design charts to compute overbuild required on top of TDA layer(s) to compensate immediate compression under an applied load during the placement of cover on top of TDA.

Evaluation of the Optimum Mixing Ratio of a Sand-Tire Chips Mixture for Geoengineering Applications

AbstractThis paper presents the evaluation of the optimum mixing ratio of sand-tire chips (STC) mixtures based on void ratio and shear-strength properties. Locally available sand and tire chips of 20×10 mm size are adopted. Different STC mixtures, in the range 10–70% by weight of tire chips (TC), are considered, along with pure sand (0% TC) and pure tire chips (100% TC). Specific gravity, density, and large direct shear tests were conducted for various samples. The volume of voids and weight-volume relations were determined from the dry unit weight and specific gravity values obtained for various mixtures. The results showed that the addition of tire chips up to 40% by weight showed significant decrease of void ratio by 43%. Shear-strength properties, like angle of internal friction values, are increased with TC contents up to 30%. Based on experimental results, the optimum percentage of tire chips of the selected size is in the range of 30–40% by weight, which is the equivalent of 50–60% by volume. Furt...

Performance Assessment of Gravel–Tire Chips Mixes as Drainage Layer Materials Using Real Active MSW Landfill Leachate

Potential of clogging for rubber tire chips, gravel and their relative performance for transmitting high strength leachate when arranged in proportionate layers of relative thickness and in random state mixes of various percentage compared to the case of used alone were studied through column experiments. Comparative hydraulic performance of gravel and tire chips in their different combinations with percentage change (reduction) in COD, TSS, Ca-hardness and TDS concentration levels for the real active high strength MSW landfill leachate with time were investigated. Experiments were performed to simulate conditions occurring at the base of all active MSW landfills, in an attempt to replicate reasonably worst case conditions. Results clearly showed that the combinations ds (scrap tire chips layer thickness)/dg (gravel layer thickness) = 0.25, 0.50 (arranged by relative thickness) and Ws:Wg = 1:3 (25 % tire chips:75 % gravel; mixed by weight friction of each component) were good in term of obtaining initially relatively free drainage. Minor reduction in hydraulic conductivity for fairly longer duration, due to lesser clogging and small reduction in COD, TSS and Ca-hardness concentration levels were observed for these combinations. These experimental findings may prove to be very useful for the proper design, long term performance and service life of all tire chips–gravel made drainage layers of all the active MSW landfill leachate collection and removal systems.

Shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of sand–tyre chip mixtures

Sand–tyre chip (STCh) mixtures can be used in many geotechnical applications as alternative backfill material. The reuse of scrap tyres in STCh mixtures can effectively address growing environmental concerns and, at the same time, provide solutions to geotechnical problems associated with low soil shear strength and high dilatancy. In this paper, the shear strength and dilatancy behaviour of STCh mixtures have been investigated. A series of monotonic triaxial tests has been carried out on sand mixed with various proportions of tyre chips. It has been found that tyre chips significantly influence the shear strength and the dilatancy behaviour of STCh mixtures. The effects of confinement and relative density on the shear strength, dilatancy and initial tangent modulus of the STCh mixtures have also been investigated. Moreover, a dilatancy model for STCh mixtures has been proposed and validated with the experimental results.