Tire Chips Research Articles

Suitability of Tyre Derived Geomaterial Mixed with Gravel to be used in Gabion Type Retaining Wall

The disposal of scrap tyre is a major problem in developing countries. Material recycling is adopted in order to promote safer disposal (beside conventional dump and thermal recycling). Tyre derived geomaterial (TDGM) are proposed to be used in construction of gabion type retaining wall to prevent slope failure that has been a serious geotechnical threat in many countries. The reason of choosing tyre is not only to help in reducing the stockpiling of scrap tyre generated in environmental friendly way but also to reduce the dependency of gravel as the material to filled current gabion wall. In this study, laboratory scale model of gabion wall was developed to protect soil slope. Various proportion mixture of gravel:TDGM were used to construct the gabion wall. The protected slope was subjected to an artificial rainfall of 13mm/hour. Soil movement from commencement of the test until the slope failed was recorded by using transducers. Sieve analysis, specific gravity test and compaction test were conducted beforehand upon all materials used in the study to determine basic characteristics of the materials. From this study, it is found that, due to its lightweight properties, the use of TDGM (tyre chips and tyre buffer) as unique material in gabion wall was insufficient to reduce the displacement of the gabion wall. Larger displacement of gabion wall was recorded in the case of gravel:TDGM mixture was used to fill gabion wall. TDGM need to be mixed with large amount of gravel (at least 80% by volume) to increase the self-weight of the gabion wall and increase its stability.

Secondary reactions of volatiles upon the influences of particle temperature discrepancy and gas environment during the pyrolysis of scrap tyre chips

Pyrolysis process is one of the potential routes to convert waste scrap tyres into high-value resources such as liquid oil that is low in oxygen and high in valuable hydrocarbons. Although many studies have been conducted, the understanding of the fundamental science underpinning the pyrolysis of scrap tyre chip is still far from complete. This paper has examined the mild pyrolysis of scrap tyre chips at 600 °C, in an integrated manner by examining the co-effects of several key parameters including heating rate, volatile residence time, tyre chip size and non-inert gases (CO2 and/or H2O) on the quality of tars. In particular, we aimed to elucidate the influences of particle temperature discrepancy to the surrounding gas environment and reactive gas on the tar yield and properties, under the simulated fixed-bed/rotary kiln condition that is either heated directly by hot flue gas or indirectly by reactor wall. It has been confirmed that, in a simulated fixed-bed reactor with the absence of carrier gas, the particle temperature discrepancy can be correlated exponentially to the secondary cracking extent of volatiles in a temperature discrepancy range of 100 °C. Upon an increase on the temperature discrepancy by either increasing the heating rate or tyre chip size, the inherent long-chain aliphatics preferentially underwent scission, cyclisation and polymerisation, enhancing the yields for both heavy aromatics and methane – rich light gases. The use of carrier gas (i.e. hot flue gas) is beneficial in improving tar yield and aliphaticity. As a convective heating source, it heated particles slowly and also swept out volatile vapours immediately, thereby minimising the secondary reactions. For the two major components, CO2 and steam in hot flue gas, CO2 is rather inert at 600 °C, while steam is reactive enough to reduce the heavy hydrocarbons via steam reforming reaction, upon the catalytic effect of the nascent char derived from scrap tyre chips. The hydrogenation of unsaturated alkene and aromatics was also improved, and even the methanation reaction of CO on the nascent char surface, thus leading to the overwhelming dominance of CH4 in the pyrolysis gas.

Experimental Investigations on Effect of Geocell, Waste Tire Chips, and Geocell–Tire Chips on Foundation Reinforcement

AbstractModel tests were conducted for sand foundations reinforced by geocells, waste tire chips, and geocell–tire chips. Three factors related to the foundation performance are mainly examined in ...

Sand–scrap tyre chip mixtures for improving the dynamic behaviour of retaining walls

ABSTRACT This paper presents the dynamic response of retaining wall models backfilled with different types of sand–tyre chips (STC) mixtures using shaking table tests. The STC mixtures with different tyre chips proportions, such as STC10, STC20, STC30, STC40, STC50 and STC0 (control test) were considered as backfill materials. A 600 mm retaining wall that is produced in a box this is certainly anchored on a shaking table that will produce dynamic excitations. According to the tyre chips content in sand, up to 50% to 65% reduction in wall displacements and 70% to 80% lowering of dynamic earth pressures were observed. The exploratory study reveals the seismic actions of a retaining wall with STC30 backfill over an retaining wall using conventional backfill.

An experimental investigation on partial replacement of bitumen using rubber tyre

Bitumen is most widely used in the world for road construction. In India, bitumen demand was expected to reach 122 million tonnes by the analysis made in 2018, so we want some alternatives for future use. This research is based on partial replacement of bitumen by using waste rubber tyre chips as a percentage of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% respectively. The properties of partially replaced bitumen can be analyzed from the tests such as penetration test, softening point test, viscosity test and ductility test, we conclude that, better properties in 15% has efficient result while comparing to other proportion used.

Urban solid waste incorporated in brick soil-cement: process and cure

Investigar a reutilização do municipal resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) torna-se importante nos dias de hoje devido a problemas ambientais. Desenvolver um projeto experimental, usando uma mistura de tijolos de solo-cimento com traços sem adição de RSU e traços com adição de RSU, fornece procedimentos para testes de estresse após a moldagem e cura destes tijolos e considerar a viabilidade do uso de elemento, a fim de determinar o melhor traço, estabilização e método de cura. A proposta provou para ser viável e possível reduzir a quantidade de material não-renováveis na produção de tijolos de solo-cimento incorporando raspas de borracha de pneu e pó de mármores e granitos. Propondo um traço ideal para a produção de tijolos de solo-cimento, fornece subsídios para a replicabilidade deste produto, bem como o uso de chips de pneus e pó de mármore e granito, para minimizar o uso destes materiais por reciclagem, mostrando ser compatível com as regras existentes que exigem. Pneu ralado uso minimiza sua disposição no ambiente e através da inserção de pó de mármore e granito na mistura, oferece a melhor resistência à compressão, tijolos sendo viável produção deste produto com este material.

Sustainable utilization of waste tire-chips reinforced copper tailings as structural fill

One of the major wastes from mining and automobile sectors is tailings and waste tires, respectively. Their voluminous nature calls for urgent action for safe disposal and to reduce the growing threat on the environment. Under the present study, laboratory model footing and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) tests were conducted on tire chip-reinforced copper tailings (TRCT) to explore the feasibility of its use as structural fill and its potential impact on surroundings. Parameters considered for the laboratory study were tire chip quantity, relative density of copper tailings and depth of reinforced zone. The test results indicate that there is a significant enhancement in bearing capacity of copper tailing at all the studied strains by the addition of waste tires. Bearing capacity increased by more than nine times compared to unreinforced tailings when reinforced with 30% tire chips by weight. The TCLP tests conducted on copper tailings established that concentrations of the leached elements were well below the regulatory standards. Furthermore, a neural network model was trained via the experimental results of the tests to quickly predict the bearing capacity of TRCT for quick use in field applications. Therefore, the proposed technique can help in the effective waste management and safe disposals of large quantities of copper tailings as well as waste tires and also promoting sustainability in construction.

Direct Shear Behavior of a Mixture of Sand and Tire Chips Using X-ray Computed Tomography and Discrete Element Method

Granular materials such as soils, powders, and other particulate materials have been widely used in geotechnical engineering. In particular, sandy soils are one of the representative ones. Recently, there has been attention on environment-friendly materials such as tire chips or other waste materials. Besides, one of the key behaviors for these materials is shear behavior, including the effect of dilatancy. In this paper, direct shear behavior of sands as rigid particles and tire chips as elastic particles is discussed. Here, micro-focus-type X-ray-computed tomography (CT) scanner is used with direct shear tests to investigate the close behavior in granular materials. To discuss the results of CT scanning quantitatively, a digital image correlation method is used and then, the distribution of the displacements in the shear box, shear strain, and volumetric strain are measured using CT data. In addition, a series of numerical analysis using discrete element method (DEM), which is often used for granular materials, is carried out for the same cases as direct shear test to validate the CT results. Finally, based on the comparative discussion between test results with CT scanning and DEM results, the direct shear behavior of different granular materials is precisely investigated for the first time using X-ray CT. The use of tire chips mixed with sand decreases the dilatant behavior under shear stress, and the peaks in shear stress are no longer observed. In addition, tire chips seem to prevent shear bands to propagate in the material.

Release of Nitrosamines and Nitrosamine Precursors from Scrap Tires

Materials used during manufacturing of tires can be a source of nitrosamines and/or their precursors. Here, we examined the leaching of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors from scrap tires under different test conditions. Tire chips of different sizes and crumb rubber were exposed to leaching solutions with pH values ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. Leachates collected from tires were analyzed for nitrosamines. Leachates were oxidized with chloramine, ozone, or ozone followed by chloramine to quantify the amount of nitrosamine precursors. While N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) constituted more than 90% of nitrosamines, N-nitrosodibutylamine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine were also detected in the leachates. Chloramination of the leachate was found to form additional NDMA, NMOR, and other nitrosamines. While ozonation alone did not lead to formation of NDMA or NMOR, lower levels of formation of NDMA and NMOR were observed when ozonation was followed by chloramination as compared to those...

2D numerical analysis of a cantilever retaining wall backfilled with sand–tire chips mixtures

Previous research has shown that the backfill behind a retaining wall can be constructed with sand–tire chips (STC) mixture; this can lead to reduced horizontal displacements and earth pressures on the structure and allows lower design requirements, which implies lesser dimensions of the retaining wall. In this paper, the performance and stability of a cantilever retaining wall (CRW) with different STC mixtures, as lightweight backfill materials, were evaluated and analyzed numerically using the finite element software, RS2. The elastic parameters of the STC mixtures were computed using homogenization techniques, and the other engineering properties were obtained based on published literature. The results show that total displacement, vertical displacement, lateral pressures, lateral displacements, maximum shear forces and maximum bending moments are reduced considerably, and global stability of the retaining wall is enhanced when STC mixtures are used instead of sand alone. The mixture with the best overall mechanical behaviour was the one with a tire chips/sand ratio of 66.54/33.46 by weight or 81/19 by volume is used compared to the other mixing ratios.

Physical and mechanical properties of Gravel-Tire Chips Mixture (GTCM)

In this study, a series of experimental programs were conducted to investigate the physical properties and mechanical behavior of a gravel-tire chips mixture (GTCM). The effects of particle characteristics, tire chips-gravel particle size ratio, relative density, gravel fraction by volume in GTCM, effective confining pressure and drainage condition on shear strength and the deformation characteristics of gravel and GTCM have been investigated. Additionally, the influence of the tire chips-gravel particle ratio and gravel fraction on the maximum and minimum void ratio of GTCM were also examined. Three behavioral zones, gravel-like, gravel-tire chips-like and tire chips-like, were clearly observed and reported by varying the tire chips proportion in the mixture. Outcomes revealed that the gravel fraction along with the particle size ratio of the tire chips to gravel are the main parameters controlling the skeleton, as well as the compaction behavior of GTCM. Results of consolidated compression triaxial tests revealed that the gravel fraction, particle size ratio of tire chips to gravel and confining pressure have significant influence on the stress-strain and dilatancy behaviors of soil and the effects are more pronounced at lower tire chips content ratio in the mixture.

The Bond Response of Concrete Brick with Recycled Tire Chip as Partial Replacement of Aggregate Applied in the Non-Structural Masonry Wall

The walls of buildings are made from several types of materials, including red and concrete bricks, glass fiber-reinforced cement, wood and glass. Concrete brick has many advantages. It is relatively cheap, with more economical mortar usage and it has an easier and faster installation. Unfortunately, the main disadvantage of concrete brick is that it is heavier than many other wall building materials. In order to reduce the weight of concrete brick as well as to dispose waste tire safely, the objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical effect of the application of recycled tire as a partial replacement of aggregates in the concrete brick. The application of recycled tire in concrete brick with high volume protects the environment from pollution due to the waste tire. The dimension of concrete brick is 345 mm of length, 90 mm of width and 100 mm of thickness. The recycled tire utilized in the study is in the form of chips with dimensions of 4 mm × 4 mm × 20 mm. The chips are mixed with mortar in order to form the concrete brick. The content of recycled tire chips in concrete brick without superplasticizer is 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% and with superplasticizer it is 0%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% and 75% by volume. Several types of testing for concrete brick with recycled tire are carried out, focusing on the unit weight, the compressive strength, the flexural strength and the shear strength. It has been found out that concrete brick containing 75% of recycled tire chips reduces the unit weight of concrete brick by ~63% compared to concrete brick without recycled tire chips. Moreover, the highest compressive, flexural and shear strengths are 1.32 N/mm2 for concrete brick with 50% of recycled tire, 0.063 MPa for concrete brick with 55% of recycled tire and 0.064 MPa for concrete brick with recycled tire content of 65%.

Use of waste tire-chips in shallow footings subjected to eccentric loading-an experimental study

Growing generation of waste tires represents a serious danger to the environment and human well-being. This paper focusses on applications of tire wastes in shallow footings subjected to eccentric loading. Presence of eccentric loads significantly reduces the load carrying capacity of the soil. Therefore, laboratory model tests were conducted on tire chip reinforced sand subjected to eccentric loading conditions. Parameters considered for the study were waste tire chip content, reinforcement depth and relative density while eccentricity of the loading was varied as 0.1B and 0.2B, where B is the width of the footing. A substantial increase in bearing capacity was observed at all strains. Based on the experimental results, the optimum quantity of tire waste and the depth of reinforcement recommended is 30% (by weight) and 1B respectively. The improvements were more significant at higher eccentricities with bearing capacity ratio obtained as high as 5.77 and 7.46 at low and high strains respectively. Moreover, the beneficial effects of the proposed technique were visible at both the dense as well as loose states.

Chemophysical Evaluation of Green Sorption Media for Copper Removal in Stormwater Runoff for Improving Ecosystem and Human Health

Green sorption media, which includes the utilization of renewable and recycled materials, can be used as a means for nutrient and copper removal in various low-impact development facilities. In this study, a green sorption media mixture consisting of recycled tire chip, expanded clay, and coconut coir was physiochemically evaluated for copper removal potential in stormwater runoff to deepen the understanding of its application potential. Isotherm, reaction kinetics, and life expectancy tests were conducted using both the media mixture and the individual components of the green sorption media. In addition, the media mixture was analyzed to determine its life expectancy. Isotherm test results revealed that the media mixture follows the Freundlich model and that the coconut coir had the highest affinity for copper. Distinct dynamic adsorption models were explored to determine the most suitable model for implementation based on a column test data set. Five dynamic adsorption models, including the Thomas, Clark, Bohart-Adams, Wolborska, and modified dose-response models, were investigated and the media mixture data collected in the column test were fitted into these five models, leading to the selection of the best model with the highest correlation. The modified dose-response model outperformed others in terms of the overall media mixture and the coconut coir. Life expectancy estimation showed that the media mixture has a life span of 2.13 years with the chosen influent conditions and can be applicable for improving the performance of water quality management in stormwater detention and retention ponds, bioswale, and other stormwater best management practices.

Shear modulus of sand–tyre chip mixtures

This paper presents experimental results on the shear modulus of sand–tyre chip (STCh) mixtures. A series of bender element tests was carried out on specimens of sand mixed with varying proportions of tyre chips (TCh). Tests were carried out on STCh mixtures at a constant initial relative density of 50% for different initial effective confining pressures. The bender element test results indicate that the maximum shear modulus of the STCh mixtures increases with effective confining pressure and decreases with the gravimetric proportion of TCh, which ranged from 23 to 138 kPa and 0 to 40%, respectively. However, the strain-controlled cyclic triaxial test results show that the shear modulus at large shear strains decreases with increasing single-amplitude shear strain as a function of the proportion of TCh in the mixture. The lower the proportion of TCh, the larger the degradation observed. The modified Hardin and Drnevich mathematical formulation adequately captures the variation in shear modulus of the STCh mixtures for a wide range of shear strain amplitudes.

Effect of cement content and recycled rubber particle size on the performance of rubber-modified concrete

ABSTRACTAccording to the Rubber Manufacturer’s Association, the United States generated 3664 thousand metric tons of scrap tires in 2015. While most waste tires are repurposed, approximately 409.5 thousand metric tons were disposed in landfills. This study investigates an alternative use of the waste tires as a replacement of natural aggregates in concrete mixtures. This study investigated fresh concrete properties and compressive strength. Different coarse and fine aggregate rubber particle sizes were evaluated: 19-mm tire chips (TCs) and 30-mesh crumb rubber (CR). TCs were used to replace coarse aggregates, while CR was used to replace fine aggregate in the concrete mixtures in increments of 10% by volume. Concrete strength loss was reduced with a fine aggregate replacement with CR as opposed to greater losses of strength exhibited by a coarse aggregate replacement with TCs. Adequate strengths were achieved at replacement levels as high as 40% by volume with CR, whereas satisfactory strengths were achieved with only a 10% replacement of coarse aggregates with TCs. Acceptable strengths were obtained from mixtures utilizing a combination of the two rubber sizes. Cement content was observed to have greater influence on rubberized concrete compressive strength at lower rubber contents than higher levels.

Examination of earth pressure reduction mechanism using tire-chip inclusion in sandy backfill via numerical simulation

Tire chips have special features as geomaterials, as they are lighter than soil particles, highly compressible, and softer than sand. In this study, the effect of tire chips used as a compressible inclusion in backfill on the load reduction against retaining walls is numerically investigated. It is known that a reduction in earth pressure in backfill is realized by achieving a quasi-active or intermediate active state; and thus, a field test of this behavior is herein numerically simulated. The influence of the Poisson’s ratio and elastic modulus of tire chips on the reduction in earth pressure against retaining walls is examined by assuming that tire chips can be modeled as an elastic body. The numerical simulation reveals that the attainment of the active state in sandy backfill is primarily due to the light-weight nature of tire chips, along with their low Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Furthermore, the influence of friction at the bottom of the backfill mass is also considered, and the earth pressure reduction mechanism incorporating this factor is also numerically investigated.

Sustainable application of waste tire chips and geogrid for improving load carrying capacity of granular soils

The objective of the present study is to explore the viability of using waste tire chips and combined waste tire chips, geogrid reinforcement for improving load-carrying capacity of sand. Under this study, series of laboratory model footing tests were conducted to study pressure settlement behaviour of Tire chip Reinforced Sand (TRS). In first phase, tests were conducted on TRS underlying poorly graded sand by varying parameters such as tire chip content, reinforcement depth of TRS Zone, relative density of TRS. In the second phase, tests were conducted on Geogrid Reinforced Sand (GRS) and results were compared with TRS, and subsequently in third phase, combined behaviour of TRS and GRS was studied. Results indicated that addition of tire chips significantly increases bearing capacity at low strains (s/B = 2–5%) as well as at high strains (s/B = 10–20%). Bearing Capacity Ratio (BCR) as high as 4.65 and 10.36 was observed at low and high strains respectively. Performance of TRS was found better than GRS at all strain levels. The BCR can be further increased to 11 if TRS is used in conjunction with GRS. Therefore, recommended technique has an advantage of enabling shallow foundations in situations that either demand use of deep foundations or costly ground improvement techniques thus providing economy in construction as well as safe disposals of large stockpiles of waste tires.

Experimental study on behaviour of encased stone column with tyre chips as aggregates

Stone columns are constructed using stone aggregates of typical size ranging from 15 to 75 mm. Alternatively, building debris and shredded tyre chips can be used to replace the stone aggregates either partially or totally, which can be an environment-friendly solution to the disposal of solid waste materials. This paper presents the results of model tests on ordinary floating stone columns (OSC) and encased floating stone columns (ESC) constructed with a mixture of stone aggregates and shredded tyre chips. Tyre chips of 10 mm size, 2 to 3 mm thick after removing steel wires, were used in this study. Large size direct shear tests were also conducted for different mix proportions of tyre chips and stone aggregates to assess their shear strength properties. Model tests were conducted on ordinary and encased floating stone columns of diameter (d) 100 mm and l/d ratio of 4.5. Loading was applied through hydraulic jack and reaction loading frame. Model test results show that an ordinary stone column made of stone aggregates can be replaced by an encased stone column made of 100% tyre chips. This confirms the possibility of either partial or full replacement of stone aggregates with tyre chips in stone columns.

Effect of Waste Tyre Chips on Road Construction

Effect of Waste Tyre Chips on Road Construction