TiO2 Nanofillers Research Articles

Synergistic effect of nanocoatings for corrosion and wear protection of steel surfaces

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the corrosion and wear protection of a steel substrate by epoxy vinyl ester nanocomposite coatings with Zn and TiO2 nanoparticle fillers. Steel substrates were coated with epoxy vinyl ester nanocomposites, varying Zn and TiO2 nanofiller concentrations and combinations of both nanoparticles. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by salt spray fog test during 480h, according to ASTM B-117. The degree of damage was obtained quantitatively by measuring the enhancement in corroded area compared to the scribe mark. Tribological evaluation was performed with a ball-on-disk tribotester, according to ASTM G-99. Results showed that the combination of Zn and TiO2 nanofillers in an epoxy vinyl ester coating provide a synergistic effect, enhancing corrosion protection due to their combined corrosion and tribological reducing mechanisms.

Behavior of UDM processed epoxy based TiO2 nano filler composite adhesive joints under fatigue loading

The present research aims at comparing the behaviour of neat epoxy adhesive joints versus UDM (ultrasonic dual mixing) processed epoxy based TiO2 nano composite adhesive joints under fatigue loading. Single lap shear adhesive joints of both adhesives were tested under static and variable loading. 15% increase in toughness and 33.2% increase in fatigue limit of TiO2 nano composite adhesive joints over neat epoxy adhesive joints were observed. Finite element analysis showed that local stresses were maximum near the edges of the adhesive layer, making them prone to crack initiation.

A new mechanism for interpreting the effect of TiO2 nanofillers in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells

A new mechanism is proposed against the Grotthuss-type exchange reaction, to interpret the TiO2 nanofiller effect in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Generally, the inclusion of TiO2 nanofillers in a polymer gel electrolyte causes an enhanced diffusion coefficient and a reduced charge transfer resistance at the electrolyte/counter-electrode interface, thereby improving the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding solar cell. Herein, liquid electrolytes are treated by TiO2 nanoparticles, and the resultant electrolytes yield similar effects on both the electrolyte properties and cell performance. This result suggests a facilitated movement of the triiodide species; however, it cannot be elucidated by the Grotthuss-type mechanism, because of the absence of nanoparticles in such liquid electrolytes. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows that the TiO2 particles can adsorb iodide ions through their acidic surfaces. The adsorption of iodide ions leads to negatively charged surfaces, which further induces attraction to cations. As a result, cation concentrations in the electrolyte are reduced, and furthermore, the triiodide species can move more easily owing to the attenuated electrostatic interaction with cations. This mechanism is considered to be a dominant reason for the TiO2 nanofiller effect in quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells.

Nonlinear optical and dielectric properties of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated PEO/PVP blend matrix based multifunctional polymer nanocomposites

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blend (50/50 wt%) and mixed-phase (anatase and rutile) titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are used as organic host matrix and inorganic nanofiller, respectively, for the preparation of hybrid polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films (i.e. (PEO/PVP)–x wt% TiO2; x = 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15) by solution casting method with deionized water as solvent. These PNC films are characterized by employing SEM, FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis, DSC, and DRS techniques. The effect of TiO2 nanofiller loading on the structural, morphological, thermal, optical, dielectric, and electrical properties of the PEO/PVP blend matrix, and also on the chain segmental dynamics of PEO in the PNC structures is investigated. It is revealed that the crystalline phase and spherulite morphology of PEO, and the polymer–polymer interactions in these PNC films have been primarily modified by the polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The optical energy band gap decreases, whereas UV absorbance enhances non-linearly with the increase of TiO2 concentration in the PNC films. The enthalpy of melting of the PEO irregularly reduces when the incorporated amount of TiO2 enhances in these films. The real part of complex permittivity and the dielectric loss tangent of these materials are found frequency independent in the range from 20 kHz to 1 MHz but these parameters increase non-linearly from ~ 1.6 to 2 and 0.006–0.008, respectively with the increase of TiO2 concentration up to 10 wt%, at 30 °C. The dominant contribution of interfacial polarization process increases the real part of complex permittivity of these PNC materials by about 1.3 times with the decrease of frequency from 20 kHz to 20 Hz which further enhances with the increment in the temperature of the film. The electrical behaviour of these materials has been examined by analyzing their ac electrical conductivity, complex impedance, and electric modulus spectra over the frequency range 20 Hz–1 MHz. The dc electrical conductivity of these PNC materials enhances nonlinearly with the increase of TiO2 loading in the PEO/PVP blend matrix. The optical and dielectric parameters of these flexible-type PNC materials confirm their multifunctional properties as UV absorber, optical energy band gap tuner, low permittivity tunable nanodielectric, electrical conductivity regulator, and novel host matrix for ion conducting materials. The results infer that these innovative technologically advanced engineered materials can be potential candidates for the next generation microelectronic devices.

Preparation and Characterization of Poly(δ-Valerolactone)/TiO2 Nanohybrid Material with Pores Interconnected for Potential Use in Tissue Engineering.

Titanium dioxide/poly(δ-valerolactone) (TiO2/Pδ-VL) nanohybrid material containing interconnected pores with sizes in the range 80–150 μm were prepared by the solvent casting and polymer melting routes, and the dispersion of the TiO2 nanofiller in the Pδ-VL matrix and its adhesion were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. A significant depression in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) values were revealed for the polymer nanocomposites prepared by the solvent casting technique. For the potential application of the prepared materials in the biomedical domain, complementary analyses were performed to examine the dynamic mechanical properties, and cell adhesion (using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay), and the results obtained for the samples prepared by the two methods were compared. Interconnected pores were successively produced in the new material by employing naphthalene microparticles as a porogen for the first time, and the results obtained were very promising.

Experimental synthesis of size-controlled TiO2 nanofillers and their possible use as composites in restorative dentistry

The aim of this work was to obtain an efficient protocol with a green, fast and facile way to synthesize TiO2 NPs and its application as fillers for enhancement of desired dental properties of light curing dental composites.A comparative study comprised the fabrication of light curing restorative composite materials with incorporating different fillers with varying wt%, varying resin material composition, to determine optimal dental restoration by focusing on the physical properties of dental materials. It was observed that the as-prepared green synthesized TiO2 nanohybrid particles contributed to the improvement in physical properties, thus promoting the green and rapid synthesis of nanohybrid fillers. In addition, mechanical values for experimental cured resin materials with bare and surface modified fillers were obtained. The experimental light curing nanocomposites with 5 wt% (wt%) nanohybrid surface modified filler particles with BisGMA (60 wt%), TEGDMA (20 wt%) and UDMA (20 wt%) resin composition provided increased physical strength and durability with higher compressive stress 195.56 MPa and flexural stress 83.30 MPa. Furthermore, the dental property, such as polymerization shrinkage (PS) obtained from volumetric method was decreased up to 3.4% by the addition of nano-hybrid fillers. In addition to this, the biocompatible and antimicrobial nature of TiO2 and its aesthetics properties such as tooth-like color makes TiO2 favorable to use as fillers.This study presents a green and facile method for the synthesis of TiO2 nanohybrid particles that can be successfully used as fillers in an experimental light curing resin matrix for enhancing its dental properties. This describes the potential of the green synthesized TiO2 nanohybrid particles to use as fillers in restorative dentistry.

Well-defined triblock copolymer/TiO2 composite gel electrolytes for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cells

Two kinds of triblock copolymers (SGT-602 and SGT-604) were prepared and applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The polymer gel electrolytes with a TiO2 nanofiller achieved comparable efficiencies to liquid-state DSSCs (η: 9.86%), and exhibited excellent long-term device stability under 1 sun illumination at 50 °C.

Impact of shape (nanofiller vs. nanorod) of TiO2 nanoparticle on free‐standing solid polymeric separator for energy storage/conversion devices

ABSTRACTWe report the investigation on examining the impact of nanofiller (NF)‐ versus nanorod (NR)‐shaped titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle on the structural, electrochemical, transport, thermal, and dielectric properties of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Thin SPE films comprising of poly(ethylene oxide), sodium hexafluorophosphate, and dispersed with TiO2 NF, TiO2 NR (synthesized by hydrothermal route) has been prepared via solution cast technique. The shape of nanoparticle influences the morphological and structural properties as observed in field emission scanning electron microscope and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The highest ionic conductivity was exhibited by the NR dispersed system and is higher than NF dispersed system for all recorded concentration consistently. It is attributed to the formation of the long‐range conductive path with NR when compared with NF. In addition, the electrochemical stability window is much higher (~5 V) than the NF‐doped system. Furthermore, the dielectric properties of SPE were investigated and fitted in the complete frequency window (1 Hz–1 MHz; T = 40–100 °C @ 10 °C). It is observed that the NR dispersed system shows higher dielectric strength and low relaxation time with respect to NF dispersed system. The results suggest that the NR dispersed SPE possess enhanced properties and is more appropriate for an application in high energy density solid‐state Na ion batteries. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47361.

Tensile Properties, Fracture Mechanics Properties and Toughening Mechanisms of Epoxy Systems Modified with Soft Block Copolymers, Rigid TiO2 Nanoparticles and Their Hybrids

The effect of the hybridization of a triblock copolymer and a rigid TiO2 nanofiller on the tensile, fracture mechanics and thermo-mechanical properties of bisphenol F based epoxy resin were studied. The self-assembling block copolymer, constituted of a center block of poly (butyl acrylate) and two side blocks of poly (methyl) methacrylate-co-polar co-monomer was used as a soft filler, and TiO2 nanoparticles were employed as rigid modifiers. Toughening solely by block copolymers (BCP’s) led to the highest fracture toughness and fracture energy in the study, KIc = 2.18 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 1.58 kJ/m2. This corresponds to a 4- and 16-fold improvement, respectively, over the neat reference epoxy system. However, a reduction of 15% of the tensile strength was observed. The hybrid nanocomposites, containing the same absolute amounts of modifiers, showed a maximum value of KIc = 1.72 MPa·m1/2 and GIc = 0.90 kJ/m2. Yet, only a minor reduction of 4% of the tensile strength was observed. The fracture toughness and fracture energy were co-related to the plastic zone size for all the modified systems. Finally, the analysis of the fracture surfaces revealed the toughening mechanisms of the nanocomposites.

Fabrication and Characterization of Toughened Nanocomposites Based on TiO2 Nanowire‐Epoxy System

TiO2(B) nanowires (TiO2(B)‐NWs) were synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs and the influence of different morphologies of TiO2 nanostructures on the mechanical performance of epoxy nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated. Transmission Optical Micrograph images of TiO2(B)‐NW/epoxy nanosuspension reveals an excellent dispersion of TiO2(B)‐NWs in the epoxy matrix. Tensile strength (~26%), tensile modulus (~16%), and fracture toughness (~136%) improved remarkably for TiO2(B)‐NWs modified epoxy composites. The mechanism that paved way to the enhancement in the fracture toughness of the TiO2(B)‐NW/epoxy nanocomposites was evaluated. SEM micrographs disclose that the phenomena of shear yielding, crack deflection and crack bridging are responsible for the improved fracture toughness of TiO2(B)‐NW/epoxy composite. Moreover, the analysis of visco‐elastic properties revealed a very high modulus and improved Tg for the TiO2(B)‐NW/epoxy composites when compared with neat epoxy owing to better filler/matrix interfacial interaction between TiO2(B)‐NWs and epoxy matrix. This was further confirmed by quantitative analysis of the constrained region and by the evaluation of the interaction parameter B. TGA study shows that the thermal stability of composites are not compromised by the incorporation of TiO2 nanofillers. The obtained results can be considered as beneficial in the manufacture of components with higher strength‐to‐weight ratios for such uses as windmill blades or aircraft components. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2629–2638, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Investigation of the effect of titanium dioxide and clay grafted with glycidyl methacrylate by gamma radiation on the properties of EVA flexible films

Many studies report that nanocomposites obtained by dispersion of a small amount nanofiller into the polymer have remarkable improvements achieved in the mechanical and physical properties. However, in order to achieve this great improvement in properties, it is necessary that the nanofillers be dispersed homogeneously into the polymeric matrix. Often this dispersion is difficult to achieve due to the high interfacial energy of the nanoparticles present. This study reports the effect of gamma irradiation induced graft of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto the surface of TiO2 and Clay nanofillers to improve their dispersion into the EVA matrix. The physical and mechanical properties of Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) flexible films with these nanoparticles were studied. EVA nanocomposite with adding of the different amount of TiO2 and modified montmorillonite clay grafted and un-grafted with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) using gamma irradiation have been prepared by melt extrusion. The nanocomposite flexible films were produced using a flat die extrusion process. The PGMA-grafted nanofillers were characterized by XRD and TEM analysis. The flexible films were characterized by Tensile tests, ATR–FTIR, UV–VIS, XRD, TG, and FE-SEM analysis to understand the nature of the interaction between the nanofillers and EVA matrix. The results showed that the addition of PGMA-grafted TiO2 and Clay nanofillers into EVA matrix improved the bonding between the nanofillers and matrix. It was also found that the PGMA-grafted nanofillers could be well dispersed into an EVA matrix in contrast to that of un-grafted. The tensile strength and modulus of the resulting EVA/TiO2-PGMA enhanced in comparison to that of un-grafted TiO2. The EVA/Clay-PGMA had slightly decreased tensile strength comparable to that of EVA/Clay but had considerably improved elastic modulus. In addition, the flexible films based on TiO2 exhibited high UV–Vis light absorption with energy gap shifted to the visible region. The results demonstrated that TiO2 and Clay nanofillers grafted with GMA by gamma radiation can be used to prepare EVA flexible films with improved bonding between the nanofillers and matrix and, consequently, enhanced properties for food and cosmetic packaging application.

Investigation of Mechano-chemical Properties of the Effects of Nanoparticles in Artificial Stone Produced

The aim of this study is to produce artificial stone from the sludge of stone cutting factories, its properties are increased by adding nano-fillers. The results show reduced the water content to 25% and increasing of resin unconfined compressive strength increased. To further enhance the properties of the sample and minimize the pores is used the TiO2, ZnO and SiC nano-fillers, almost all pores are destroyed and have observed a significant increase in physicochemical properties. Unlike artificial stone composite is obtained in the absence of the concrete water basin, showed better properties and these properties are increasing over time. The optimum sample is obtained in this study with a glossy surface and hydrophobic compressive strength and flexural samples that samples are determined 450 g of sludge of stone cutting (SSC), cement (C) is 50 wt.% of SSC, water is 25%, resin is 7% and filler is silicon carbide, it is 12wt.% of cement.

Porous poly(l-lactic acid) nanocomposite scaffolds with functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles: properties, cytocompatibility and drug release capability

Cytocompatibility is one of the most important aspects in evaluating biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. In this study, biodegradable polymer scaffolds based on nanocomposites of poly(l-lactic acid) and TiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with oleic acid (5 and 10 wt%) were prepared by thermally induced phase separation method. The aim of this research was to evaluate the properties of nanocomposite scaffolds and to investigate the influence of functionalized nanofiller on their bioactivity, biodegradability and cytocompatibility. The nanocomposite scaffolds showed bioactivity in supersaturated fluids and reduced biodegradation in simulated body fluid when compared to pure PLA scaffold. Cell viability and proliferation potential in contact with nanocomposite scaffolds were tested via MTT assay, while the scaffolds cytotoxic potential was evaluated using lactate dehydrogenase method. It was found that incorporation of functionalized TiO2 nanofiller with content of 5 wt% in the corresponding PLA matrix has a significant positive effect on the cell viability and proliferation, while at higher nanofiller content (10 wt%), insignificant cell proliferation and increased cytotoxicity were confirmed. Furthermore, PLA/TiO2–OA nanocomposite scaffolds were proved as promising materials for drug delivery.

Effect of nano-titanium oxide addition on some mechanical properties of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses.

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effects of adding titanium oxide (TiO2) nanofillers on the tear strength, tensile strength, elongation percentage, and hardness of room-temperature-vulcanized (RTV) VST50F and high-temperature-vulcanized (HTV) Cosmesil M511 maxillofacial silicone elastomers.MethodsTwo types of maxillofacial elastomers, VST50F RTV and Cosmesil M511 HTV, were used. Nano-TiO2 powder was applied as a nanofiller. A total of 120 specimens were fabricated, 60 each of VST50F and Cosmesil M511. The specimens of each type of elastomer were divided into three equal groups on which tests were conducted for tear strength, tensile strength, and hardness i.e., 20 specimens were used for each test. Each group of 20 specimens was further divided into two equal subgroups: (A) control i.e., silicone without nano-TiO2, and (B) experimental i.e., VST50F and Cosmesil M511 silicone incorporated with 0.25 wt% and 0.2 wt% nano-TiO2, respectively. Each subgroup thus had 10 specimens. The specimens were evaluated, and data were studied using descriptive statistical analysis and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThe addition of 0.25 wt% and 0.2 wt% TiO2 nanofiller into VST50F and Cosmesil M511 elastomers, respectively, resulted in a statistically significant increase in the mean values (p < 0.01) of tear strength, tensile strength, elongation percentage, and hardness of the materials.ConclusionThe mechanical properties of the VST50F and Cosmesil M511 maxillofacial silicone materials improved with the addition of select concentrations of nano-TiO2.

Graphene Oxide Sponge as Nanofillers in Printable Electrolytes in High-Performance Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

A graphene oxide sponge (GOS) is utilized for the first time as a nanofiller (NF) in printable electrolytes (PEs) based on poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) for quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (QS-DSSCs). The effects of the various concentrations of GOS NFs on the ion diffusivity and conductivity of electrolytes and the performance of the QS-DSSCs are studied. The results show that the presence of GOS NFs significantly increases the diffusivity and conductivity of the PEs. The introduction of 1.5 wt % of GOS NFs decreases the charge-transfer resistance at the Pt-counter electrode/electrolyte interface ( Rpt) and increases the recombination resistance at the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface ( Rct). QS-DSSC utilizing 1.5 wt % GOS NFs can achieve an energy conversion efficiency (8.78%) higher than that found for their liquid counterpart and other reported polymer gel electrolytes/GO NFs based DSSCs. The high energy conversion efficiency is a consequence of the increase in both the open-circuit potential ( Voc) and fill factor with a slight decrease in current density ( Jsc). The cell efficiency can retain 86% of its initial value after a 500 h stability test at 60 °C under dark conditions. The long-term stability of the QS-DSSC with GOS NFs is higher than that without NFs. This result indicates that the GOS NFs do not cause dye-desorption from the photoanode in a long-term stability test, which infers a superior performance of GOS NFs as compared to TiO2 NFs in terms of increasing the efficiency and long-term stability of QS-DSSCs.

Comparative study of SiR/EPDM containing nano-alumina and titanium dioxides in electrical surface tracking

The combination of polymer materials, such as silicone rubber (SiR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), has become one of the potential developments of new polymer insulator with superior characteristics. SiR/EPDM with a ratio of 50:50 weight percentages had produced the optimal electrical and mechanical properties of polymer composites. However, the study of these balanced blends with inclusion nanofillers remains limited and has yet to be completely explored. In the current research, SiR/EPDM blends were prepared with two types of nanofillers, namely, Al2O3 and TiO2. The loading concentrations of the nanofillers for each specimen were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Vol%. The effects of the Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofillers with different loading concentrations on the surface-tracking characteristics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the addition of nanofillers to the SiR/EPDM composite significantly improved the performance of the electrical surface-tracking resistance, thereby decelerating the aging process or minimizing damage to the surface. Moreover, experimental results showed that SiR/EPDM filled with 1 Vol% of the Al2O3 nanofiller had an improved tracking time performance than the SiR/EPDM filled with 2 Vol% of the TiO2 nanofiller had. The tracking time and thermal conductivity characteristics of both nanocomposites were higher than those of the unfilled SiR/EPDM.

SEM Analysis of the Interface of Five Adhesive Systems

The aim of this study was to investigate the interface ultrastructure at dentin and hybrid layer formed by novel adhesives with TiO2 nano-fillers. Nano-fillers have shown outstanding mechanical properties and they are widely used as reinforcing materials associated with polymeric matrices for high performance applications. Twenty extracted non carious human teeth were utilized for evaluation of the bonded interface using scanning electron microscopy. The experiments used four novel adhesives (noted A1, A2, A3, A4). Phosphoric acid (5s, 37%) and a commercial resin composite Herculite XRV (Kerr) filling were used for the surface treatment. The interface was studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a microscope Inspect F-FEI Company. The experimental results indicated the main benefits and disadvantages of the investigated adhesives systems. SEM of the adhesive dentin interface revealed a HAp (hydroxyapatite) – rich and homogenous hybrid layer. This layer produced a favourable sealing of damaged dentin.

Preparation PET Hybrided Materials by &lt;i&gt;In Situ&lt;/i&gt; Polymerization for Delustered Fibers

A series of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hybrid materials with high-load TiO2 content were prepared via in situ polymerization by dispersing unmodified titanium dioxide (TiO2) in Ethylene Glycol (EG), and the influence of load TiO2 nanofillers on the physical properties of PET masterbatch was investigated. The intrinsic viscosities of the prepared PET hybrid materials were affected by the addition of the nanoparticles and in both cases a slight decrease was observed. In addition, the thermal behavior of these PET hybrid materials and neat PET was investigated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The chemical structures of PET hybrid materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The TiO2 nanoparticles show well dispersibility in PET matrix. The PET hybrid material with 40wt.% TiO2 content was used as master batch to prepare full dull PET fiber with 2.5 wt.% TiO2. The melt flow ability of PET hybrid materials shows good winding and drawing performance, and also the resulted fiber has better mechanical properties than neat PET fiber. It suggests that this PET/TiO2 masterbatch by in situ polymerization may find good application for delustered fiber preparation.

Synergetic effect of TiO2 nano filler additives on conductivity and dielectric properties of PEO/PVP nanocomposite electrolytes for electrochemical cell applications

Sodium-ion conducting PEO/PVP blend based solid polymer electrolyte films complexed with NaIO4 salt and nano-sized TiO2 fillers are fabricated by employing a solution casting technique for Na-ion battery applications. Measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are carried out to investigate the crystallinity and thermal stability of the solid polymer electrolytes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies are performed to understand the modifications in surface morphological features and to evaluate the size and distribution of dispersed nano-sized TiO2 fillers. The room temperature ionic conductivities of polymer electrolyte films are investigated by impedance analysis in the frequency range 1 MHz - 1 Hz. The nano-sized TiO2 (3 wt%) filled composite electrolyte of ‘PEO/PVP/NaIO4 (10 wt%)’ demonstrates a maximum room temperature conductivity of 9.82 X 10-6 S/cm. The influence of TiO2 filler on conductivity and dielectric properties are presented in this report.

High-performance printable electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

High performance printable electrolytes are developed using PEO, PVDF, and TiO2 nanofillers for dye-sensitized solar cell applications.