Amount Of TiO2 Research Articles

Decorating {0 0 1} TiO2 nanosheets on hydrophobic NaY zeolite: An efficient deactivation-resistant photocatalyst for gaseous toluene removal

Photocatalysis is regarded as a promising in situ air purification technology for the removal of volatile organic compounds. However, the deactivation of photocatalysts remains a serious issue that needs to be addressed. Herein, we report a novel dual-functional photocatalyst (TiO2@HYZ) with spatially separated catalytic sites and adsorption sites, which has been obtained by combining hydrophilic {001} TiO2 nanosheets with hydrophobic NaY zeolite. TiO2@HYZ showed excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of gaseous toluene under UV irradiation in humid air. The optimized TiO2@HYZ-2 (containing 45.7 wt% TiO2) achieved 96.6% toluene removal and 87.4% mineralization within 120 min. The specific reaction rate constant of TiO2@HYZ-2, pristine TiO2 and P25 normalized by the unit amount of TiO2 during the photocatalytic degradation process were calculated to be 0.481, 0.230 and 0.250 min−1 g−1, respectively. Moreover, TiO2@HYZ-2 showed superior durability, maintaining stable performance over repeated toluene degradation processes, even at high toluene concentration, whereas pristine TiO2 incurred severe deactivation with increasing number of photocatalysis cycles. The significantly enhanced activity and anti-deactivation property was attributed to a synergistic effect between HYZ and TiO2 in the catalyst structure, which strengthened the adsorption of toluene on HYZ and facilitated effective separation of photoexcited charge carriers on TiO2, thus avoiding the deposition of degradation intermediates on the active sites and simultaneously improving mineralization. This work provided a new perspective for the design of efficient and deactivation-resistant photocatalysts for air pollution remediation.

Floating TiO2/expanded perlite prepared for degradation of sulphadiazine and sulphamethoxazole

ABSTRACT Photocatalysis treatment is a promising technology to eliminate antibiotic pollution. In this study, a floating TiO2/expanded perlite (TiO2/EP) catalyst was successfully prepared using a simple dip-coating method. The photocatalytic degradation effects of sulphadiazine (SDZ) and sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements demonstrated that TiO2 has been immobilised on the surface of EP. The TiO2/EP with TiO2 dip-coating three layers displayed the best degradation effect of SDZ and SMZ and the loading amount of TiO2 was 20wt%. The photocatalytic degradation rates of SDZ and SMZ were above in the TiO2/EP+UV system reached over 92% within 75 min, and followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Low initial concentration (<10 mg L−1) and neutral pH water environment were found to be favourable for the photocatalytic degradation of SDZ and SMZ. Additionally, electrolyte ions (SO4 2- and Cl−) and humic acid (HAc) showed inhibitory effects on the degradation of SDZ and SMZ. However, HCO3 − inhibited the degradation of SDZ and SMZ at low concentration and had the opposite effect at high concentrations. This study provides valuable data for the designing of composite photocatalysts for efficient removal of SDZ and SMZ in real water systems.

Rapid formation of a surface ceramic protective film on Ti-6Al-4V alloy following laser-assisted ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification

A surface ceramic protective film was prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy using laser-assisted ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification technology (LA-UNSM). The uniform ceramic protective film, which was comprised of Al2O3 and small amounts of TiO2 and TiN, showed very strong adhesion to the substrate. LA-UNSM treatment dramatically increased the dislocation density and atomic diffusion rate by introducing thermomechanical activation energy, which further greatly reduced the energetic barriers of the oxide to nitride nucleation and growth. Due to the formation of a ceramic protective film and a nanocrystalline gradient reinforcement layer on the sample surface, the surface hardness was dramatically enhanced after LA-UNSM treatment. The electrochemical corrosion behavior in simulated seawater and the fretting wear behavior of samples were also investigated. The results revealed the ceramic protective film and gradient nanocrystalline layer introduced by LA-UNSM could substantially reduce the corrosion current density by 83 % and the wear volume by 90 % as compared to control samples. These results show that LA-UNSM effectively promotes the corrosion and wear property of titanium alloy through forming a ceramic protective film.

Chitosan and cellulose-based composite hydrogels with embedded titanium dioxide nanoparticles as candidates for biomedical applications

Hydrogel based matrices and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are well established materials in bone tissue engineering. Nevertheless, there is still a challenge to design appropriate composites with enhanced mechanical properties and improved cell growth. Progressing in this direction, we synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels by impregnating TiO2 NPs in a chitosan and cellulose-based hydrogel matrix containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), to enhance the mechanical stability and swelling capacity. Although, TiO2 has been incorporated into single and double component matrix systems, it has rarely been combined with a tri-component hydrogel matrix system. The doping of NPs was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. Our results showed that incorporation of TiO2 NPs improved the tensile properties of the hydrogels significantly. Furthermore, we performed biological evaluation of scaffolds, swelling degree, bioactivity assessment, and hemolytic tests to prove that all types of hydrogels were safe for use in the human body. The culturing of human osteoblast-like cells MG-63 on hydrogels showed better adhesion of cells in the presence of TiO2 and showed increasing proliferation with increasing amount of TiO2. Our results showed that the sample with the highest TiO2 concentration, CS/MC/PVA/TiO2 (1 %) had the best biological properties.

Role of TiO2 addition on recycling of TV screen waste glasses: Experimental and theoretical studies on structure and radiation attenuation properties

Using the powder metallurgy, TiO2-doped TV screen glass ceramic samples were prepared with TiO2 concentrations of 0 (S-TV), 10 (S-TV/Ti10), and 20 (S-TV/Ti20) wt%. The TV screen glass was collected from a damaged TV's CRT. The fabricated materials were investigated for their physical, structural, and radiation-shielding attributes. The chemical composition of the prepared glasses was analysed with the aid of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. The crystalline phase and microstructure of the glass ceramics were studied through the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The density and Vickers hardness of the sample were determined by the Archimedes method and a micro hardness tester, respectively. The absorption parameters of electrons, protons, alpha particles, carbon ions, fast neutrons, and thermal neutron were calculated from various software and analytic expressions. The XRD spectra of the samples showed the presence of distinct crystalline peaks associated with TiO2, SiO2, and Ba2SiO4. The SEM images revealed that crystalline structures nucleated and increased with coarser crystalline grains when the amount of TiO2 was increased. The densities of the glass ceramics were 2.525, 2.546, and 2.285 g/cm3 for the S-TV, S-TV/Ti10, and S-TV/Ti20 samples, respectively while the corresponding Vickers hardness values were 495, 540, and 578 HV. The projected range of electrons, protons, alpha particles, and heavy carbon ions were within the limits 2.78–32182.18 μm, 0.215–1400 μm, 0.154–130.54 μm, and 0.053–14.10 μm in S-TV, 2.76–31991.36 μm, 0.205–1320 μm, 0.147–122.05 μm, and 0.049–13.11 μm in S-TV/Ti10, and 2.84–32824.95 μm, 0.212–1360 μm, 0.151–125.55 μm, and 0.051–13.45 μm in S-TV/Ti20, respectively. Among the three samples, S-TV was the best thermal neutron absorber, while S-TV/Ti10 is most effective in slowing down fast neutrons. The optimum TiO2 doping content for enhancing the charged particle and fast neutron moderating abilities of TV screens is 10 wt%.

Concentration Dependence of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Carbon Xerogels on Adsorption-Photodegradation Applications.

A suite of composite materials comprising carbon xerogel content and TiO2 was synthesised via a modified sol-gel method. The textural, morphological, and optical properties of the composites were extensively characterised and correlated with the observed adsorption and photodegradation performances. The homogeneity and porous structure of the composites depended on the amount of TiO2 deposited in the carbon xerogel. During polymerisation, Ti-O-C linkages were formed, which favoured the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of the target methylene blue dye. Adsorption was deemed favourable, and most accurately fitted by the Sips model, exhibiting a maximum uptake of 209 mg g-1 estimated for the sample containing 50% TiO2. However, the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation for each composite depended on the amount of TiO2 deposited in the carbon xerogel. The dye degradation process for the composites with 50%, 70%, and 90% TiO2 improved by 37%, 11%, and 2%, respectively, after exposure to visible light after adsorption. Repeated runs demonstrated over 80% of activity was retained after four cycles. Thus, this paper provides insight into the optimal amount of TiO2 required within such composites for maximum removal efficiency via adsorption and visible light photocatalysis.

Estimation of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Removal Efficiency for TiO2 Concrete

Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a significant precursor of particulate matter (PM), particularly in high-traffic areas. Accordingly, this study aimed to reduce the presence of nitrogen oxide (NOx) along roadsides. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as a photocatalyst to remove NOx through a chemical reaction. Typically, concrete and TiO2 are mixed to create TiO2 concrete. However, air pollutants or UV rays cannot be allowed to come into contact with a significant amount of TiO2. Thus, the TiO2 surface penetration method was used to fix TiO2 to the surface of the concrete. In this method, surface penetrants and TiO2 are combined and sprayed onto the concrete surface, enabling the possibility of NOx reduction using relatively less TiO2. When the fixation method is applied to vertical concrete structures, however, a peeling issue arises. To address this, a pressurized TiO2 fixation method was applied to vertical concrete structures. This method uses external force to penetrate and fix TiO2 to a specific depth. In the instance of the pressurized TiO2 fixation method, which was tried for the first time, penetration depth was used to ensure long-term durability as well as NOx removal efficiency. To investigate TiO2 distribution characteristics, the penetration depth and mass ratio of TiO2 particles in TiO2 concrete were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX). In addition, NOx removal efficiencies were evaluated using the NOx analyzing system (ISO 22197-1 standard). The experimental results showed that NOx removal efficiency increased with an increasing TiO2 mass ratio. When the TiO2 fixation method was used, the NOX removal efficiency was 32% when the TiO2 mass ratio at the surface was 50%, and the efficiency was 61% when the TiO2 mass ratio was 70%. This is attributed to the increase in NOx removal efficiency as TiO2 content at the concrete surface increases. This study analyzed and forecasted the NOx removal efficiency of TiO2 concrete based on the mass ratio of TiO2 on the surface. As the TiO2 mass ratio increased, the NOx removal efficiency improved, and it was determined that the surface TiO2 mass ratio significantly influences the NOx removal efficiency. Consequently, this study developed an equation to estimate NOx removal efficiency, making it possible to determine a suitable maintenance interval for TiO2 concrete.

Effect of TiO2 addition amount on BaO–CaO–Al2O3 -SiO2 glass-bonded Al2O3 ceramics

A new type of glass-ceramic BaO–CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 (BCAS) was developed to join Al2O3 ceramics, adding TiO2 to the glass-ceramics can promote the crystallization behavior of the glass-ceramics. Through the observation of the joints, rutile TiO2 whiskers can grow on the surface of Al2O3 ceramics, and the grown TiO2 whiskers are one-dimensional needle-like whiskers growing in different directions in the joints, providing mechanical support for the joints. The aspect ratio of TiO2 whiskers was changed by controlling the addition of TiO2, and the crystallization behavior and microstructure of the joints were studied. The experimental results show that when the amount of TiO2 added is 10% (wt%), the density of TiO2 whiskers in the joint is the largest, the strengthening effect on the joint is the best, and the shear strength can reach 94.33 MPa.

Fluorinated polyether grafted TiO2 magnetic composite material for oil-water separation of crude oil emulsion

In order to solve the problem of demulsification of oil-water emulsion, a new type of highly efficient and recyclable magnetic fluorine-containing polyether composite demulsifier (Fe3O4@Ti-F) was synthesized. Fe3O4@Ti-F was prepared by one-pot method to combine magnetic nanomaterial TiO2 with Fe3O4 and graft fluorinated polyether. The successful synthesis of Fe3O4@Ti-F was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XPS). The demulsification performance of Fe3O4@Ti-F was evaluated by using the self-made crude oil emulsion as the experimental object. The demulsification mechanism of the demulsifier and the influence of external factors such as temperature and pH on the demulsification performance of the demulsifier were discussed, and the amount of TiO2 in the preparation process was determined. The results show that the demulsification efficiency of 50:50 (v/v %) W/O emulsion can reach 90.83% when the dosage of Fe3O4@Ti-F is 600 mg/L, the temperature is 65 °C and the time is 30 min. In the neutral acid environment, the demulsification rate of the demulsifier is above 80%. In addition, Fe3O4@Ti-F has been proved to have good magnetic effect. Under the action of external magnetic field, it can be recovered and recycled from the two-phase system for 4 times, and its demulsification efficiency is still above 60%. Fe3O4@Ti-F will have broad application prospects in the field of oil-water separation in an energy-saving way.

Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide soft particles on incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles into nickel matrix

This study reports effects of physical conditions of the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC–CO2) soft particles in co-electrodeposition of Ni–TiO2 composite coatings. The SC-CO2 soft particles are SC-CO2 micelles suspending in the emulsified electrolyte capable to improve transfer efficiencies of materials in the electrolyte. Physical conditions of the SC-CO2 soft particles are manipulated by varying the applied pressure and the CO2 volume fraction in the emulsified electrolyte. The effects on the surface morphology, Ni grain refinement, incorporated TiO2 amount, TiO2 dispersity in the Ni matrix, the micro-hardness and corrosion behaviors of the Ni–TiO2 composite coatings are investigated. Following an increase in the CO2 volume fraction, the average grain size of the Ni matrix is coarsened, the TiO2 content is lowered, and a more uniform dispersion of the TiO2 nanoparticles in the Ni matrix is observed. Also, the micro-hardness decreases from 1061 HV to 872 HV as the CO2 volume fraction increases from 0.2 to 0.6. When the applied pressure increases from 9 MPa to 17 MPa, a local minimum in the average Ni grain size, a local maximum in the TiO2 content, a local maximum in the micro-hardness and a local maximum in uniformity of the TiO2 dispersity in the Ni matrix are observed.

Thermal performance analysis of a counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger using titanium oxide and zinc oxide nanofluids

In a nanofluid, metals, oxides, or carbides with a diameter of less than 20 nm are combined as one with a base liquid, like water or an oil. Many examinations have recently been completed to inspect the effect of nanofluid on the speed increase of heat transfer rates in various heat exchangers. Heat transfer improvement using nanofluid is dependent on a variety of factors, among them the kind of nanoparticles, their size, shape, and concentration in the base fluid. The proposed article is aimed to study experimentally how a twin-pipe heat exchanger with counter-flow arrangements and two kinds of nanofluid cooling fluid performed. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) are used as base fluids with ethylene glycol (EG) and alkaline water. This study looked at the heat transfer capabilities of a two-pipe heat exchanger with a counter-flow configuration when various quantities of TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles were combined with EG alkaline water. Alkaline water and nanofluid nanoparticle volume concentrations were 0.5, 0.75, and 1.25. The constant intake temperatures of 60 °C for water and 30 °C for nanofluid in a heat exchanger result in two fluids running at a constant inflow velocity. It was found that nanofluid had higher heat absorption at low flow rates than EG alkaline water and hence improved heat exchanger thermal performance. It was also noticed that when the concentration of nanoparticles increases, the heat transmission rate increases.

Energy aggregation properties of TiO2-silica composite aerogel under ultra-high-energy (7 kW·cm-2) continuous-wave laser irradiation

TiO2, a light-shielding agent for silica aerogels, is widely used in optical limiting and photocatalysis, but its application in high-energy lasers is extremely limited. We added TiO2 to silica aerogel in three different ways to get the best resistance to high energy laser. Through microstructure analysis and high energy laser irradiation test results, it is concluded that direct deposition of TiO2 nanoparticles can achieve the best laser resistance synergistic effect with silica aerogel. A thermal barrier temperature difference of 1275 °C was generated with a material thickness of 7.5 mm. Comparing the microscopic pore structure before and after high-energy laser irradiation, it was observed that the phase transition destruction of the TiO2–silica composite aerogel was completely different from that of pure silica aerogel. The TiO2–silica composite aerogel showed no signs of breakdown within 2 min of continuous-wave (CW) laser irradiation with power of 7 kW·cm-2. By changing the amount of TiO2 added, we also obtained the general trend of this synergistic effect, extended the mathematical model “maximum energy transfer radius (METR)”, and advanced the application of this material in the field of high energy laser protection.

Studying the influence of the addition of nano-titanium dioxide on the rheological, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polycarbonate/wood flour

In this work, the thermal stability of wood flour (WF) was modified using a boric acid treatment. To further understand the impacts of incorporating various proportions of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles loaded on polycarbonate (PC)/wood flour. The rheological, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and interfacial properties were studied. Various properties of the resultant PC/WF/TiO2 nanocomposites were then characterized. The viscosity of the nanocomposite was shown to decrease with shear rate and temperature. XRD investigation indicated that, by introducing TiO2 nanoparticles into PC/WF, the amorphous phase decreased, and the degree of crystallinity increased, as compared to bare PC/WF, from 65.78 to 42.29. In addition, the TGA profile showed that the nanocomposites have a higher resistance to thermal degradation than PC/WF alone. It was observed that the char residue resulting from the TGA of PC/WF/10%wt TiO2 increased to 5.69% compared to pure PC/WF (1.32%). It was found that an appropriate amount of TiO2 in PC/WF caused a significant increase in tensile strength, elongation at break, and on impact strength. These were attributed to an increase in the interface of the dispersed phase. The incorporation of nanoparticles enhanced the thermal conductivity of the nanocomposites, which was found to be higher when a TiO2 content of ∼3 wt% was used. The electrical conductivity of the PC/WF/TiO2 nanocomposite (&lt;3 wt%) hindered the movement of free-moving ions, therefore reducing the nanocomposite’s electrical conductivity. However, at &gt; 3 wt% of TiO2, due to the aggregation of nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoclusters formed in the PC/WF composite. Therefore, the additional space so created for the movement of conduction ions at the interface may have resulted in increased ion mobility. This could be the one of explanations for the increased electrical conductivity associated with higher wt% of TiO2. Results showed that treating the PC/WF/TiO2 nanocomposites with boric acid decreased both the rate of heat release and the total heat release.

Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of TiO2-ethyl cellulose biocomposite for adsorption of tetracycline and organic dyes

In the study, polymeric-metal oxide hybrid composite was synthesized by mechanochemical method in ball-mill by adding different amounts of TiO2 to ethyl cellulose (EC) and its potential in tetracycline (TC) removal from aqueous solutions was investigated. In order to investigate the adsorption capacity, isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process, the amount of adsorbent, contact time, solution pH, temperature effect, inert electrolyte effect and different water environment effects were experimentally carried out in batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption capacity of all sorbents was conformed according to the Freundlich isotherm model and the maximum capacity is found for 80%TiO2@EC with 23.26 mg g−1. The system reached equilibrium with 89% TC removal in 480 min and complied with the pseudo second order kinetic model. In the pH effect experiments, maximum TC removal found in pH:6. Thermodynamic parameters indicate that TC adsorption on 80%TiO2@EC is endothermic and spontaneous. Different water medium and inert electrolyte effect were found compatible with each other. Also, a decrease was observed in the specific TC removal in the presence of any ions in the system. The removal of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) azo dyes as another organic environmental pollutant was also studied and their adsorption capacities were found as 105.7 mg g−1 and 109.9 mg g−1, respectively. XRD, FTIR and SEM analyzes were performed to explain the interaction mechanism between sorbent samples and TC.

Antibacterial Activity of Anatase TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Added Cu Powder

To understand the mechanism of antibacterial activity of bulk Cu, N2-atomized Cu powder has been used instead. It was heated from 425 to 673 K in air for 4.2 • 102 s and measured by XRD and Chemi-luminescence (CL) to determine the contents of Cu2O and CuO, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively; ROS being much affected by Cu2O and CuO can play a role to kill bacteria. Cu2O increased from 3.3 mass% (R.T.) to around 20% (673 K), however, CuO was almost constant (1.2~3.5%). High CL intensity was observed for Cu powders heated at 598~673 K. Then, a small amount of anatase TiO2 (a-TiO2) was added and heated at 673 K for 4.2 • 102 s in air, 1% O2-99% N2, and N2. The powder heated under 1% O2 showed the high CL intensity summation (∑CL), especially, 8.0 mol% a-TiO2 added and heated sample (“8.0Ti powder”) gave the about 4.7 times higher ∑CL than the starting material. ESR results using the spin-trap method showed that they contained hydroxyl radical •OH and its intensity increased from starting material to “8.0Ti powder”. However, bio-test proved that these samples revealed the same antibiotic activity. Formation mechanism of ROS (•OH and super oxide radical •O2-) on the surfaces of Cu/Cu2O/CuO has been proposed.

TiO2–SiO2 Self-Standing Materials bearing Hierarchical Porosity: MUB-200(x) Series toward 3D-Efficient VOC Photoabatement Properties

Three-dimensional photoactive self-standing porous materials have been synthesized through the integration of soft chemistry and colloids (emulsions, lyotrope mesophases, and P25 titania nanoparticles). Final multiscale porous ceramics bear 700-1000 m2 g-1 of micromesoporosity depending on the P25 nanoparticle contents. The applied thermal treatment does not affect the P25 anatase/rutile allotropic phase ratio. Photonic investigations correlated with the foams' morphologies suggest that the larger amount of TiO2 that is introduced, the larger the walls' density and the smaller the mean size of the void macroscopic diameters, with both effects inducing a reduction of the photon transport mean free path (lt) with the P25 content increase. A light penetration depth in the range of 6 mm is reached, thus depicting real 3D photonic scavenger behavior. The 3D photocatalytic properties of the MUB-200(x) series, studied in a dynamic "flow-through" configuration, show that the highest photoactivity (concentration of acetone ablated and concentration of CO2 formed) is obtained with the highest monolith height (volume) while providing an average of 75% mineralization. These experimental results validate the fact that these materials, bearing 3D photoactivity, are paving the path for air purification operating with self-standing porous monolith-type materials, which are much easier to handle than powders. As such, the photocatalytic systems can now be advantageously miniaturized, thereby offering indoor air treatment within vehicles/homes while drastically limiting the associated encumbrance. This volumetric counterintuitive acting mode for light-induced reactions may find other relevant advanced applications for photoinduced water splitting, solar fuel, and dye-sensitized solar cells while both optimizing photon scavenging and opening the path for the miniaturization of the processes where encumbrance or a foot-print penalty would be advantageously circumvented.

Frequency dependence of dielectric and impedance properties of ZnO and TiO2 added K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics

K0.5Na0.5 NbO3 + 1 wt% ZnO (KNNZ) were synthesized by using the solid-state method. Different amounts of TiO2 as a sintered aid were added to KNNZ ceramics and sintered at 1000 °C for 2 h. The effect of sintering aids (ZnO and TiO2) on the electrical and impedance properties of KNNZ ceramics were investigated. It was found that there is a formation orthorhombic phase for all the prepared samples. Lattice parameters and cell volume obtained from XRD patterns showed the incorporation of Ti substitution into the KNNZ crystal structure. The dielectric constant was found to increase with TiO2. Ac conductivity varying with frequency was found to be increased with the addition of TiO2 which indicated the presence of a more hopping mechanism. The impedance analysis confirmed that the incorporation of sintering aids ZnO and TiO2 can improve the conductivity which can be related to the improvement in piezoelectric properties of the KNN ceramics.

A Novel Strategy for Liposomal Drug Separation in Plasma by TiO2 Microspheres and Application in Pharmacokinetics.

Liposomes are nano-scale materials with a biofilm-like structure. They have excellent biocompatibility and are increasingly useful in drug delivery systems. However, the in vivo fate of liposomal drugs is still unclear because existing bioanalytical methods for quantitation of total and liposomal-encapsulated drugs have limits. A novel strategy for liposomal-encapsulated drug separation from plasma was developed via the specific coordinate binding interaction of TiO2 microspheres with the phosphate groups of liposomes. Liposomal-encapsulated docetaxel was separated from plasma by TiO2 microspheres and analyzed by the UPLC-MS/MS method. The amount of TiO2, pH of the dilutions, plasma dilution factors and incubation time were optimized to improve extraction recovery. The characterization of the adsorption of liposome-encapsulated drugs by TiO2 microspheres was observed by electron microscopy. For understanding the mechanism, pseudo-first and the pseudo-second order equations were proposed for the adsorption process. The study fully validated the method for quantitation of liposomal-encapsulated in plasma and the method was applied to the pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel liposomes. The encapsulated docetaxel had a concentration range of 15-4000 ng/mL from the plasma sample using a TiO2 extraction method. Successful method validation proved the method was sensitive, selective and stable, and was suitable for quantitation of docetaxel liposomes in plasma samples. Extraction recovery of this method was higher than that of SPE method. As shown in electron microscopy, the liposomes adsorbed on TiO2 microspheres were intact and there was no drug leakage. The study proposed pseudo-first and the pseudo-second order equations to facilitate the adsorption of liposomal drugs with TiO2 microspheres. The proposed strategy supports the pharmacokinetic study of docetaxel liposomes in rats. TiO2 extraction method was stable, reproducible, and reliable for quantitation of encapsulated docetaxel. Because of versatility of lipids, it is expected to a universal bioanalysis method for the pharmacokinetic study of liposomes.

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

TiO2 electrodes were effectively produced through the hydrothermal technique and used to build photosensitizer photovoltaic energy. Its impacts of Mn2 + and Co2 + particles on TiO2 anode characteristics were also investigated. XRD, TEM/HRTEM, UV–Vis Spectroscopy, and I–V characterization were used to characterize the materials, and their photo-conversion efficiencies were assessed using IPCE and EIS. TiO2 has no contaminant layer, according to X-ray diffraction measurements. The X-ray micrographs of TiO2 loaded with (Mn and Co) particles are essentially identical to those of Nano composite, indicating that no one has any impact on synthesis of crystalline Titanium dioxide. The impact of depletion region on the group kinetics and photo electrochemical characteristics of nanomaterial Titanium surfaces was studied. The results of the experiments revealed that the amount of TiO2 in the sample has a significant impact on the photo electrochemical capabilities. The power density of (Mn and Co) Tio2 surface was lowered with illumination of 100 m W/cm2 white radiation due to the substantial shift in smooth branching point and process. The system that occurred due to whole frequency of Titanium surfaces with particles loading.

Subduction Initiation of the Southern Branch of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean in the Middle Ordovician in the Southern Beishan Orogen

AbstractThe subduction initiation and the early‐stage tectonics of the southern Paleo‐Asian Ocean have rarely been discussed. To address these problems, we report new geochemical and geochronological data of arc‐related volcanic rocks in the Huaniushan arc of the southern Beishan. Basaltic andesites and high‐Mg rocks yield zircon U‐Pb ages of 449–422 Ma and 460–437 Ma, respectively. The basaltic andesite is a continental arc‐related tholeiite with moderate amounts of TiO2; and is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE), such as Rb, Ba, Th and Sr; it is also depleted in Nb, Ta and Eu; and has moderate εHf (t) (−0.3 to +5.5) and εNd (t) (−3.48 to +0.03) values; and high (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.7066–0.7079) values. The high‐Mg andesite and dacite are sanukitic‐type high‐Mg rocks, which have high MgO (Mg# = 49–62) contents, A/CNK (0.82–2.36) and (La/Sm)N values, low Sr/Y (3–15) and Ba/Th (11–182) ratios, moderate to low εHf (t) (−16.7 to +7.6) and εNd (t) (−3.74 to +0.05), and high (87Sr/86Sr)i values. All geochemical data indicate that they were sourced from mixing between mantle‐peridotite‐derived melts and silicic melts generated by the subducting oceanic slab and/or sediments in a hot subduction setting. After integrating the Sanukitic high‐Mg andesites (HMAs) with previously reported Nb‐enriched basalt, volumes of arc‐related tholeiitic to calc‐alkaline volcanic rocks, I‐ to S‐type granites, and HT eclogites, we conclude that the subduction initiation was one of the most likely geodynamic process for the metamorphism and magmatism in the Middle Ordovician to early Silurian.