Ratio Of Tin Research Articles

Optical and electric properties of tin oxide (SnO2) with reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite thin films

Due to their superior properties, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial materials have become increasingly popular for enhancing SnO2 thin films. In the paper, a thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) deposition system was used to produce a thin film of SnO2 with a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite. SnO2 thin films have become widely used in sensor applications, and these sensors have been shown to work at relatively high temperatures compared to room-temperature semiconductors. As a result, working temperatures affect the material properties. The surface properties of the deposited and post-annealed samples were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy integrated with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The weight ratios of carbon and tin were calculated as 35 % and 65 %, respectively. The mean Z-height of the nanoparticles was determined to be 9 nm, and the distribution of the surface grains is nearly homogeneous. Following the post-annealing process, the thin film's band gap energy decreased from 3.78 eV to 3.25 eV. According to the photoluminescence spectra, emission peaks at 393 nm, 406 nm, and 443 nm were measured. The transmittance spectra of the various post-annealed samples at 150 °C were recorded, and they remained nearly the same. This consistency is a beneficial property of the thin film because SnO2:rGO nanocomposite thin films are designed to operate at relatively high temperatures. The present study investigates the advantages and properties of the post-annealed (repeating annealing) SnO2: rGO thin film.

PIXE analysis of Late Bronze Age situlae from the eponymous Hajdúböszörmény-Csege-halom I hoard and Sényő-Dajkahegy, Northeastern Hungary

The paper introduces the particle-induced X-ray emission analysis (PIXE) of two Hajdúböszörmény-type situlae from the eponymous Hajdúböszörmény I hoard (collection of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest) and Sényő (collection of the Jósa András Museum, Nyíregyháza). Both situlae are representative types of the period between 1080 and 960 BC, Ha B1, or the ‘Hajdúböszörmény hoard horizon’ of the Hungarian Late Bronze Age. The obtained results are significant in that they are the very first to characterise the classic Hajdúböszörmény-type situla from their core distribution area, i.e., the region where this metal vessel type was presumably produced. The paper is focused on a description of the elemental composition of these tin bronze vessels, with particular attention on the grouping of their accompanying elements and the ratio of tin. The PIXE results suggest that a rather homogenous raw material was used to produce and repair these objects, which can be correlated with the CG16 Copper Group. The ratio of tin was relatively high, mostly around 9–10 wt%; low values were only identified on one of the repaired parts of the Sényő situla and a secondarily attached copper rivet.

Barcode encryption based on spin hall effect in tunable vertical hyperbolic metamaterial

In this work, we present a novel vertically hyperbolic metamaterial vHMM structure comprising multilayer stacks of titanium nitride TiN-alumina Al2O3 films. Based on the modulation of the parallel permittivity ɛ∥ and vertical permittivity ɛ⊥ of the vHMM structure by the filling ratio of TiN in the vHMM structure and incident wavelength, we theoretically design and analyze three epsilon-near-zero ENZ structures to investigate the spin Hall effect of light SHEL. Our results demonstrate that all three ENZ structures exhibit significant enhancement of SHEL, with the lateral shift exhibiting extreme sensitivity to the incident angle and producing micron-level variations within a few milliradians. Notably, the class-II of ENZ structure ɛ∥≠0,ɛ⊥≈0 suffers from the highest loss and yields the weakest enhancement of SHEL. Furthermore, we discover that the sign of the transverse shift of the SHEL can also be modulated according to the filling ratio of TiN in the vHMM structure and incident wavelength within a specific incident angle. Based on the regulation law, we propose two barcode encryption schemes that exploit the traverse directions. Our study provides a new mechanism for practical applications of SHEL in optical communication and data storage.

Quantification of the Shell Thickness of Tin Oxide/Gold Core–Shell Nanoparticles by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Encapsulation of nanoparticles (NP) by a shell material provides characteristics and properties not achievable by the individual materials of the core and the shell. Therefore, the characterization of morphology parameters of core–shell nanoparticles (CSNP) is critical to determine their performance. In this work, an analysis to determine the shell thickness of CSNP has been conducted using a simple and noniterative procedure known as Shard’s methodology, where the conversion of XPS peak intensities into shell thickness can be performed. Implementing the Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA), we acquired an insight into the morphology and composition of the CSNP by simulating the spectra from XPS to extract the parameters (Shard’s methodology) and confirm the core–shell ratio with experimental spectra to quantify the shell thickness. The CSNPs were synthesized with reverse micelle templating using diblock copolymer micellar templates, using various ratios of tin and gold precursors to form SnO2@Au core–shell nanoparticles. Considering elastic-scattering effects, a good agreement was found in the quantification of the shell thicknesses with a variation inside the ±10% regime of the effective attenuation length (EAL). This work demonstrates the use of simulation software as a complementary tool to a multitechnique analysis for a detailed understanding of CSNP.

Unraveling new single phase high entropy stannide by experimental screening of the as-cast samples

This study aims at expanding the chemical realm of high-entropy intermetallic compounds (HEICs) to stannides. An experimental study is designed and performed to screen the stannides compositions that are preferentially formed at different ratios of tin to other elements. The results indicate that pure medium- and high-entropy stannides with hexagonal Co3Sn2-prototype structure can be obtained by induction melting. The obtained results were used to test the stability criterion for HEICs.

Characterization of TiCxN1-x-TiCrNbMoTa composites as refractory hard materials

TiCxN1-x-TiCrNbMoTa (X = 0, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0) composites as novel refractory hard materials were fabricated via powder metallurgy processes and their composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties were evaluated. TiCrNbMoTa refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA) synthesized via mechanical alloying of raw metal powders was used as a binder material of the TiCxN1-x hard grains. Microstructure of the TiCxN1-x-TiCrNbMoTa composites was composed of three phases: bcc TiCrNbMoTa phases, TiCXN1-X hard phases and TiCXN1-X-based hard phases including the TiCrNbMoTa contents. The presence of the third phases suggested that a part of the RHEA contents diffused into the TiCXN1-X phases to form some compounds or solid solutions. Changes in mechanical properties of the composites such as hardness and bending stress as a function of temperature were influenced by the ratio of TiN to TiC in TiCxN1-x grains; the higher ratio of TiN was better for the high temperature mechanical properties and oxidation resistance whereas a partly replacement of TiN with TiC was better to improve the mechanical properties of the composites over the wide temperature range (R.T. to 1473 K).

Nitrogen removal capacity and carbon demand requirements of partial denitrification/anammox MBBR and IFAS processes.

A pilot study was conducted to investigate the carbon demand requirements and nitrogen removal capabilities of two mainstream partial denitrification/anammox (PdNA) processes: a two-zone, moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process and an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process. The first MBBR zone conducted PdNA, while the second operated as an anammox zone. Operation of the IFAS process was conducted in two phases. The first phase of the operation involved minor external carbon addition, while the second phase of the operation involved controlled external carbon addition. The MBBR process produced an average effluent TIN concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/TIN ratio of 2.81 ± 1.21 mg/L and 2.42 ± 0.77 g/g. The average effluent TIN concentrations and COD/TIN ratios for the IFAS process were 4.07 ± 1.66 mg/L and 1.08 ± 0.38 g/g during phase 1 and 3.30 ± 0.96 mg/L and 2.18 ± 0.99 g/g during phase 2. Despite having relatively low and unstable partial denitrification (PdN) efficiencies, both mainstream PdNA processes exhibited low effluent TIN concentrations and carbon requirements compared to nitrification/denitrification. Successful operation of the PdNA IFAS process indicates that mainstream PdNA can be implemented with minimal capital costs in a water resource recovery facility's second anoxic zone. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Low effluent TIN concentrations can be maintained in mainstream PdNA MBBR and IFAS processes with low external carbon demand. MBBR and IFAS PdNA processes do not require consistent or high PdN efficiencies to maintain low effluent TIN concentrations. IFAS and MBBR PdNA processes exhibit similar TIN and NH3 removal efficiencies. PdNA can be implemented in a second anoxic zone, using IFAS technology for anammox retention, with minimal capital costs.

Deposition and Application of Indium-Tin-Oxide Films for Defrosting Windscreens

The plasma-activated reactive evaporation technique was used for the formation of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films. The ITO films were deposited on a heated (up to 350 °C) glass substrates using various mass ratios of indium and tin. The optical and electrical properties of the deposited ITO films were determined. The influence of the indium-to-tin mass ratio on the optical transmittance, bandgap, resistivity and resistance of ITO films was investigated. The bandgap of ITO films was increased from 3.18 to 3.37 eV, and the MIn/MSn ratio increased from 4.25 to 10.00. The average values of optical transmittance at the visible light wavelengths increased from ~43% to ~64% as tin mass was reduced. We demonstrated that ITO films with low resistivity ranging from 7.4 × 10−3 to 43.7 × 10−3 Ω·cm were obtained, and the MIn/MSn ratio changed from 4.25 to 10.00. The ITO film formed at the 9.25 MIn/MSn ratio demonstrated high transparency, a wide bandgap and optimal resistivity and resistance values. The heating characteristics indicated that the frozen ice on the ITO films was completely removed after 30 s when the applied voltage was 24 V.

Influence of ion-plasma treatment on the surface morphology of epitaxial lead-tin telluride films

The paper discusses the physical aspects of surface modification of Pb1-xSnxTe (x = 0.00-0.80) epitaxial films during ion-plasma treatment in argon plasma. Lead–tin telluride films 1−2 μm thick were grown on (111) BaF2 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The ion-plasma treatment of the samples was carried out in a high-density low-pressure radio frequency (RF) inductively coupled plasma at an ion energy of 75 eV. The duration of the process is 240 s. The evolution of the surface morphology of the films and the formation of micro- and nanostructures at different ratios of lead and tin are studied.

An omics approach to study trace metals in sera of hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents.

Hemodialysis (HD) represents a life-sustaining treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, it is associated with several complications, including anemia. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) are often administered to HD patients with renal anemia, but a relevant proportion of them fail to respond to the therapy. Since trace metals are involved in several biological processes and their blood levels can be altered by HD, we study the possible association between serum trace metal concentrations and ratios with the administration and response to ESA. For this study, data and sample information of 110 HD patients were downloaded from the UC San Diego Metabolomics Workbench public repository (PR000565). The blood serum levels (and ratios) of antimony, cadmium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, tin, and zinc were studied applying an omics statistical approach. The Random Forest model was able to discriminate between HD-dependent patients treated and not treated with ESAs, with an accuracy of 71.7% (95% CI 71.5-71.9%). Logistic regression analysis identifies alterations of Mn, Mo, Cd, Sn, and several of their ratios as characteristic of patients treated with ESAs. Moreover, patients with scarce response to ESAs were shown to be characterized by reduced Mn to Ni and Mn to Sb ratios. In conclusion, our results show that trace metals, in particular manganese, play a role in the mechanisms underlying the human response to ESAs, and if further confirmed, the re-equilibration of their physiological levels could contribute to a better management of HD patients, hopefully reducing their morbidity and mortality.

Effect of temperature and time for the production of polylactic acid without initiator catalyst from lactide synthesized from ZnO powder catalyst

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that most importance at the present due primarily to its properties as biological degradation and biocompatibility derived from renewable resources. This study investigated the role of zinc oxide powder and tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as the catalysts for lactide and PLA synthesis, respectively. Polylactic acid was obtained by four stages: dehydration, oligomerization, depolymerization and ring opening polymerization. The catalyst was added and water was removed at the first stage then the reactions are carried out at different temperatures and reaction time on the other stages. The ratio of lactic acid and zinc oxide powder was 1000:3 for lactide synthesis, the ratio of lactide product and tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate was 1000:4 for PLA synthesis without any initiator. The PLA products were analysed for the yield, some chemical and physical properties such as functional group, decomposition temperature, melting temperature of synthesized PLA. It is found that at reaction temperature of 160°C and reaction time for 5 h gave the highest yield PLA of 64.5% with its decomposition temperature of 311°C and melting point temperature at 152°C. There are two main mechanisms, polymerization and depolymerisation occurring in reaction and each mechanism plays a major role with respect to the reaction condition. At higher reaction temperature and longer time, the rate of depolymerisation is higher than that of polymerization leading to the lower of decomposition and melting temperature of synthesized PLA.

Synthesis of ITO thin films by Spray pyrolysis based on Taguchi design

ITO thin layers were deposited with good results on a glass substrate by Spray pyrolysis method under optimal conditions using the TAGUCHI experimental design. Structural, optical and electrical characteristics have been studied and evaluated via X-ray diffraction, UV–visible spectrophotometry and the 4-point probe method. On the optical analysis by taking measurements of average transmittance T (λ) and absorption A (λ) over the wavelength interval from 300 to 1000 nm, the indirect band gap energy can be determined. The analysis of our ITO thin films shows that the confirmatory test has the best performance. The ideal preparation conditions of ITO thin films were the following: surface temperature is 450 °C, the ratio of indium and tin was 10%, as well as the deposition time was 10 min. The mean optical transmittance in visual range and sheet resistance of ITO film were 85% and 22.38 Ω/□, respectively.

Impact of surface morphology and thickness of tin selenide thin films on their optical properties

Thin tin selenide (SnSe) films were synthesized on polyamide sheets via the two-stage adsorption/diffusion method. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the hereby obtained thin film were characterized by energy-dispersive spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy techniques. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the obtained films are chemically close to tin selenide with three orthorhombic phases. A systematic investigation was carried out to understand the factors of the next stage process, the influence of conditions on the structure, the surface morphology of SnSe thin films, and their thickness. It was found that the concentration of tin(II) precursor solution, its pH value, and temperature led to the creation of films of various thickness and surfaces with different features. The SnSe films consisted of nanoscale ∼40 nm size grains, which in turn were combined into agglomerates of up to 100 nm to 3 µm. The stoichiometric ratios of tin and selenium in SnSe films were also dependent on the next-stage conditions of the synthesis process. The thickness of the SnSe films and the size of the crystallites of which they are composed have a decisive influence on the optical properties of these layers and the band gap of which varied in the range of 1.75–1.24 eV.

Numerical simulation on photo-thermal properties of double glazing unit filled with TiN-Al2O3 binary nanoparticles enhanced phase change material

Due to the importance role in building energy saving and poor thermal resistance of window unit, considering the widely application in energy storage of phase change material (PCM) and the superior enhancement on photo-thermal properties by binary nanoparticles, Al2O3-TiN binary nanoparticles are suspended into paraffin to consist enhanced phase changes material (NePCM) as the filler for double glazing unit to improve it photo-thermal performance. A numerical simulation method is built for investigating the effect of nanoparticles from binary NePCM on the photo-thermal performance of window unit including the volume fraction, particle size and mixing ratio of Al2O3-TiN nanoparticles. The results show that, ignoring the influences of fillers optical properties, the mainly affection for window unit is the thermal conductivity of samples. The influences of Al2O3: TiN ratios are slightly, however, the effect of nanoparticles concentration and diameter are obviously in comparison, under the same condition, the sample with 0.01% nanoparticles volume fraction gives the largest energy consumption Δq of 0.23% by the comparison with 10% concentration and the sample with 5 nm diameter gives the largest Δq of 0.73% compared with 10 nm. Thus, the Al2O3-TiN binary NePCM with 1% concentration, 5 nm particle size and 9:1 of Al2O3: TiN is the most suitable configuration scheme as the filler for improving photo-thermal performance of double glazing unit.

Investigations on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of TiN coatings deposited on three different tool materials

TiN coating was deposited on high-speed steel, cemented carbide and TiCN-based cermets using arc evaporation. The variation of substrates was to evaluate the effect of tool materials on the coating's microstructure, composition, hardness, adhesion and tribological properties. The TiN coating on all tool materials had a strong preferred TiN (111) orientation. The TiN coating on high-speed steel grew so fast in the vertical direction that the columnar crystal structure was noticeable. The columnar structure of TiN coating on TiCN-based cermets weakened for the reduced vertical growth rate. The Ti/N atomic content ratio of the TiN coating on high-speed steel was 0.84, and some N atoms formed an interstitial solid solution, which contributed to the increased hardness of the coating. However, the Ti/N atomic content ratio of TiN coating on TiCN-based cermets increased to 1.04. Due to the low residual stress, the adhesion of TiN coating on TiCN-based cermets and cemented carbide was noticeably higher than that of coating on high-speed steel. The wear mechanism of TiN coatings on all tool materials tested against with steel balls was mainly abrasive wear. An iron oxide film appeared on the coated TiCN-based sample, which directly caused the friction coefficient to decrease from 0.8 to 0.6. Therefore, the TiN coating on TiCN-based cermets had the best wear resistance.

Preparation of composite SnO2/CuO nanotubes by electrospinning and excellent gas selectivity to ethanol

The composite SnO2/CuO nanotubes are prepared by uniaxial electrospinning. By controlling the molar ratio of tin to copper, SnO2/CuO nanotubes (F-1, molar ratio 1:1) and nanofibers (F-1, molar ratio 1:2) samples are prepared, respectively. The experimental results show that the composite SnO2/CuO nanotubes have excellent selectivity for ethanol, the response to ethanol at the same concentration and temperature is three times that of other gases, the saturated concentration of ethanol gas is 250 ppm and 300 ppm respectively, the optimal working temperature is 340 ℃ and the response value has a good linear relationship with the ethanol concentration between 25 and 300 ppm. The response value of F-1 is higher than that of F-2 in the same concentration of ethanol. The response value of the gas sensor based on F-1 to 250 ppm ethanol reaches 8.8 at 340 ℃, and its response and recovery time are 6 and 10 s respectively. The gas sensing mechanism of the material is explained by using the theory of electron depletion layer and barrier height, which is the basis of our follow-up work.

Separation of arsenic and tin from Cu–As alloy based on phase transformation in a vacuum to form Cu–Fe–S compounds

Cu–As alloy is viewed as one kind of secondary copper resources. It is difficult to simultaneously recover copper and remove arsenic using conventional processes. To separate arsenic and tin from Cu–As alloy (mainly Cu3As), an innovative methodology that uses vacuum distillation in the presence of pyrite to form new phase is proposed herein. The constituents, phases and morphology of the sample before and after vacuum distillation were investigated by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to interpret separation performances and volatilization mechanisms of arsenic and tin. Chemical analysis results showed that it is difficult to separate arsenic from Cu-As alloy by direct vacuum distillation, but arsenic and tin were effectively separated after introducing pyrite. The effects of several factors, such as temperature, pyrite dosage and distillation time, on separation performances of arsenic and tin were examined. Volatilization ratios of copper, arsenic and tin reached 0.84%, 96.29% and 88.70%, respectively. Results of XRD analysis and EPMA revealed that arsenic had strong affinity to copper in Cu-As alloy, which inhibited free volatilization of arsenic. After introduction of pyrite, formation of copper sulfides, such as mainly Cu5.433Fe1.087S4, Cu1.96S and Cu9S5, destroyed the alloy structure, which made elemental arsenic volatilize. Excessive sulfur also interacted with elemental arsenic to form mainly As4S3 that is also easily volatilized. Nevertheless, tin was only separated in the form of SnS. It is a promising method to achieve cleaner utilization of Cu-As alloy and effective control of arsenic pollution.

Improved photocatalytic activity of SnO2-TiO2 nanocomposite thin films prepared by low-temperature sol-gel method

The objective of this research was to investigate how the photocatalytic activity of pure TiO2 can be improved by SnO2 modification. Different molar ratios of tin to titanium were prepared. The correlation between tin concentration and structural properties was investigated to explain the mechanism of photocatalytic efficiency and to optimize the synthesis conditions to obtain enhanced activity of the SnO2-modified TiO2 photocatalysts under UV-irradiation. The SnO2-modified TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by a low-temperature sol-gel method based on organic tin and titanium precursors. The precursors underwent sol-gel reactions separately to form SnO2-TiO2 sol. The sol-gels were deposited on a glass substrate by a dip-coating technique and dried at 150 °C to obtain the photocatalysts in the form of a thin film. To test the thermal stability of the material, an additional set of photocatalysts was prepared by calcining the dried samples in air at 500 °C. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was determined by measuring the degradation rate of an azo dye. An increase of up to 30% in the photocatalytic activity of the air-dried samples was obtained when the TiO2 was modified with the SnO2 in a concentration range of 0.1–1 mol.%. At higher SnO2 loadings, the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst was reduced compared to the unmodified TiO2. The calcined samples showed an overall reduced photocatalytic activity compared to the air-dried samples. Various characterization techniques (UV-Vis, XRD, N2-physisorption, TEM, EDX, SEM, XAS and photoelectrochemical characterization) were used to explain the mechanism for the enhanced and hindered photocatalytic performances of the SnO2-modified TiO2 photocatalysts. The results showed that the nanocrystalline cassiterite SnO2 is attached to the TiO2 nanocrystallites through the Sn-O-Ti bonds. In this way, the coupling of two semiconductors, SnO2 and TiO2, was demonstrated. Compared to single-phase photocatalysts, the coupling of semiconductors has a beneficial effect on the separation of charge carriers, which prolongs their lifetime for accessibility to participate in the redox reactions. The maximum increase in activity of the thin films was achieved in the low concentration range (0.1–1 mol.%), which means that an optimal ratio and contact of the two phases is achieved for the given physical parameters such as particle size, shape and specific surface area of the catalyst.

Attenuation characteristics of high-energy radiation on As-Se-Sn chalcogenide glassy alloy

The present work is mainly interested in the use of chalcogenide glass materials as shielding materials for the highly energetic radiations as X-rays and Gamma rays and particles of high energies as neutrons. The chalcogenide glass system concerned with this study is As40-Se60-x-Snx (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at %). Numerous radiation shielding factors have been deduced by the aid of Phy-X/PSD online software. This software enabled us to achieve the linear and mass attenuation coefficients (LAC, MAC), effective atomic number Zeff, effective electron density, Neff, half-value layer, HVL, tenth value layer TVL, mean free path MEF, energy absorption and exposure buildup factors (EABF, EBF) in photon energy range extended from 0.15 to 15 MeV. The most interesting findings are that the LAC and MAC values are more suitable for shielding purposes than that of some commercial and traditional glasses. Also the results refer to that HVL, TVL, and MFP decrease with the substitution of Selenium by Tin in the tested system, this decreasing is clearer at the medium and high range of photon energies, which indicate to the improvement of shielding features by the adding of Sn to these specimens. Zeff and Neff of these glasses were in the range (33.6- 40.6) and (2.5-2.86 x 1023 electrons/g) respectively. The results also point to that EBF and EABF decrease with further raising of Snpercentage in the investigated chalcogenide system at all the values of MFP at the hole range of the photon energy, that confirm with no doubt that the samples with higher ratios of Tin have better shielding ability than those of lower ratios of Tin in the investigated system. It is also found that FNRCS of the five investigated specimens is in between 0.0886 Cm-1 and 0.0943 Cm-1 that makes them promising protective materials against neutrons, when compared with other commercial and traditional glasses.

Preparation of Ti/SnO2-Sb/Rare Earth Electrodes Containing Different Contents of Ni Intermediate Layer for Efficient Electrochemical Decolorization of Rhodamine B

Water contamination by dyes discharged from many industries is an environmental issue of great matter. Electrochemical oxidation is an advanced approach for wastewater treatment. In this study, the composite electrodes of Ti/SnO2-Sb-Ni/rare earth have been modified using rare earth elements (Re) Gd, Ce, Eu, and Er and various molar ratios of tin and nickel intermediate layer, and their electrochemical oxidation effects were scrutinized. To analyze the decolorization performance of the electrodes, Rhodamine B (RhB) dye was utilized as a target pollutant. Accelerated life testing indicated that the longer service life could be observed in Ni (3.5%)/Re and Ni (5%)/ Re electrodes compared with other modified Ni (0%, 1%, and 2%)/Re electrodes. Compared with the color removal efficiencies of the Ni (2%)/Re electrodes, the decolorization rate of 90% after treatment for 60 min and the low energy consumption of 3.621 kW h·m−3 can be achieved at the Ni (2%)/Gd electrode under the experimental condition of 100 mg·L−1 RhB. The best decolorization rate was observed at the Ni (2%)/Re electrodes among other Ni and no adding Ni-doped Re electrodes. The characterization of the electrodes was described, consisting of surface morphology, oxygen evolution potential, and a crystallographic and elemental combination of the coatings.