Ratio Of Tin Research Articles

Growth behavior and structural analysis of atomic layer deposited SnxTi1−xOy films

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of mixed oxides has attracted increasing research attention in recent years due to its excellent capability of film composition tuning. This in turn highlights the importance of understanding the underlying surface chemistry which dictates how a film of desired composition is achieved. In this work, the authors examined the ability of atomic layer deposition to precisely control the film thickness and composition by studying the growth behavior of SnxTi1−xOy thin films deposited from an alkylamide Ti(IV) precursor, a β-diketonate Sn(II) precursor, and ozone. A set of samples with various compositions were deposited by controlling the ALD cycle ratio (ALDCR) of tin oxide/titanium oxide using our custom-built, warm-wall reactor. Both alloy- and laminate-type of growths were attempted by changing numbers of ALD subcycles while maintaining the cycle ratio. Growth rates, calculated based on the thicknesses measured by spectroscopic ellipsometery and x-ray reflectivity, showed a deviating pattern from that of linear interpolation using binary ALD processes, marked by an almost constant ∼0.06 nm/cycle. Film composition, determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, exhibited a concave upward dependence on ALDCR. The chemisorption density of each precursor was determined by x-ray reflectivity, and a linearly ALDCR-dependent decrease was observed. Structural analysis using x-ray diffraction showed a transition from anatase to SnO2 rutile when Sn content in the film was varied from 0 to 1, for O2 annealed samples. At ∼17 at. % Sn, a mixture of anatase and rutile phases was found. Other factors, such as surface roughness and surface chemical species, were examined in the attempt to account for the decreased chemisorption.

Preparation of Mullite–TiC–TiN Materials by a Plasma Spark Method and Their Properties

The phase composition of synthesized TiC and TiN, microstructure, relative density, open porosity, linear shrinkage, elasticity modulus, Vickers hardness, ultimate strength in compression, and linear dependence of elasticity modulus and ultimate strength in compression of mullite–TiC–TiN-specimens with a different ratio of TiC and TiN sintered by a plasma-arc method in the range 1200 – 1600°C with a compaction load of 30 MPa, are studied. Synthesized powders have intense crystallization of TiC and TiN. Sintered specimens with a different ratio of TiC and TiN demonstrate intense mullitization in the range 1200 – 1600°C. Specimens with a TiC/TiN ratio of 50/50, 70/30, and 90/10 mol.% demonstrate a gradual increase in TiC from 1200 – 1400°C compared with a more intense increase in TiC from 1400 to 1600°C. An increase in TiC concentration and a reduction in TiN content in powder mixtures sintered at 1500°C facilitates formation of a uniform density sintered microstructure with presence of small pores. Specimens in the ratios TiC/TiN of 50/50 and 70/30 mol.% point to a more intense increase in relative density and linear shrinkage; a reduction in open porosity and an increase in elasticity modulus, Vickers hardness, and ultimate strength in compression. This leads to an increase in specimen crack formation resistance in the presence of microcracks with a relatively rectilinear propagation trajectory (composition M50TiC50TiN), and absence of microcracks (composition M70TiC30TiN) around an indenter impression, with the greatest linear dependence of elasticity modulus and ultimate strength in compression in the range 1200 – 1600°C.

Bimetallic Pt/Sn‐based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids as Nanocatalysts for the Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde

The exceptional physico‐chemical properties of ionic liquids are exploited for the synthesis and catalytic application of heterometallic nanoparticles. Pt/Sn‐based nanoparticles with 2–3 nm diameter are synthesized by chemical reduction of the metal salt precursors in the ionic liquid (i.e., methyltrioctylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) using triethylborohydride as reducing agent. Investigations by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy suggest the formation of randomly alloyed Pt/Sn‐based nanoparticles. The tin precursor and the platinum to tin ratio of the precursors are shown to influence the nature of the nanoparticles. The selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde is used to probe the catalytic performance of the Pt/Sn nanoparticles, demonstrating the effect of tin alloying on the catalytic activity and selectivity to the α,β‐unsaturated cinnamic alcohol.

The optical, photo catalytic behavior and hydrophilic properties of silver and tin co doped TiO2 thin films using sol–gel method

Ag and Sn co doped TiO2 thin films were deposited on glass slides by sol–gel dip coating technique. Morphology, optical properties and wettability of the obtained TiO2 thin films changed by changing the content of dopant. The TiO2 thin films with silver molar ratio from 5 to 20% (molar ratio of tin fixed at 5 mol%) were tested for its photo catalytic property under irradiation of visible light. The influences of different molar ratio of Ag on hydrophilicity of the films were also investigated by measuring the water contact angle. The results showed that the wettability was significantly improved by increasing silver content comparing with pure TiO2 thin film. Accordingly, the thin films showed various optical band gaps. As, the optical band gap of the nanostructured thin films decreased with various content of dopant from 3.15 to 2.13 eV.

Synthesis and characteristics of layered SnS2 nanostructures via hot injection method

Layered SnS2 nanostructures are synthesized by a facile hot injection method, where the tin precursor (SnOAx) is quickly injected into that of sulfur. The precipitation of tin and sulfur ions leads to the growth of layered SnS2 nanostructures. Here, we change the concentration of the precursors and the reaction time to study the growth mechanism of SnS2. The results show that stable SnS2 nanosheets are obtained when the precursor ratio of tin to sulfur is 1:5 with one hour reaction time. The maximum particle size is about 460nm, and the increase in the reaction time does not affect the particle size but results in the change in the thickness of the layered nanosheets. SnS2 thin films are prepared by spin coating on optical glass substrates followed by annealing at 200°C for 2h. The film is uniform and shows preferred orientation along the (001) plane. UV–visible spectrum shows strong absorption for the SnS2 film in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and its band gap is estimated as 2.4eV.

Influence of N2 partial pressure on structural and microhardness properties of TiN/ZrN multilayers deposited by Ar/N2 vacuum arc discharge

The influence of N2 partial pressure on structural, mechanical and wetting properties of multilayered TiN/ZrN thin films deposited on silicon substrates by vacuum arc discharge of (N2+Ar) gas mixtures is investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the average texturing coefficient of (111) orientation and the grain size of both TiN and ZrN individual layers increase with increasing the N2 partial pressure. The Rutherford back scattering (RBS) measurements and analysis reveal that incorporation of the nitrogen in the film increases with increasing the N2 partial pressure and both TiN and ZrN individual layers have a nitrogen over-stoichiometry for N2 partial pressure ⩾50%. The change in the film micro-hardness is correlated to the changes in crystallographic texture, grain size, stoichiometry and the residual stress in the film as a function of the N2 partial pressure. In particular, stoichiometry of ZrN and TiN individual is found to play the vital role in determining the multilayer hardness. The multilayer film deposited at N2 partial pressure of 25% has the best stoichiometric ratio of both TiN and ZrN layers and the highest micro-hardness of about 32GPa. In addition, water contact angle (WCA) measurements and analysis show a decrease in the work of adhesion on increasing the N2 partial pressure.

Chemical Bath Deposition of SnS Thin Films from the Solutions with Different Concentrations of Tin and Sulphur

The aim of the current research was to study regularities of chemical bath deposition (CBD) of tin sulphide thin films as function of tin and sulphur concentrations in the solutions. SnS thin films were deposited onto Mo-, ITO-and TO-coated glass and onto borosilicate glass substrates at room temperature for 24 hours. The concentrations of sulphur and tin (ratio 1:1) in the deposition solution were varied from 0.01 M to 0.09 M. Films were characterized by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The structuraly best tin mono-sulphide films with good adhesion to the substrate were deposited at concentration of consituents in solution 0.03M. The films deposited at concentration of 0.01M had non-uniform and incomplete coverage of the surface on all used substrates whereas at tin and sulphur concentrations of 0.05M and higher films were peeling off of the substrate.

주석도금폐액으로부터 이온교환수지를 이용한 주석 회수

Abstract In order to recover tin from the waste tin plating solution, we used the ion exchange method using three types of ion exchangeresins. The ion exchange resin with tertiary functional group(Lewatit TP 272) has not adsorption ratio of tin. The ion exchangeresin with iminodiacetic functional group(Lewatit TP 207) has high adsorption ratio of tin, but impurity content in the recoveredtin solution was relatively high. Whereas, in case of the ion exchange resin with functional group of ethylhexyl-phos-phate(Lewatit VP OC 1026), adsorption ratio of tin was less than that of Lewatit TP 207. However, it was possible to removeimpurities in the recovered tin solution by controlling the pH of the solution. High purity tin solution can be recovered by remov-ing the organic materials with water washing process. Key words : Ion exchange resin, tin, recovery, waste plating solution 1. 서론 주석은 LED TV, 합금재료, 도금재료, 전기 및 전자제품의 필수 소재로 사용되는 금속으로 차세대 핵심소재로 부각되면서 수요도 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 그러나주석 자원의 경우 동남아 등 일부 국가에만 편중되어

An Investigation of the Effect of the Addition of Tin to 5 %Pd/TiO2 for the Hydrogenation of Furfuryl Alcohol

AbstractThe selective hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol was investigated at room temperature by using supported palladium catalysts. The catalysts are very selective to the formation of 2‐methylfuran. Furthermore, the addition of tin to palladium showed similar catalytic activity, but was more selective to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Variation of the Sn/Pd ratio has shown a considerable and interesting effect on the selectivity pattern. Addition of a small amount of Sn (1 wt %) shifted the selectivity towards tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and methyltetrahydrofuran, which are ring‐saturated molecules. Increasing the tin ratio further decreased the catalytic activity and also showed very poor selectivity to either of these products.

Spray deposited Cu2ZnSnS4 nanostructured absorber layer: a promising candidate for solar cell applications

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) absorber layers have been deposited via a spray pyrolysis technique without sulfurization process. Spray precursor solutions were prepared with different zinc to tin ratios, and the effects on film growth, structural, compositional, morphological, optical and electrical properties were investigated. The formation of kesterite structure with (112), (220) and (116) planes in the films was confirmed using X-ray diffraction measurements. AFM analysis revealed a smooth, compact and crack-free morphology. The estimated absorption coefficient was close to 105 cm−1 in the visible region for all CZTS films, and the values obtained for the optical band gap energy of the films were between 1.30 and 1.46 eV. The electrical studies showed that all these samples had a p-type conductivity, and the free hole density and mobility reduced with increasing the Zn/Sn molar ratio compatible with the shifts in the transmittance and reflectance spectra.

Effect of calcination temperature and molar ratio of tin and manganese on capacitance of Ti/SnO2–Sb–Mn/β-PbO2 electrode during phenol electro-oxidation

The variations in the capacitance of Ti/SnO2–Sb–Mn/β-PbO2 electrodes prepared using sol–gel and electrodeposition techniques with various calcination temperatures and molar ratios of tin and manganese are discussed in this work. The microscale morphology and physical composition of the fabricated electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were also performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance. The experimental data showed that the capacitance of prepared Ti/SnO2–Sb–Mn/β-PbO2 electrodes was inversely related to the calcination temperature and the molar ratio of tin and manganese in the molding process of the transition layer. The optimal sintering temperature and Sn/Mn molar ratio were 550°C and 4:1, respectively, while the specific capacitance was 36.35mFcm−2 at a charge–discharge current density of 1.0mAcm−2 in a phenolic electrolyte. In addition, the mechanism for improving the capacitance during phenol electro-oxidation in the presence of Mn was investigated by comparing the electrochemical impedance spectra of the Ti/SnO2–Sb–Mn/β-PbO2 electrode with those of the Ti/SnO2–Sb/β-PbO2 electrode. A larger electrolyte resistance, accompanied by a smaller charge-transfer resistance, was obtained for the electrode with Mn doping, which could be ascribed to the decrease in electrical conductivity and increase in electron-capture capacity of MnOx.

Synthesis and characterization of antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles with high conductivity using a facile ammonia-diffusion co-precipitation method

Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nano particles were synthesized by a diffusion co-precipitation method using ethanol as a solvent in the ammonia atmosphere created by ammonium carbonate and they were annealed at 600°C. Different doping amount of antimony and concentration of ethanol were used to investigate their effect on the conductivity and morphology of the obtained ATO powders. The results showed that the optimal experimental parameters to obtain ATO with high conductivity should be that the molar ratio of antimony and tin was 0.07:1 while the concentration of ethanol was 100%. Under these conditions, the size of the obtained nano ATO particles was in a range of 5–10nm, their average size was 9.43nm and their yield was nearly 80%. The highest conductivity obtained was 8S/cm. Additionally, the reaction mechanism to form the ATO precursor was discussed in this study.

Synthesis and Analysis of Ternary Oxide Nanomaterial for Electro-thermal Applications

Binary Semiconducting Oxides have quite stable properties. The quest for enhancing the properties of materials even further, leads us to evaluate Zinc-Tin-Oxide, which is a ternary semiconducting oxide material known for its unique properties. ZTO nanomaterial was synthesized using Solvo-Thermal method with different molar ratios of Zinc and Tin varying with 1:1, 3:7 and 7:3. Slovo-Thermal method is a very efficient method when compared to other methods to synthesize at low temperatures. In the present work Zinc tin oxide (ZTO) nanomaterial has been successfully synthesized in which zinc and tin powders were separately mixed with ethanol solution under slow stirring. In this process a mild base of Na2CO3 is used as a mineralizer and ethanol as a solvent which was later subjected to low temperature of 100°C. Characterization techniques like SEM, EDS, XRD, UV-Visible and TGA were used with a view to study the growth, optical and thermal properties of ZTO nanomaterial.

Low-power phase change memory with multilayer TiN/W nanostructure electrode

In this paper, multilayer TiN/W with interfacial nanostructure is used as electrode for application in low-power phase change memory (PCM). Compared with single-layer electrode, multilayer electrode has much lower thermal conductive due to the interfacial scattering effect. PCM based on multilayer electrode with different thickness ratio of TiN and W was fabricated and characterized. The device properties including operation voltage and endurance depended critically on the multilayer structure rather than the thickness ratio of TiN and W. The low operation voltage and long cycle life of multilayer-electrode-based PCM result from the increase in overall thermal resistance due to the low thermal conductivity of multilayer electrode.

Photoluminescence Studies on Spray Pyrolysis Deposited ZnO-SnO<sub>2 </sub>Mixed Thin Films

ZnO-SnO2 mixed thin films were prepared by the spray pyrolysis technique using different molar ratios of zinc and tin in the starting solution. These mixed thin films were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD patterns of mixed thin films indicate the presence of tetragonal casseterite structure of SnO2 and hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO. The grain sizes of mixed films were calculated from XRD patterns and found to be in the range of 17- 84 nm. Mixed thin films exhibit smaller grain size compared to that of pure thin films. Ultraviolet and visible emission peaks were observed in photoluminescence studies of these thin films. The relative contribution of the emission bands occurring from different kinds of defects is described in detail. UV emission peaks were mostly affected by the influence of ZnO. Blue shift in UV emission peaks suggests a reduction in grain size in mixed thin film and bandgap modulation caused by SnO2.

LT-TLPS Die Attach for High Temperature Electronic Packaging

Low temperature transient liquid phase sintering (LT-TLPS) can be used to form high-temperature joints between metallic interfaces at low process temperatures. In this paper, process analyses and shear strength studies of paste-based approaches to LT-TLPS are presented. The process progression studies include DSC analyses and observations of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation by cross-sectioning. It was found that the sintering process reaches completion after sintering times of 15 min for process temperatures approximately 50°C above the melting point of the low temperature constituent. For the shear studies, test samples consisting of copper dice and copper substrates joined by sintering with a variety of sinter pastes with different ratios of copper and tin have been assessed. A fixture was designed for high temperature enabled shear tests at 25°C, 125°C, 250°C, 400°C, and 600°C. The influence of the ratio of the amount of high melting-point constituent to the amount of low melting-point constituent on the maximum application temperature of the sinter paste was analyzed. Ag20Sn and Cu50Sn pastes showed no reduction in shear strength up to 400°C, and Cu40Sn pastes showed high shear strengths up to 600°C. It was shown that LT-TLPS can be used to form high temperature stable joints at low temperatures without the need to apply pressure during processing.

Synthesis and crystal structures of ionic triphenyltin complexes with oxalic and malonic acid

Two ionic triphenyltin complexes (1 and 2) were obtained via condensation of triphenyltin hydroxide with oxalic and malonic acids in the presence of di-isobutylamine. Their structures have been characterized by IR and multinuclear (1H, 13C, and 119Sn) NMR spectroscopies. The coordinations of tin in the two triphenyltin complexes are confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies. In the solid state, oxalate complex 1 consists of a di-isobutylammonium cation and an oxalatotriphenylstannate anion. Tin is five-coordinate with a cis-trigonal-bipyramid (TBP) geometry, as the oxalate is a chelating bidentate ligand. Complex 1 is a 1-D polymer via hydrogen bonding between carboxylate oxygen and ammonium nitrogen. The crystallographic studies reveal that 2 is a trinuclear triphenyltin complex formed with the molar ratio of tin, acid, and amine being 3 : 2 : 1. A negative charge is delocalized among the three tins in the complex; all tins have trans-TBP geometry with three phenyls in the equatorial plane and two O in axial positions. The malonates in 2 are bridging tridentate with the free carbonyl hydrogen bonded to di-isobutylammonium through an ethanol. This coordination and significant inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds between ammonium and malonate result in a 3-D polymeric structure for 2.

Distribution of elements between copper and FeOx–CaO–SiO2 slags during pyrometallurgical processing of WEEE

The rapidly increasing rate of creation of electronic waste (WEEE) requires the development of effective processing strategies so that the valuable (minor) metals and compounds in WEEE can be kept within the materials cycle while the possibly harmful elements and compounds can be kept out of the environment. Pyrometallurgical processing currently offers the most attractive routes to perform the initial separation before the usual hydrometallurgical refining steps to produce high purity metals and compounds. There is a lack of information on the way valuable metals in WEEE behave during smelting because the combination of metals in WEEE is frequently different to that found in natural ores. In this first paper the slag/metal distribution ratio of tin between FeOx–CaO–SiO2 slags and copper was examined at an oxygen partial pressure of 10−8 MPa (10−7 atm) and at 1300°C. The distribution ratio of tin was unaffected by the Fe/SiO2 ratio of the slag, over the range examined, but strongly dependant on the CaO content. The higher the CaO content the smaller the slag/metal distribution ratio and, consequently, the greater the activity coefficient of SnO(l) in the slags. Iso-distribution ratio lines and iso-SnO(l) activity coefficient lines were presented on the copper-saturated FeOx–CaO–SiO2 phase diagram. Tin volatilisation during the converting stage of WEEE processing in a black copper smelter would be improved by using slag with a high CaO content for the given slag system. The distribution of indium, mostly found in liquid crystal displays, will be examined in a subsequent paper.

Photocatalytic activity of tin-doped TiO2 film deposited via aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition

Tin-doped TiO2 films are deposited via aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition using a precursor mixture composing of titanium tetraisopropoxide and tetrabutyl tin. The amount of tin doping in the deposited films is controlled by the volume % concentration ratio of tetrabutyl tin over titanium tetraisopropoxide in the mixed precursor solution. X-ray diffraction analysis results reveal that the as-deposited films are composed of pure anatase TiO2 phase. Red-shift in the absorbance spectra is observed attributed to the introduction of Sn4+ band states below the conduction band of TiO2. The effect of tin doping on the photocatalytic property of TiO2 films is studied through the degradation of stearic acid under UV light illumination. It is found that there is a 10% enhancement on the degradation rate of stearic acid for the film with 3.8% tin doping in comparison with pure TiO2 film. This improvement of photocatalytic performance with tin incorporation could be ascribed to the reduction of electron-hole recombination rate through charge separation and an increased amount of OH radicals which are crucial for the degradation of stearic acid. Further increase in tin doping results in the formation of recombination site and large anatase grains, which leads to a decrease in the degradation rate.

LT-TLPS Die Attach for High Temperature Electronic Packaging

Low temperature transient liquid phase sintering (LT-TLPS) can be used to form high-temperature joints between metallic interfaces at low process temperatures. In this paper, process analysis and shear strength studies of paste-based approaches to LT-TLPS are presented. The process progression studies include DSC-analyses and observations of intermetallic compound (IMC) formation by cross-sectioning. It was found that the sintering process reaches completion after sintering times of 15 minutes for process temperatures around 50°C above the melting point of the low temperature constituent. For the shear strength studies, test samples consisting of copper dice and copper substrates joined by sintering with a variety of pastes having different ratios of copper and tin have been assessed. A fixture was designed for high temperatures enabled shear tests at 25°C, 125°C, 250°C, 400°C, and 600°C. The influence of the ratio of the amount of high melting-point constituent to the amount of low melting-point constituent on the maximum application temperature of the sinter paste was analyzed. Ag20Sn and Cu50Sn pastes showed no reduction in shear strength up to 400°C, Cu40Sn pastes showed high shear strengths up to 600°C, and extended curing further increased the joint strength. It was shown that LT-TLPS can be used to form high temperature stable joints at low temperatures without the need of applying pressure during processing.