Tin Oxide Research Articles

In Ukrainian

The molecular models of tin dioxide nanoparticles containing 1 – 10 metal atoms and can include coordinated or constitutive water were constructed. Their equilibrium spatial structure and electronic structure are calculated using the second-order Möller – Plesset perturbation theory with the SBKJC valence basis set. It is shown that the length of the Sn–O bond in nanoclusters does not depend on their size and the coordination number of Sn atoms, but is determined by the coordination type of neighboring oxygen atoms. Namely, the Sn–O(3) bond length (~ 2.10 Å) > the Sn–O(2) bond length (~ 1.98 Å). The obtained Sn–O(3) bond lengths are in good agreement with the experimental values for crystalline SnO2 samples (2.05 Å). The calculated atomization energy for SnO2 is 1661 kJ/mol and satisfactorily corresponds to the experimentally measured specific atomization energy of crystalline SnO2 (1381 kJ/mol). It was found that a satisfactory reproduction of the experimental characteristics of crystalline tin dioxide is possible when using clusters containing at least 10 tin atoms, for example, (SnO2)10×14H2O. Based on the analysis of the energy effects of coordination of water molecules and hydroxide ion, proton removal and proton transfer on the hydrated surface of tin dioxide, quantitative estimates of the acid-base characteristics of the active centers of the SnO2 surface were made. The dependence of the acidity of hydroxyl groups and coordinated water molecules on the coordination number of the oxygen atom and the neighboring tin atom, as well as on the size of the cluster model, was revealed. It has been shown that the acidity of proton and aproton centers naturally decreases with increasing coordination number of the tin atom. The methodology used in this work to calculate the рКа value of the smallest model of the SnO2×H2O composition allows us to reproduce the experimental data for stannous acids. The mechanisms of formation of the simplest nanostructures from the initial forms of stannous hydroxide Sn(OH)4 are proposed. It has been shown that the formation of a dimer (SnO2)2×4H2O by the association of two Sn(OH)4 molecules is energetically most advantageous. Further transformations of nanoparticles lead to an increase in their size, dehydration, and the formation of denser structures that have crystallinity features inherent in solid-phase SnO2.

Physical and Electrochemical Characterization of Functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Embedded with Polypyrrole/Gold Nanoparticles

In this study, the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was modified, physical and electrochemical characterization were studied to be used in some biosensor applications. Using the drop-casting method, functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, Polypyrrole, and gold nanoparticles (f-MWCNTs-AuNP-PPy) were efficiently coated on the surface of an ITO electrode. Fourier transform of infrared radiation (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were utilized to describe the microscopic structure and morphogenesis of the generated films at the ITO electrode's surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to assess the electroanalytical performance of electrodes after modification. The f-MWCNTs-AuNPs-PPy distribution on the ITO electrode was improved by studying the effect of adding gold nanoparticles and varying polymer concentrations on the film distribution. Electrodes were tested with bare ITO electrodes as well as electrodes modified with f-MWCNTs, f-MWCNTs-PPy, and f-MWCNTs-AuNPs-PPy. The results revealed that nanoparticles distributed on the surface of the modified electrode reduced its impedance by roughly 40% for f-MWCNTs, 75% for f-MWCNTs-PPy, and 95% for f-MWCNTs-PPy-AuNPs. The equivalent circuit was appropriately matched in three situations (f-MWCNTs, f-MWCNTs-PPy, and f-MWCNTs-PPy-AuNPs). The transmission line model, which shows the impedance sensitivity of a diffusion process was utilized to describe the film properties. Nanoparticles enhance electrochemical performance by increasing electrochemical active surface area and allowing electron transport from the redox probe (Ferrocene/ Ferrocenium) to the ITO electrode.

Mimicking Axon Growth and Pruning by Photocatalytic Growth and Chemical Dissolution of Gold on Titanium Dioxide Patterns.

Biological neural circuits are based on the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory events to achieve functionality. Axons form long-range information highways in neural circuits. Axon pruning, i.e., the removal of exuberant axonal connections, is essential in network remodeling. We propose the photocatalytic growth and chemical dissolution of gold lines as a building block for neuromorphic computing mimicking axon growth and pruning. We predefine photocatalytic growth areas on a surface by structuring titanium dioxide (TiO2) patterns. Placing the samples in a gold chloride (HAuCl4) precursor solution, we achieve the controlled growth of gold microstructures along the edges of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/TiO2 patterns under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. A potassium iodide (KI) solution is employed to dissolve the gold microstructures. We introduce a real-time monitoring setup based on an optical transmission microscope. We successfully observe both the growth and dissolution processes. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirms the morphological changes before and after dissolution, with dissolution rates closely aligned to the growth rates. These findings demonstrate the potential of this approach to emulate dynamic biological processes, paving the way for future applications in adaptive neuromorphic systems.

Continuous and Extremely Flat Ag Electrode by Tailoring Surface Energy for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractThe exploration of alternative transparent electrodes to indium tin oxide (ITO) in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) has been a topic of interest. Among various candidates, ultrathin and continuous metal films have garnered significant interest for their ability to offer both transparency and conductivity. However, due to the higher surface energy of metals compared to substrates, metal films tend to grow in a discrete island shape, resulting in poor conductivity and even low transparency due to a localized surface plasmon by metal islands. In this work, a way to produce homogeneous ultrathin and continuous Ag film (UCAF) achieved through primary NF3 plasma treatment on a glass substrate is proposed. This treatment introduces F bonds on the surface, enhancing the hydrophilicity of the glass surface and facilitating the formation of UCAF with high optical transmittance (>70%) and low sheet resistance (<10 Ω/ϒ). By incorporating UCAF into OLEDs as a bottom electrode, the current efficiency showed an 86% enhancement compared to an ITO bottom electrode at an operating current density of 10 mA cm−2. Numerical simulation results elucidated superior light extraction efficiency in OLED with UCAF compared to that with ITO, attributed to both cavity effect and reduced waveguide mode at the organic/electrode interface.

Design of silicon traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulators with transparent electrodes.

High-speed silicon traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) are key components to support optical fiber communication. However, one major challenge with all-silicon MZMs is to achieve efficient high-speed electro-optic (EO) modulation. The reported 3 dB bandwidth of silicon MZMs are generally below 70 GHz, with half-wave voltage (V π) around 5 V or larger, which can not support future 200 Gbaud data transmission. Here we break the voltage-bandwidth trade-off limit in silicon MZMs by replacing the doped silicon slab with CMOS compatible transparent electrodes. Benefit from the measured high conductivity, low extinction coefficient, and low refractive index of indium tin oxide (ITO) materials, the microwave dielectric loss of the traveling wave electrode can be greatly reduced. The bandwidth would potentially increase from 40 GHz to 168 GHz, while V π and optical insertion loss remains almost unchanged. According to Si/ITO interface contact states, three operating mode were found, corresponding to Si/ITO ohmic contact, schottky contact and hybrid schottky/ohmic contact, respectively. We comprehensively analysis the Si/ITO interface characteristic, establish a complete high frequency equivalent circuit model. Our proposed transparent electrodes will open a new window for the high-speed silicon photonics platform.

Performance Comparison of Transparent and Non-Transparent Wineglass-Shaped Antenna at 28 GHz

This paper discussed the performance of a wineglass-shaped antenna fabricated on transparent (indium tin oxide on glass) and non-transparent (Rogers RT6006) substrates. Simulated and measured results of coefficient reflection, VSWR, and radiation patterns are compared and analyzed. Both antennas are well matched at the designed frequency with good reflection coefficient. The non-transparent antenna minimum coefficient reflection is -35.45 dB, and the transparent antenna reached the value of -19.71 dB. The non-transparent antenna has higher gain and exhibits symmetrical radiation. The study demonstrates the feasibility of both transparent and non-transparent wineglass antennas at 28 GHz, with the non-transparent offering higher gain and better impedance matching from a better conductivity compared to the transparent material used.

Electronic Promoter Breaks the Linear Scaling Relationship: Ultra‐Rapid High‐Temperature Synthesis of Heterostructured CoS/SnO2@C as a Bifunctional Oxygen Catalyst for Li‐O2 Batteries

AbstractLi‐O2 batteries urgently needs high discharge capacity and stable cycling performance, requiring effective and reliable bifunctional catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Hovenia acerba Lindl‐like heterostructure composed of cobalt sulfide and tin dioxide supported on carbon substrate (CoS/SnO2@C) is prepared via CO2 laser irradiation technology. The half‐wave potential of CoS/SnO2@C for the ORR is 0.88 V, while the overpotential of the OER at 10 mA cm−2 is as low as 270 mV. The Li‐O2 batteries employing the bifunctional CoS/SnO2@C catalyst displays a high discharge specific capacity of 3332.25 mAh g−1 and long cycling life of 226 cycles. Additionally, theory calculations demonstrate that the construction of heterostructure decreases energy barrier of the rate‐determining step (RDS) for both ORR and OER. Notably, SnO2 behaves as the electronic promoter to optimize the electronic structure of heterostructure interface and triggers charge redistribution of CoS, which weakens the adsorption strength of the *O‐intermediates and allows to break the linear scaling relationship, thus further enhancing the catalytic performance of CoS/SnO2@C. This research furnishes directions for the design of heterogeneous catalysts, highlighting its great potential for application in rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries.

Conjugated Polyvinyl Alcohol Modified SnO2 for Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Reduction of Cr(VI)

The photocatalytic activity of tin dioxide (SnO2) is limited due to its inadequate response to the solar spectrum, wide band gap, and low visible light photocatalytic activity. Here, we synthesized conjugated polyvinyl alcohol (CPVA) modified tin dioxide (CPVA/SnO2) through in-situ hydrothermal synthesis and evaluated its performance for photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI). A series of testing and characterization results revealed that CPVA was uniformly coated on the surface of SnO2, forming a mesoporous CPVA/SnO2 heterojunction with enhanced crystallinity and reduced oxygen defects, which resulted in an expanded light absorption range towards the red light region. The reaction rate constant of CPVA/SnO2-A for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light (0.060 min-1) was 6 times higher than that of homemade CPVA/TiO2 and 2.87 times higher than that of SnO2 for the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under UV light (0.0209 min-1). The photocatalytic mechanism indicates that CPVA/SnO2 exhibited significantly enhanced performance under UV-light irradiation by forming a type II heterojunction. When CPVA/SnO2 was exposed to visible light, photogenerated electrons on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of CPVA were efficiently transferred to the surface of SnO2 through the CPVA/SnO2 heterojunction, reducing electron-hole recombination while also photosensitizing the photocatalyst and promoting efficient photocatalysis under visible light illumination. Ultimately, this process effectively reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Facile Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Insights into Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Catalysis.

Implementing a hydrogen economy on an industrial scale poses challenges, particularly in developing cost-effective and stable catalysts for water electrolysis. This study explores the catalytic potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) synthesized via a simple chemical bath deposition method for electrochemical and photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. The successful fabrication of Se-NPs on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes has been confirmed using a wide range of analytical tools like X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Importantly, electrochemical measurements revealed superior electrocatalytic activity of the modified Se-NPs/FTO electrodes, with low overpotential (220 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and Tafel slope (90.13 mV dec-1), indicating faster reaction kinetics and reduced energy inputs for oxygen evolution reaction. Furthermore, the Se-NPs/FTO electrode was employed for PEC water splitting in Na2S electrolyte, showing a notable enhancement in photocurrent density with a difference of 700 μA cm-2 between light and dark conditions at 1.5 V vs RHE, demonstrating efficient light-driven hydrogen production. The overall findings of this work establish that the proposed Se-NPs/FTO electrodes are promising composites for both electrochemical and PEC performance, thereby providing insights into developing cost-effective catalysts for large-scale water splitting.

STUDY OF HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURES IN TIN DIOXIDE BASED NANOSIZED FILMS

Among a large number of physical and chemical methods for obtaining materials with various functional characteristics, one of the very interesting and simple methods is sol-gel technology. Materials synthesized using sol-gel technology have high chemical homogeneity, which is definitely a big plus. And by changing the initial environmental conditions and solution parameters, it is possible to control the size and shape of the particles obtained, as well as the pore structure of the synthesized products. At present, much attention is paid to the study of hierarchical structures based on tin dioxide. Since they are distinguished by a large surface area, stable physicochemical properties, low cost of production, environmental friendliness of the method, as well as high surface permeability and low density. This article describes the results of the synthesis of hierarchical structures in thin films based on tin dioxide. The initial solution is a lyophilic film-forming system SnCl4/EtOH/ NH4OH. A direct dependence of the formation of hierarchical structures on the volume of ammonium hydroxide additive was found. This helps to control the shape and size of the synthesized structures when changing the ratio of the initial precursors. And as a consequence, it allows influencing the final physical and chemical characteristics of the obtained samples for their further use as transparent conductive coatings, sensors for various gases (including toxic ones), in solar panels, etc.

Substrate Effect On Photoelectrochemicel And Semicondictrise Properties Of Lead Oxide In 0.5 M H2SO4

This work focuses on the photoelectrochemical and semicondictrise study of the corrosion layer formed in the dark on Pb and PbSn alloys in a 0.5M H2SO4solution: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Linear Sweeping Voltage (LSV), Mott-Schottky plots and photocurrent measurements. The composition was determined respectively by XRD diffraction and SEM electron microscopy. The results showed that tin reduces the thickness and improves the conductivity of the corrosion layer by forming conductive and non-photo-active tin oxides and a dense layer between the grid and the positive active mass.

Exploring electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the early diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using CFP10:ESAT6 protein detection

Tuberculosis (TB) was, until SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent contaminating over 10.6 million people with 1.6 million deaths in 2021 worldwide. Herein, we present a proof-of-principle strategy for detecting the recombinant protein CFP10:ESAT6 using an impedimetric immunosensor, which could aid in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The immunosensor was developed using indium tin oxide electrodes modified by 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane monolayer to covalently immobilize anti-CFP10 antibodies. The protein interaction with the antibody recognition platform was directly monitored and measured by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. After the analytical features optimization, a Langmuir isotherm response from 0.5 ng mL-1 to 50 ng mL-1 of pCFP10:ESAT6, limit of detection of 4.80 ng mL-1 and limit of quantification of 15.97 ng mL-1 were achieved, in a 4-hour assay time. Selectivity tests conducted in the presence of DENV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins at a concentration of 20 ng mL-1, which is one-tenth of the concentration used to optimize pCFP10, indicate that the immunosensor is selective for pCFP10:ESAT6. Additionally, repeatability and reproducibility tests confirm that the immunosensor is suitable, accurate, and selective for detecting the CFP10:ESAT6 protein. The small sample volume required, and short testing time underscore the remarkable capabilities of this immunosensor and its potential for point-of-care screening and diagnostic aid applications.

A new approach to the static bending problem of organic nanoplates

Scientists are growing interested in organic panels because of its effective use in harnessing solar energy for many applications in life and technology. This research used two innovative plate theories to investigate the static bending behavior of organic nanoplates under varying temperature conditions based on analytical solutions, the organic plate consists of five layers of materials including Glass, ITO (indium-doped tin oxide), and PEDOT: PSS (Poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: poly styrenesulfonate), P3HT: PCBM (Poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) and Aluminum. The captivating feature of this study is in the identification of the equilibrium equation for organic nanoplates, which is dependent only on a single unidentified factor. This is possible because the produced displacement field only shows one component of bending displacement. Furthermore, the temperature parameter is also included, demonstrating the influence of the thermal environment on the bending behavior of the organic plate. The innovative approach used in this work has yielded a distinct and accurate formulation for the motion of the plate, leaving just one variable still to be determined. The accuracy and dependability of this formulation are confirmed by comparing it with established analytical and numerical techniques that have been published. The static bending response of organic panels was influenced by various geometric, material, and temperature characteristics, as shown by a series of numerical findings. The calculation results have shown that the two plate theories used in this study provide comparable outcomes for the bending issue of organic naoplates.

Photovoltaic and Piezoelectric Power Generation Characteristics of Flexible Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride‐Ran‐Trifluoroethylene) Thin Films

ABSTRACTWe investigated the photovoltaic and piezoelectric power generation characteristics of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐ran‐trifluoroethylene, PVDF‐TrFE) thin films on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The solar cells and piezoelectric hybrid devices provide consistent energy to extend battery life and improve self‐charging. The flexible PVDF‐TrFE thin films with a transmittance of about 60% in the visible region showed a remanent polarization of about 10.5 μC/cm2 (2Pr ~ 21.0 μC/cm2) with excellent β‐phase formation. The flexible PVDF‐TrFE thin films exhibited optimal ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties by exhibiting β‐phase without α‐phase. Since β‐phase is the phase that carries high dipole alignment of the material, which is important for maximizing power output, the performance of the material in photovoltaic and piezoelectric applications is enhanced. The PVDF‐TrFE capacitor exhibited not only a piezoelectric generation characteristic with an approximate voltage of 1.1 V under compression, but also a photovoltaic generation feature with an open‐circuit voltage of about 0.23 V and a short‐circuit current of approximately 0.13 mA/cm2.

Preparation and performance of nanoscale antimony tin oxide aqueous slurry with high water dispersion stability

Preparation and performance of nanoscale antimony tin oxide aqueous slurry with high water dispersion stability

New Chloroprene Rubber/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (CR/SBR) Blends Cross-Linked with Tin(II) Oxide (SnO): Curing Characteristics, Swelling Studies, Mechanical Properties, and Flame Resistance.

This study aimed to investigate the properties of tin(II) oxide (SnO) as an unconventional cross-linking agent for chloroprene (CR) and styrene-butadiene (SBR) rubbers compositions. The use of tin(II) oxide results from the need to reduce the use of zinc oxide as a cross-linking agent due to environmental regulations and its toxic impact on aquatic environments. The studied elastomeric blends can be cross-linked with tin(II) oxide, and the results demonstrate the significant potential of this oxide in such applications. The CR/SBR vulcanizates cross-linked with SnO exhibit good mechanical properties and a high degree of cross-linking. The studies clearly show that the proportions of both rubbers as well as the amount of tin(II) oxide used influence the cross-linking of the CR/SBR blends and the properties of vulcanizates. FTIR spectrum analysis allowed the identification of the cross-linking mechanism, which followed the Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction mechanism. The AFM analysis determined the miscibility of the rubbers and interelastomeric reactions, proving that the rubbers studied are partially miscible. The results of the oxygen index measurements indicated that the obtained vulcanizates showed flame resistance and self-extinguishing properties. Multivariate regression was performed to fit the models to the experimental value and to determine the influence of the content of the cross-linking agent and the CR and SBR proportions on the properties of the blends.

BEOL Three-Dimensional Stackable Oxide Semiconductor CMOS Inverter with a High Voltage Gain of 233 at Cryogenic Temperatures.

Targeting high-performance computing at cryogenic temperatures, we report back-end-of-line (BEOL)-compatible p-type Te-TeOx field effect transistors (FETs) deposited using a sputtering method that is cost-effective, large-scale manufacturable, and highly controllable. Combined with the indium tin oxide channel n-FETs employing a common gate and HfO2 gate dielectric, BEOL three-dimensional stackable oxide semiconductor complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverters were further realized, demonstrating excellent threshold voltage matching, with a high voltage gain of 132 with a 2 V supply voltage (VDD) at room temperature. At cryogenic temperatures, the CMOS inverter exhibits significantly enhanced performance, achieving a voltage gain of 233 at a VDD of 2 V with a wide noise margin of 86%. Even at an ultralow VDD of 0.5 V, the CMOS inverter maintains solid performance with an exceptionally low power consumption of <60 pW.

A "signal-on" photoelectrochemical sensor based on hierarchical titanium dioxide nanowires/microflowers decorated graphite-like carbon nitride quantum dots for glutathione detection.

Glutathione (GSH) is a bioactive tripeptide with important physiological functions in animals, plants, and microorganisms. GSH participates in various biochemical reactions in vivo and is known for its antioxidant, anti-allergy, and detoxification properties. This study introduces an innovative photoelectrochemical (PEC) method for GSH detection, leveraging a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode enhanced by TiO2 nanoflowers and graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-CNQDs). This design formed a type-II heterojunction, which facilitated efficient charge separation and transport. Furthermore, incorporating TiO2 nanoflowers increases the surface area, while adding g-CNQDs led to a narrowing of the semiconductor bandgap. The fabricated electrode exhibits highly attractive photo-electrocatalytic activity towards GSH detection in neutral media at a low potential bias. The developed PEC sensor demonstrates a wide linear range of 1.0×10-13 to 5×10-5molL-1, a low detection limit of 5.0fmolL-1, and high sensitivity. These remarkable analytical characteristics highlight the potential of this PEC platform for sensitive and selective GSH detection in various biomedical and environmental applications.

Effect of ultrasonic treatment on tin recovery from decommissioned displays in sulphuric, hydrochloric, and methanesulphonic acid solutions

The study investigates the physicochemical patterns of tin leaching from the surface of glass substrates from decommissioned displays in hydrochloric, sulphuric, and methanesulphonic acids. The effects of acid concentration (0.1–1.0 N), duration (10–60 min), temperature (298–353 K), and ultrasonic treatment intensity (UST) (120–300 W/cm2) on leaching performance were evaluated. It was demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment positively impacts sulphuric acid leaching of tin, increasing its recovery by 14–16 %. However, during leaching in hydrochloric and methanesulphonic acid solutions, UST led to a reduction in tin recovery to 28 % and 1.7 %, respectively, due to acid decomposition under ultrasound. The partial reaction orders for tin leaching in HCl, H2SO4, and CH3SO3H were determined to be 0.8, 1.4, and 1.1, respectively, and changed to 1.5, 1.1, and 0.3 under ultrasound for the corresponding acids. An increase in temperature from 298 K to 333 K significantly improved tin recovery in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids. However, raising the temperature to 353 K led to a decrease in tin ion concentration after 10–20 min, likely due to tin hydrolysis and precipitation. The calculated apparent activation energies of tin oxide dissolution in HCl solutions were 40.4 kJ/mol without UST and 22.9 kJ/mol with UST. For H2SO4, the apparent activation energy was 4.0 kJ/mol, increasing to 29.0 kJ/mol under ultrasonic treatment. Therefore, the study showed that tin leaching from glass substrates of decommissioned displays proceeds in a kinetic regime when HCl is used and in a diffusion regime in H2SO4 solutions, with ultrasonic treatment facilitating the transition to a mixed regime.

Hole-Transport-Layer-Free Organic Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency Upon Halogenated Solvent Treatment.

Typical PEDOT:PSS hole-transporting layers frequently present some issues, including mismatched energy levels, high acidity, severe hygroscopicity, etc., all of which significantly weaken device performance. Herein, an approach of halogenated solvent treatment to modulate the physical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates is employed. Four halogenated-ITO anodes (named ITO-F, ITO-Cl, ITO-Br and ITO-I) are achieved by ITO substrates immersed in hydrogen peroxide co-solvents mixed with 1,2-difluorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dibromobenzene and 1,2-diiodobenzene, respectively, and upon UV illumination. The work functions of the ITO-F/Cl/Br/I anodes increase from 4.63eV for ITO to 5.30, 5.32, 5.24, and 5.28eV, respectively, which are close to 5.22eV for ITO/PEDOT:PSS. Additionally, the investigated PM6:L8-BO:BTP-eC9 devices based on various anodes showed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 17.81% for ITO-F, 19.48% for ITO-Cl, 17.05% for ITO-Br, 17.34% for ITO-I and 18.70% for ITO/PEDOT:PSS, respectively. In particular, a comprehensive experimental analysis is conducted to establish connections between theoretical calculations, blend morphology and physical dynamics, and further elucidate the factors that cause differences in device efficiencies. This work manifests the advantages of the proposed halogenated ITO for realizing highly efficient organic photovoltaics.