Tin Composition Research Articles

Thermodynamic accessment experimentally on Bi-Sn System by Calorimeter

In this study experimentally measurement of thermodynamic properties as integral enthalpies of mixing on Bi-Sn Binary materials are determined. It has done with calorimeter at 767,813 and 855 K by varying the entire composition of Sn. The four pieces of α-Al2O3 at has been dropped at the dropping temperature for calibration of the calorimeter. The enthalpies of mixing are plotted against tin composition and found endothermic in nature for all the compositions. The maximum enthalpies of mixing are measured at xSn∼0.60 for 767,813 and 855 K. A slightly temperature dependency has been observed for entire composition of Sn. The experimental value has been treated with Redlich-Kister polynomial for substitutional. The experimental values are compared with the value obtained by Redlich-Kister polynomial and found a close agreement with the experimental values

Solution-Processed Gallium-Tin-Based Oxide Semiconductors for Thin-Film Transistors.

We investigated the effects of gallium (Ga) and tin (Sn) compositions on the structural and chemical properties of Ga–Sn-mixed (Ga:Sn) oxide films and the electrical properties of Ga:Sn oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). The thermogravimetric analysis results indicate that solution-processed oxide films can be produced via thermal annealing at 500 °C. The oxygen deficiency ratio in the Ga:Sn oxide film increased from 0.18 (Ga oxide) and 0.30 (Sn oxide) to 0.36, while the X-ray diffraction peaks corresponding to Sn oxide significantly reduced. The Ga:Sn oxide film exhibited smaller grains compared to the nanocrystalline Sn oxide film, while the Ga oxide film exhibited an amorphous morphology. We found that the electrical properties of TFTs significantly improve by mixing Ga and Sn. Here, the optimum weight ratio of the constituents in the mixture of Ga and Sn precursor sols was determined to be 1.0:0.9 (Ga precursor sol:Sn precursor sol) for application in the solution-processed Ga:Sn oxide TFTs. In addition, when the Ga(1.0):Sn(0.9) oxide film was thermally annealed at 900 °C, the field-effect mobility of the TFT was notably enhanced from 0.02 to 1.03 cm2/Vs. Therefore, the mixing concentration ratio and annealing temperature are crucial for the chemical and morphological properties of solution-processed Ga:Sn oxide films and for the TFT performance.

Large lattice mismatch effects on the epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of FePt films

Heteroepitaxial film growth is crucial for magnetic and electronic devices. In this work, we reported the effects of the large lattice mismatch and film thickness on the epitaxial growth and magnetic properties of FePt films on ZrxTi1−xN (001) intermediate layer. FePt films with different thickness were deposited on ZrTiN intermediate layers with various doping concentration of TiN in ZrN. The increase in doping concentration of TiN caused a decrease in the lattice parameters of ZrTiN intermediate layer. It was found that (001) epitaxy of FePt 10nm films was only achieved on ZrTiN intermediate layer when the TiN composition was ≥25vol%, while (001) texture of 5nm films was achieved on ZrTiN intermediate layer with a minimum of 50vol% TiN composition. The in-plane lattice constants of FePt and Zr0.70Ti0.30N (25vol% TiN) were 3.870Å and 4.476Å, respectively, which resulted in a lattice mismatch as large as 15.7%. These large lattice mismatch heterostructures adopted 7/6 domain matching epitaxy. The magneto-crystalline anisotropy of FePt films was improved with the increase in lattice mismatch. Intrinsic magnetic properties were extrapolated for FePt (30nm)/Zr0.70Ti0.30N (30nm)/TaN (30nm)/MgO, and the Ms(0K) and K1(0K) were 1042emu/cc and 5.10×107erg/cc, respectively, which is comparable to that of bulk L10 FePt.

Theoretical investigation of some physicochemical properties in the liquid Sn–Ag–Cu alloys

Some physicochemical properties such as surface tension, molar volume, density and viscosity of liquid Sn–Ag–Cu alloys have been calculated using Kohler, Muggianu, Toop and Hillert geometrical models along three cross-sections namely [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], 1/1 and 2/1. Indeed, Guggenheim, Kozlov–Romanov–Petrov and Kaptay equations have also been extended to estimate the surface tension and viscosity based on the thermodynamic data of the investigated system over wide temperature ranges of 823–1123[Formula: see text]K and 773–1173[Formula: see text]K, respectively. The results show that the three investigated properties, surface tension, density and viscosity, decrease with increasing tin for all studied models. On the other hand, a different behavior of these properties as a function of the temperature was noted. This evolution depends on the composition of the studied alloys. On the contrary, the molar volume increases with increase of temperature and tin compositions. It should be noted that the surface tension, density and molar volume show a linear dependence on temperature for all the investigated compositions. For viscosity, a curvilinear dependence has been observed. The calculated surface tensions and densities were compared with those reported experimentally for Sn–Ag–Cu alloys along the cross-section [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1/1.

Artillery and rigging artefacts from the Megadim wreck-site, Israel

Various artillery and rigging artefacts were retrieved from the Megadim wreck-site, Israel. The present research is aimed at determining the composition, microstructure and manufacturing processes of the objects, as well as their dating. Therefore, a multidisciplinary testing approach was applied, based on typology, metallurgical criteria, archaeobotanical analysis and 14C radiocarbon dating. Based on their typology, the three cannons found off Megadim were of Venetian origin. Metallurgical analysis of the three cannons revealed they were made of cast bronze, with tin (Sn) composition of 3.2–6.5wt%; and were most likely manufactured at the same European foundry. The chain links of the iron-bound deadeye were made of wrought-iron, manufactured by the bloomery process; and the forge-welding zone of the largest chain was located. Epi-illuminated and SEM analyses suggest that the deadeyes were made of Rhus coriaria, and the wads were made of Cupressus sempervirens and Pinus pinea. The largest breech chamber was made of cast leaded-bronze, probably manufactured of recycled alloys due to the low amount of tin. The other two chambers were made of wrought-iron, and based on their similar composition, were probably manufactured at the same workshop. Examination of the material extracted from the chambers suggests it was black powder. The bronze cannons were typologically dated to between the late 16th and the early 17th centuries. Based on the metallurgical criteria and the 14C analysis, it is suggested that all the objects were most likely manufactured before the middle of the 17th century. This research enhances our knowledge of the Megadim wreck-site, and provides better understanding of the manufacturing technologies of marine artillery and rigging elements in Europe between the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

Zinc tin oxide thin film transistors produced by a high rate reactive sputtering: Effect of tin composition and annealing temperatures

Amorphous zinc tin oxides (a-ZTO), which are stoichiometrically close to the Zn2SnO4 and ZnSnO3 phases, have been deposited using remote-plasma reactive sputtering, and incorporated as the channel layers in thin film transistors (TFTs). The influence of tin composition and annealing temperatures on the structural and phase evolutions of the thin films, and the electrical performances of the TFTs are investigated. Zn2SnO4 exhibited randomly oriented polycrystalline peaks at annealing temperatures ≥700 °C, while ZnSnO3 decomposed into Zn2SnO4 and SnO2 at 950 °C. TFTs employing a Zn2SnO4 channel, after a post-deposition annealing at 500 °C, exhibited a field effect mobility ∼14 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a sub-threshold slope ∼0.6 V dec−1. When the tin content was increased in the channel, as in ZnSnO3, TFTs exhibited an increase in field effect mobility ∼20 cm2 V−1 s−1, but with a slight deterioration of sub-threshold slope to ∼0.8 V dec−1. When the post-deposition annealing temperature was reduced to 300 °C, a mobility as high as ∼10 cm2 V−1 s−1 was still achieved, however, a significant shoulder in the IDS–VGS curve, together with a higher off-state current was observed. TFT characteristics are explained by the sub-bandgap defect states measured by photothermal deflection spectroscopy and the extracted Urbach energies.

Pb-free solders: Predicting of some physicochemical properties of Ag–Cu–Sn material at different temperatures

In this paper, the surface tension, molar volume and density of liquid Ag–Cu–Sn alloys have been calculated using Kohler, Muggianu, Toop, and Hillert models. In addition, the surface tension and viscosity of the Ag–Cu–Sn ternary alloys at different temperatures have been predicted on the basis of Guggenheim and Seetharaman–Sichen equations, respectively. The results show that density and viscosity decrease with increasing tin and increasing temperature for the all studied models. While the surface tension shows a different tendency, especially for the Kohler and Muggianu symmetric models. On the other hand, the molar volume increases with increase of temperature and tin compositions. The calculated values of surface tension and density of Ag–Cu–Sn alloys are compared with the available experimental values and a good agreement was observed.

Cu/TiN nanofiber with tunable electrical conductivity for cost-efficient transparent electrode

Cu/TiN hybrid nanofibers were successfully fabricated by applying nitridation procedure to CuO/TiO2 nanofibers. Through modifying the nitridation temperature, the electrical conductivity of Cu/TiN nanofibers was tunable, which could achieve a high value of 320S/cm-approximately three times that of TiN nanofibers. The oxidation resistance property of the resulting Cu/TiN nanofibers was assessed. With the excellent chemical stability of TiN composition, hybrid Cu/TiN nanofibers possessed greatly enhanced thermostability. Moreover, by taking advantage of readily fiber patterning using electrospinning, Cu/TiN nanofiber networks were assembled as transparent electrodes, which reached an optoelectrical achievement of 34.4Ω/sq at 83.2% transparency. Given its low-cost, enhanced thermostability, together with considerable optoelectrical achievement, Cu/TiN nanofiber is therefore expected to offer a new platform for cost-efficient transparent electrode.

Influence of growth and annealing temperature on the strain and surface morphology of Ge995Sn0.005 epilayer

Ge1−xSnx alloys with low tin composition (0.5%) were grown directly on Si (100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy at various temperatures ranging from 220°C to 500°C. In situ RHEED patterns, AFM images, and HR-XRD curves were measured to investigate the surface morphology and strain of the Ge0.995Sn0.005 alloys. Surface roughening, which occurred during the deposition of the alloy, was found to be enhanced with the increase of the growth temperature TG. Compressive residual strain was introduced during low-temperature heteroepitaxial growth of the alloy. As TG was increased, it was gradually released, while the tensile thermal strain was increased. As a result, tensile in-plane strain was obtained provided TG was high enough (>420°C). The influence of annealing temperature TA was investigated as well. It was shown that both surface morphology and stain of the alloy were only slightly changed with TA≤600°C. If TA was further increased, the surface roughness was significantly increased and the residual heteroepitaxial strain substantially released.

고성능 리튬 이차 전지를 위한 황화 주석 저마늄 (Sn<sub>x</sub>Ge<sub>1-x</sub>S) 나노입자 연구

Composition-controlled ternary components chalcogenides germanium tin sulfide (Sn x Ge1-xS) nanoparticles were synthesized by a novel gas-phase laser photolysis reaction of tetramethyl germanium, tetramethyl tin, and hydrogen sulfide mixture. Subsequent thermal annealing of as-grown amorphous nanoparticles produced the crystalline orthorhombic phase nanoparticles. All these composition-tuned nanoparticles showed excellent cycling performance of the lithium ion battery. The germanium sulfide nanoparticles exhibit a maximum capacity of 1200 mAh/g after 70 cycles. As the tin composition (x) increases, the capacity maintains better at the higher discharge/charge rate. This novel synthesis method of tin germanium sulfide nanoparticles is expected to contribute to expand their applications in highperformance energy conversion systems.

Effect of the O 2 + -ion bombardment on the TiN composition and structure

The implantation of the O2+ ions at low energies of E0 ≤ 2–3 keV and high doses of D ≥ 1016 cm−2 leads to significant variations in the composition and amorphization of the TiN surface layer. The postimplantation annealing at a temperature of T ≈ 950–1000 K over 30 min results in the formation of a polycrystalline film with approximate composition TiN0.6O0.4. Based on the analysis of photoelectron spectra, we assume that the TiN and TiN0.6O0.4 films represent degenerate narrow-band-gap n-type semiconductors.

Characterization of the Mixed Oxide Layer Structure of the Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5 Anode by Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Impedance Spectroscopy

The in-depth chemistry of a Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5 anode was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with ion etching. The coating was found to be composed of multiple layers of tin and titanium oxides and composition gradients at both the oxide-air and oxide-metal interfaces. The existence of such an extensive titanium oxide layer may be related to the fabrication of the Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5 anode and subsequent inter-diffusion of species. Also, the surface tin oxide layer was found to be non-stoichiometric, which, in relation to the extensive titanium oxide structure, could be explained by a migration of oxygen toward the Ti substrate. Electrochemical tests showed that the film was unstable and continued to grow under anodic polarization. Impedance spectroscopy displayed a continuum in the dielectric relaxation time constants with depth. This variation in relaxation time constants was proposed to be caused by the continuous variation of the composition in the film.

Tin-germanium alloys as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

The sodium electrochemistry of evaporatively deposited tin, germanium, and alloys of the two elements is reported. Limiting the sodium stripping voltage window to 0.75 V versus Na/Na+ improves the stability of the tin and tin-rich compositions on repeated sodiation/desodiation cycles, whereas the germanium and germanium-rich alloys were stable up to 1.5 V. The stability of the electrodes could be correlated to the surface mobility of the alloy species during deposition suggesting that tin must be effectively immobilized in order to be successfully utilized as a stable electrode. While the stability of the alloys is greatly increased by the presence of germanium, the specific Coulombic capacity of the alloy decreases with increasing germanium content due to the lower Coulombic capacity of germanium. Additionally, the presence of germanium in the alloy suppresses the formation of intermediate phases present in the electrochemical sodiation of tin. Four-point probe resistivity measurements of the different compositions show that electrical resistivity increases with germanium content. Pure germanium is the most resistive yet exhibited the best electrochemical performance at high current densities which indicates that electrical resistivity is not rate limiting for any of the tested compositions.

Possibility of Implementation of the Complete Cycle of Synthesizing Bulk Polycrystalline Titanium Nitride with Submicron Composition by Plasmodynamic Methods

The possibility of direct plasmodynamic synthesis and production of ultradisperse titanium nitride as well of its application as a raw material for producing compact polycrystalline and nanostructured material by the spark plasma sintering method is demonstrated. Results of investigations of the grain sizes and phase composition of ultradispersed TiN and physicomechanical properties and composition of the compact material are presented.

Effect of aluminum content on the mechanochemical synthesis of in-situ TiN in the Al–Ti–AlN system and subsequent shock consolidation

To determine the effect of aluminum content on the formation of in-situ TiN in the Al–Ti–AlN system, a mixture of aluminum, titanium and aluminum nitride powders was subjected to high energy milling. Al content of the mixture was changed according to the following stoichiometric reaction: Ti+AlN+ XAl→TiN+(1+ X)Al. The value of X was varied from 5.35 to 19.65 based on the stoichiometric calculation of the molar mass of each component expected to result in aluminum matrix composite with TiN weights of 30%, 20% and 10%, respectively, in addition to reaction corresponding to X=0(Ti+AlN→TiN+Al). Thermodynamic factors determine that the amount of Al in the mixture plays a key role in the formation of in-situ TiN. XRD and EPMA results showed that at lower Al content ( X=0, 5.35), reaction proceed through a gradual mode. By increasing Al content ( X=19.65), no mechanochemical reaction occurred between Ti and AlN. Continuation of the milling process allowed acquisition of in-situ TiN in the designed compositions of AlN–TiN, Al–Ti–AlN–30%TiN, and to some extent, of Al–Ti–AlN–20%TiN. A nanocrystalline solid solution evolved by mechanical alloying (MA) was sustained for prolonged milling time. The mean TiN crystallite size obtained was 10 nm for the AlN–TiN composition. The end product milled powder after 40 h of milling time, equating to the Al–Ti–AlN–30%TiN composition was consolidated into bulk compact using the underwater shock compaction method. The milled specimens were characterized by XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and microhardness testing. The sample had a uniform and fine-grained composite structure with 99% theoretical density and average microhardness of 434 HV0.1. The results confirmed the possibility of fabricating reliable bulk nanostructured materials by imposing shock compaction on submicron sized powders.

Thermodynamic properties of the liquid Ag–Cu–Sn lead-free solder alloys

The electromotive force measurement method was employed to determine the thermodynamic properties of liquid Ag–Cu–Sn alloys using solid electrolyte galvanic cells as shown below: Kanthal + R e , Ag – Cu – Sn , Sn O 2 | Y ttria stabilized Z irconia | air , P t , p O 2 = 0.21 atm Measurements were carried out for three cross-sections with constant Ag/Cu ratio equal to: 1/3, 1 and 3 and for tin compositions ranging from 10 up to 80 at.%, every 10%, resulting in a total of 24 different alloy compositions. The temperature of the measurements varied within the range from 973 to 1325 K. A linear dependence of the e.m.f. on temperature was observed for all alloy compositions and the appropriate line equations were derived. Tin activities were calculated as function of composition and temperature. Results were presented in tables and figures.

Synthesis and Structural Studies on Tetranuclear Tin Compositions Containing Tin {[R2Sn(LH)]2O}2 Moieties (R = Bu or Oct and LH = 4‐[((E)‐1‐{2‐Hydroxy‐5‐[(E)‐2‐(aryl)‐1‐diazenyl]phenyl}methylidene)‐ amino]benzoate)

AbstractDiorganotin compounds containing tetranuclear tin compositions of the type {[R2Sn(LH)]2O}2 in which LH is deprotonated carboxylic acid LHH′ (H′ are the carboxylic and H the phenolic protons of the benzoic acid) HO2C–C6H4‐4‐{N=C(H)C6H3‐2‐OH‐5‐(N=N–C6H4X)} (X = H for L1H, X = 2‐CH3 for L2H, X = 3‐CH3 for L3H, and X = 4‐CH3 for L4H; R = Bu or Oct), were synthesized and characterized by FT‐IR, NMR, and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy. One of the complexes, {[Oct2Sn(O2CC6H4{N=C(H)C6H3‐2‐OH‐5‐(N=NC6H4CH3‐2)})]2O}2 was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffaraction, which revealed that the compound is a centrosymmetric tetranuclear bis(dicarboxylatotetrabutyldistannoxane) complex with a planar Sn4O2 core. The two μ3‐oxo oyxgen atoms are connected to a Sn2O2 ring and to two exocyclic tin atoms. The four carboxylate ligands display two different modes of coordination. Both modes of coordination involve bridging two structurally distinct tin atoms. The solution structures of the complexes were unravelled by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, and found to be identical to those of the crystalline state.

Emf Measurements in the Liquid Au-Cu-Sn Lead-free Solder Alloys

An emf method was employed to determine tin activities in the liquid Au-Cu-Sn alloys using solid electrolyte galvanic cells. The whole concentration range of the Gibbs triangle was covered, and emf readings were taken for both heating and cooling mode within temperature interval: 900-1360 K. Emf versus T relations were approximated by line equations, and its coefficients were listed in tables. Tin activity versus composition curves were constructed, displaying negative deviation from ideal behavior. Activity data were compared to the respective values calculated from COST 531 database using binary formalism, and relatively good agreement was observed.

Electrochromic properties of InN:Sn films deposited by reactive evaporation

Indium–tin nitride (InN:Sn) films were deposited by vacuum evaporation assisted by active nitrogen irradiation. A glancing-angle deposition scheme was applied to form isolated nanocolumnar structures in order to expand surface area of the films. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the films consisted of crystallites of InN:Sn in a wurtzite structure and amorphous InN:Sn matrix. The doped tin atoms did not work as donor in the InN:Sn films but electrons-trapping sites. The electrochromic amplitude was reduced with increase in tin composition. Despite that the tin doping caused the decrease in carrier density, the color-change region of the InN:Sn films shifted slightly toward shorter wavelength.

Coating and spark plasma sintering of nano-sized TiN on alumina particles of different size, shape and structure

TiN-coated Al2O3 particles of different size, shape and crystal structure were prepared by depositing nano-size TiO2 on the Al2O3 surfaces from Ti(O-i-C3H7)4 solution (TiO2 precursor) by controlled hydrolysis, then nitrided with NH3 at 1000°C. Irrespective of the source of Al2O3 particles, a homogeneous TiO2 coating was achieved by heating from 10 to 40°C an ultrasonic suspension of the Al2O3 particles containing the precursor with 1.0 vol% H2O. After nitridation, the Al2O3 grains were coated with 10-20 nm TiN particles. Spark plasma sintering of the TiN/Al2O3 particles at 1500°C and 1600°C yielded the composite ceramics with a relative density of 94-97%. Composite TiN/Al2O3 ceramics with an electrical resistivity of ∼10-2 Ω cm were obtained at 25 vol% TiN composition.