Tin Chloride Dihydrate Research Articles

Au doped ZnO/SnO2 composite nanofibers for enhanced H2S gas sensing performance

Nanofibers of ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites doped with Au crystals were synthesized by an electrospinning method for enhancement of H2S gas sensing performance. The mixed solution of zinc acetate dihydrate and tin(II) chloride dihydrate, dissolved in ethanol/DMF solvent, was spun directly on the interdigital Pt electrodes for sensor fabrication. Thermal treatment was carried out to convert the spun nanofibers into ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites doped with Au crystals. SEM and TEM observation confirmed the formation of porous nanofibers with an average diameter of about 120 nm. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the nanocomposites of ZnO and SnO2 phases were formed, but not ZnSnO3, despite the precursor solution being mixed on the atomic scale from the starting solution. Doping with 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 wt.% of Au slightly changed the morphology of the nanofibers because the Au was not doped into the crystals of ZnO or SnO2, but mostly existed as the surface decoration. This ensured that the effective surface catalyzed the gas reaction, thus enhance the sensing performance. Gas sensitivity to H2S gas was improved by approximately 700% with the optimal doping concentration of Au.

The Full-Cell Design of a Li-Ion Capacitor Using a Sn-Ni Alloy As an Anode

Lithium-ion capacitors (LIC) is composed of a capacitors-type cathode and battery-type anode. Thus, LIC has been considered as a favorable electrochemical energy storage device to bridge the lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and supercapacitors.1 We have reported that the synthesis of Sn-Ni alloy by electrodeposition in aqueous solution and its electrochemical behaviors as an anode for LIB and LIC.2,3 Through the above reports, we confirmed that the LIC consisting of Sn-Ni anode shows higher energy and power density than graphite anode based LIC because of high theoretical capacity of Sn (997 mAh g-1). Herein, the material characterization of Sn-Ni alloy was carried out. Besides, full-cell performances of LIC were tested and compared depending on with/without cell optimization.The Sn-Ni alloy is synthesized by electrodeposition using aqueous electrolyte consisting of Tin(II) chloride dihydrate and Nickel(II) chloride. The material characteristics of Sn-Ni alloy were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The electrochemical performances of Sn-Ni anode and LIC full-cell were tested using alf- and full-cell.The Sn-Ni alloy synthesized by electrodeposition has Ni3Sn4 phase which affects the reversible reaction of Sn-Ni alloy as an anode during lithiation/de-lithiation.2 For that reason, Sn-Ni alloy shows a good discharge performance as an anode for LIC (Fig. 1(a)). The in-depth chemical properties of Sn-Ni alloy was examined by GDOES (Fig. 1(b)). The region from the surface to around 6.9 μm shows that the Sn and Ni are mixed. After that, Cu peak corresponding to the Cu substrate was increased, resulting in an intermediate layer consisting of Sn, Ni, and Cu. The Cu signal after 29.4 μm is relatively higher than Sn and Ni, implying that only Cu substrate was presented. This result indicates that the Sn and Ni are mixed from top of Sn-Ni alloy to middle of film with a thickness of approximately 29. 4 μm.Full-cell optimization of LIC was conducted by mass balancing between cathode and anode. It was confirmed that LIC with cell optimization shows improved energy density and power density compared to LIC without cell optimization. Also, LIC consisting of Sn-Ni anode have higher energy and power density than LIC assembled using graphite anode (Fig.1 (c)). Through the above discussion, we believe that this report provides a blueprint for high-performance LIC with Sn-Ni alloy anode.(Figure 1)Fig. 1 (a) XRD patterns, (b) GDOES curves of Sn-Ni alloy, and (c) Ragone plot of LIC. Acknowledgement This work is partially supported by Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST-ALCA, JPMJAL1008).

An investigation of SnO2 nanofilm for solar cell application by spin coating technique

In this paper, we prepared the transparent nanofilms tin oxide (SnO2) by spin coating technique used for solar cell application. The usage of raw materials for fabrication are minimized and hence the costs is optimized. SnO2 is a transparent metal oxide and it has very superior electrical, thermal conducting and optical properties. The efficiency of the solar cell nanofilm depends mainly on the thickness of nanofilm layer. The optimizing parameters such as the solute concentration spin rate, time of the turn table and heat treatment temperature. Nanofilm thickness and heat treatment techniques are to be accounted for good SnO2 thin film production. SnO2 film is prepared from tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2·2H2O) in ethanol to prepare SnO2 thin films, tin (II) chloride dihydrate as precursor and ethanol as the solvent. Thus, nanofilm coated using spin coating techniques is subjected to various characterization techniques to study the nanofilm layer and its applications. The presence of SnO2 is identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the thickness of the layer is measured by Stylus Profilometer. The composition of the materials in the nanofilm are identified by XRD characterization.

Biofabricated SnO2 nanoparticles using Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) extract and the study on photocatalytic and electrochemical sensing activity

Biofabrication of SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) using Amaranthus tricolor L.) extract has been conducted. Synthesis of the nanoparticles was conducted by refluxing tin chloride dihydrate as SnO2 precursor followed by calcination at 400 °C. The formation of SnO2 NPs was identified from UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis and particle size analyzer. The resulting materials were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and diffuse reflectance UV-Visible (UV-DRS). Photocatalytic evaluation of SnO2 NPs was carried out in a photodegradation of bromophenol blue (BPB) under photocatalytic and photooxidation mechanism with the presence of H2O2. Physicochemical analyses confirm the formation of SnO2 NPs providing the capability to act as photoactive material. The photocatalytic activity studied by UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the superior activity of the nanoparticles for decomposition of BPB. The decomposition rate of BPB under photooxidation mechanism is higher than of photocatalysis mechanism. Both mechanisms obey pseudo-second order kinetics and the decomposition was identified from the shifted spectra of treated solution. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensing activity for the detection of heavy metal Hg2+ showed an increasing of sensitivity and feasibility of the SnO2/Au electrode compared to the bare Au with the limit of detection of 0.001 970 ppm. This result reveals the facile green synthesis route of SnO2NPs with the promising activities.

Tailoring of Gas Sensing Characteristics Using Bilayer Sensor with Oxide Semiconductor Sensing Layer and Nanoscale Au Catalytic Overlayer

Introduction Gas sensing characteristics of oxide semiconductor chemiresistors can be enhanced or controlled by loading noble metal catalysts to the entire sensing materials. Although uniform catalyst loading generally promotes the sensing reaction between analyte gas and ionized oxygen on the surface, it may induce other adverse effects such as 1) the excessive increase of sensor resistance depending on work function of metal catalyst, 2) the gas oxidation at the upper part of sensing film, and 3) the gas reforming during the gas transport within sensing film. Excessively high sensor resistance hampers the cost-effective signal measurement using conventional electric circuits, while it is difficult to separate the gas sensing, reforming, and oxidation reactions, leading to low controllability of gas sensing characteristics. Herein, a novel bilayer design with an oxide chemiresistors sensing layer (SnO2, ZnO, and Co3O4) and nanoscale catalytic Au overlayer was suggested to solve above problems. Bilayer sensor design effectively separated the sensing and catalytic reaction, leading to the excellent control of gas sensing characteristics without affecting the sensor resistance in air. Method Sensing materials SnO2 hollow spheres were prepared using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis of mixed solution consisting of 0.1 M of Tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2•2H2O, ≥ 99.99%) and 0.025 M of citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7•H2O, ≥ 99.0%). Droplets of this source solution were generated by ultrasonic transducers (resonance frequency: 1.7 MHz) and transferred into a quartz tube (inner diameter: 55 mm) in an electric furnace heated to 700 ºC in air (flow rate : 10 L/min) for pyrolysis. As-prepared precursor powders were converted into SnO2 hollow spheres via heat treatment at 600 ºC for 2 h in air. SnO2 sensing films were fabricated by screen printing onto Pt interdigitated electrode (IDE) (electrode gap: 100 µm) patterns on SiO2/Si substrates (size = 8 mm x 8 mm). Catalytic Au nanoparticles were deposited on the SnO2 thick films through e-beam evaporation of Au grains (99.998%) in a vacuum chamber (below 2×10-6 Torr) at a rate of 0.1 Å sec−1 (nominal thicknesses: 0.5, 1, and 3 nm), which were converted into discrete configurations of Au nanoparticles through heat treatment at 550 ºC for 2 h. Additionally, SnO2 thick films with 1-nm-thick Au overlayer were also heat treated at 550 ºC for 0.5 and 4 h to investigate the effects of Au configuration on gas sensing characteristics. Results and Conclusions The configuration of Au nanoparticle overlayer was changed by controlling the Au-coating thickness and annealing time and investigated the gas sensing characteristics of SnO2 sensors with various configurations of Au nanoparticles overlayer. The Au nanoparticle overlayer significantly enhanced the methylbenzene selectivity and response of SnO2 thick film sensor by reforming of less reactive methylbenzenes into more reactive species and suppressing the cross-responses to relatively reactive interference gases (e.g. ethanol and HCHO) through oxidative filtering. Furthermore, the methylbenzene selectivity and response of ZnO and Co3O4 were also significantly enhanced by introducing the Au nanoparticle overlayer, confirming the general validity on the role of Au nanoparticle overlayer. In all the sensing films, the gas transport as well as sensor resistance is hardly influenced by nanoscale catalytic Au overlayer, demonstrating that the bilayer sensor is promising platform to control the gas sensing characteristics by separating catalytic reaction and sensing reaction and by tuning the catalyst-induced gas reforming and oxidation reaction. These sensors can be used for various sensor applications with new functionality.

A Novel and Different Approach for the Synthesis of Quinoline Derivatives Starting Directly from Nitroarenes and Their Evaluation as Anti-Cancer Agents

A series of new quinoline derivatives (6-phenyl-6H-chromeno, [4,3-b] quinoline) have been prepared by using 4-chloro-2-phenyl-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde and various substituted nitroarenes as starting materials in the presence of Tin (II) chloride dihydrate and ethanol. The conversion in this synthesis involves the following steps (i) reduction of nitroarenes to anilines, (ii) Coupling of the anilines, chromene aldehydes (iii) Cyclization of resulting species and (iv) dehydration of cyclic intermediates. Several new quinolones have been prepared. We screened eight compounds of this novel series (6a-r) in three different cancer cell lines (B16F10, MCF7 and A549). The screened compounds showed moderate anticancer activity on two of the studied cell lines with best IC50 values of compound 6i (6.10±1.23 µM) and 6m (8.21±2.31 µM) on MCF7 cells. The selected compounds 6i and 6m led to morphological changes after treatment on MCF7 cell line. Interestingly, detailed studies suggested that the compounds 6i and 6m induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells in an oxidative stress independent manner without causing necrosis. In addition, we found destabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential behind the observed anticancer activity. Our results clearly indicate the promising anticancer potential of this novel series. This method is operationally simple and works with a diverse range of substrates.

Few-layer-graphene as intercalating agent for spray-pyrolysed fluorine-doped tin oxide transparent conducting electrode

In this work, the development of a robust method for the fabrication of a low-cost transparent conducting electrode (TCE) via the addition of graphene in the spray-pyrolysis of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is explained. Alcoholic suspensions of few-layer-graphene were produced via the liquid exfoliation of graphite in different alcoholic solutions as sonicating solvent. These mixtures were then mixed with ammonium fluoride and tin (II) chloride dihydrate precursors to fabricate graphene/FTO composite through spray pyrolysis. Graphene exfoliated with 50% aqueous ethanol proved to yield improved TCE properties with nearly two-fold enhancement in figure of merit (FOM) measured in terms of the ratio of optical transmittance and sheet resistance. Using optimized spraying conditions, graphene/FTO coatings still yielded slightly higher FOM compared to plain FTO. The increase in FOM is largely attributed to the decrease in sheet resistance with the incorporation of graphene flakes.

Actinomorphic ZnO microneedles decorated with SnO2 nanospheres: synthesis, characterization and optical studies

This work has extensively described the construction and characterization of actinomorphic ZnO microneedles decorated with SnO2 nanospheres. Hydrothermal treatment was utilized to fabricate needle-like ZnO microstructures using zinc nitrate tetrahydrate precursor in HMT aqueous solution. ZnO microneedles were then decorated with SnO2 nanospheres using tin (II) chloride dihydrate precursor via the co-precipitation deposition technique to form ZnO–SnO2 heterojunctions. A variety of techniques were employed for characterization of the structure, composition, morphology, and optical properties of the as-produced samples. The XRD and HRTEM results confirmed the formation of the tetragonal rutile SnO2 nanoparticles on the hexagonal wurtzite ZnO microstructures. The existence of surface functional groups and chemical bonding was investigated through FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. FESEM images confirmed actinomorphic needle-like morphologies for both undecorated and decorated samples. EDS analysis verified the existence of Zn, Sn, and O elements. UV–Vis DRS results revealed a blue shift in the adsorption band-edge towards smaller wavelengths after decorating. Photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to examine the recombination rate of photogenerated electron-holes and the presence of structural defects.

Synthesis of Tin(II) Oxide (SnO) Nanoparticle by Hydrothermal Method

<p>This study aims to prepare nanomaterial tin(II) oxide (SnO) by using a simple hydrothermal method at low temperatures. The precursors used were tin(II) chloride dihydrate and sodium hydroxide pellets. Solid tin(II) chloride dihydrate and natrium hydroxide pellets are firstly dissolved in ethanol solvents separately and stirred for 3 h for each solution at a constant temperature 26<sup>o</sup>C. Characterization in this study were carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The results of the XRD analysis shows that the sample of SnO nanoparticle is in accordance with the standard JCPDS SnO structure. SnO nanoparticle has tetragonal crystal structures and PSC: tp4 groups. It can be concluded that the tetragonal SnO nanostructure can be produced by a simple hydrothermal method at low temperatures by optimizing several synthesis parameters. The structure of SnO nanostructure has several potential applications i.e the absorption of heavy metals, optics, and as a catalyst for dye photodegradation.</p>

Regioselective reduction of 5-aryl-10,15,20-tris(pyridyl) porphyrin to 5-aryl-10,15,20-tris(pyridyl)dihydroporphyrin (chlorin)

Dihydroporphyrins or chlorins differ from porphyrins only by saturation of a peripheral double bond of the macrocycle. However, this small structural difference leads to a significant increase of the absorption band at approximately 650 nm, which makes them very interesting candidates for photodynamic therapy applications. The reduction of porphyrins bearing two, three or four pyridyl substituents with tin(II) chloride has been developed for the synthesis of dihydroporphyrins in yields of 15–73%. The reduction of 5-(aryl)-10,15,20-tris(2 or 4-pyridyl)porphyrin with tin(II) chloride dihydrate demonstrated good regioselectivity. Porphyrins with one meso-aryl bearing one electron-donating group (EDG) gave 5-aryl-10,15,20-tris(2- or 4-pyridyl)-17,18-dihydroporphyrins in 17–72% yield. Porphyrins with one meso-aryl bearing one or more electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) gave 5-aryl-10,15,20-tris(4-pyridyl)-17,18-dihydroporphyrins or 5-aryl-10,15,20-tris(4-pyridyl)-7,8-dihydroporphyrins in 15–21% yield and isobacteriochlorin. We have also proven the possibility of functionalizing these compounds to design new regioisomerically pure photosensitizers.

Effect of SnCl2 addition on the structure and lithium storage performance of SiOC anodes

Sn/SiOC composites with varying Sn content were prepared by the sol–gel method with phenyltriethoxysilane (PhTES) and Tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2·2H2O) as precursors. The effect of SnCl2 addition on the microstructure, morphology and lithium storage performance of SiOC anodes was investigated. Incorporation of SnCl2 not only reduces carbon-contained units of SiOC ceramics, but also increases the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of carbon during the pyrolysis conversion. The formation of Sn involves carbothermal reduction reaction of SnO2 with the free carbon, and the degree of carbothermal reduction increases with the increase of Sn/Si ratio, which results in the reduction of carbon content and destruction of SiOC matrix. The size of Sn nanograins increases from 20 nm to 450 nm with the increasing Sn/Si ratio. The rate capability of Sn/SiOC composites increases first and then decreases with the increase of Sn content. The SiOC and Sn-PhTES-0.15 derived Sn/SiOC composite exhibit better electrochemical performance, which delivers a stable reversible capacity of 485 mAh g−1 and 411 mAh g−1, respectively at 186 mA g−1 after 250 cycles. The uniform dispersed Sn nanograins (below 20 nm), SiOC structure units and the free carbon phase both contribute to better electrochemical properties. However, the free carbon provides a higher reversible capacity than that of Sn and SiOC units, which results in the inferior lithium storage capacity of Sn/SiOC composites.

Optical, structural, morphological, and compositional properties of cobalt doped tin oxide (CTO) thin films deposited by modified chemical bath method in alkaline medium

Tin oxide and cobalt doped tin oxide (CTO) thin films were successfully deposited using modified chemical bath method with tin (II) chloride dihydrate and cobalt chloride hexahydrate as precursors for Sn and Co ions respectively, in the presence of ammonium hydroxide as source of oxygen and pH adjuster. The samples obtained were annealed for 4 h at a temperature of 673 K and characterized for optical, structural, morphological and compositional analysis. The films exhibit low absorbance values (0.02–0.31) and low reflectance values (2.14%–20.10%) which varies directly with cobalt ion (Co2+) concentration. The transmittance values (48.64%–96.16%) of the films are high and varies inversely with cobalt ion (Co2+) concentration. The refractive index varies directly with increasing cobalt ion concentration and ranges from 2.60 to 1.49 for doped film and 1.34 for the undoped SnO2. Extinction coefficient of the films varies directly with cobalt ion concentration. The films have wide band gap, (2.90 eV–2.72 eV for doped films and 3.05 eV for undoped SnO2 thin film). Structural analysis revealed that the films are of tetragonal rutile phase of SnO2 with mineral name of cassiterite and confirmed that the grain sizes of the deposited films range from 10.99 nm to 9.40 nm. The dislocation density ranged between 8.28×10−3(line/nm2) and 11.32×10−3(line/nm2) while the microstrain obtained ranged between 6.07×10−3 to 12.03×10−3. The compositional results revealed the presence of the Sn, Co, O2 and some traces of other elements. The SEM images obtained show uniform surface without any voids or flaws. The micrographs show that the surfaces are composed of particles of slightly different sizes.

Potential semiconductor material based on the multiwall carbon nanotube - maleic anhydride - 1-octene/SnS nanocomposite

ABSTRACTThe sonochemical method was applied for the synthesis of SnS nanoparticles from tin (II) chloride dihydrate and thiourea using a multiwall carbon nanotube – maleic anhydride – 1-octene system as the matrix. The matrix was obtained by the ‘grafting from’ approach from oxidized nanotubes and maleic anhydride – 1-octene. The nanotubes used for reinforcing the matrix were synthesized by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition using Fe-Co/Al2O3 as the catalyst. The resulting nanocomposite was characterized via TEM, SEM, FTIR, XRD, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopy approaches. Investigation of electrophysical properties revealed that the obtained nanostructure is an appropriate material for making optical and semiconductor devices.

Synthesis, structure determination and characterization by UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy of bis-(diiso-propyl-ammonium) cis-di-chlorido-bis(oxalato-κ2 O 1,O 2)stannate(IV).

The organic-inorganic title salt, (C6H16N)2[Sn(C2O4)2Cl2] or ( i Pr2NH2)2[Sn(C2O4)2Cl2], was obtained by reacting bis-(diiso-propyl-ammonium) oxalate with tin(IV) chloride dihydrate in methanol. The SnIV atom is coordinated by two chelating oxalate ligands and two chloride ions in cis positions, giving rise to an [Sn(C2O4)2Cl2]2- anion (point group symmetry 2), with the SnIV atom in a slightly distorted octa-hedral coordination. The cohesion of the crystal structure is ensured by the formation of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding between (iPr2NH2)+ cations and [SnCl2(C2O4)2]2- anions. This gives rise to an infinite chain structure extending parallel to [101]. The main inter-chain inter-actions are van der Waals forces. The electronic spectrum of the title compound displays only one high intensity band in the UV region assignable to ligand-metal ion charge-transfer (LMCT) transitions. An IR spectrum was also recorded and is discussed.

One-Electron Reduction of 2-Mono(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)acenaphthene-1-one (dpp-mian).

The electrochemical characteristics of 2-mono(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)acenaphthene-1-one (dpp-mian) have been investigated. One-electron reduction of dpp-mian involves the iminoketone fragment, which is revealed by the EPR spectrum obtained after the electrolysis of the dpp-mian solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The reduction of dpp-mian with one equivalent of metallic potassium leads to a similar EPR spectrum. The sodium complex [(dpp-mian)Na(dme)]2 (1) produces an EPR signal with hyperfine coupling on the nitrogen atom of the iminoketone fragment of the dpp-mian ligand. Dpp-mian can also be reduced in a one-electron process by SnCl2 ×(dioxane). In this case, complex (dpp-mian)2 SnCl2 (2) is formed, with the tin atom displaying an oxidation state of +4. Tin(II) chloride dihydrate, SnCl2 ×2(H2 O), also reduces dpp-mian, but the two ligands bound to tin in the product form a new carbon-carbon bond between the ketone moieties of the dpp-mian monoanions to form complex (bis-dpp-mian)HSnCl3 (3). Metallic tin reduces dpp-mian to form the (bis-dpp-mian)2 Sn (4) species. Compounds 1-4 were characterized by X-ray diffraction.

Effect of Oxygen Vacancy on Structural, Optical and Magnetic Behavior of Tin Oxide Nanoparticles

Nanocrystalline SnO2powder has been successfully synthesized by using tin(II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl[Formula: see text]H2O), distilled water and liquid ammonia by the simple chemical co-precipitation method at room temperature using different SnCl[Formula: see text]H2O molar concentration of 0.3[Formula: see text]M, 0.4[Formula: see text]M and 0.5[Formula: see text]M. The structural properties of the prepared SnO2and transition metal doped SnO2nanoparticles has been studied using X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscope. The composition of the powders has been analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The XRD pattern of the SnO2nanoparticles indicates the formation of single-phase rutile tetragonal structure. The grain size is found to be in the range of 3–7[Formula: see text]nm and is found to increase with increasing SnCl2molar concentration. The absorption spectra revealed that the bandgap decreased from 3.74[Formula: see text]eV to 3.59[Formula: see text]eV with increasing SnCl2molar concentration. The photoluminescence spectra of SnO2nanoparticles showed a visible broad luminescence band in the region of 385–430[Formula: see text]nm. The magnetic studies have been carried out using the hysteresis loop obtained from a vibrating sample magnetometer. The SnO2samples using 0.3 and 0.4 SnCl2molar concentration exhibited ferromagnetic behavior whereas the SnO2sample prepared using 0.5[Formula: see text]M SnCl[Formula: see text]H2O exhibited paramagnetic nature.

Design of CuO/SnO2 heterojunction photocatalyst with enhanced UV light-driven photocatalytic activity on congo-red and malachite green dyes

In this work, CuO–SnO2 composite thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis method using copper acetate and tin chloride dihydrate as raw materials. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the prepared nanocomposite were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV–Vis absorption spectra analysis. The calculated grain size was in the range from 27 to 54 nm. SEM images reveal a spherical shaped morphology with an average diameter of around 10–15 nm. EDX analysis confirms the composition of the deposited thin films. The band gap of the composite thin films obtained from the optical absorption spectra is observed to be in the range from 2.98 to 3.67 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite was investigated using congo-red (CR) and malachite green (MG) under UV light irradiation. The results showed that the CuO–SnO2 composite exhibits superior photocatalytic performance towards CR such as high degradation efficiency (97%) and long term stability (only 3% loss) after a seven cycles test. This enhanced photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the low recombination probability of photo-induced carriers due to the efficient charge transfer in the nanocomposites. The improved photocatalytic mechanism of CuO–SnO2 composite is also discussed in brief.

Characterization Thin Film Nano Particle of Aluminum Tin Oxide (AlTO) as Touch Screen

The aims of this research are to synthesis Aluminum Tin Oxide (AlTO) thin films have been deposited on glass substrates. The Tin (II) chloride dihydrate as precursor, ethanol as solvent, and AlCl3 as dopant substance, the film was done by spin coating technique. Then to characterization the properties of the thin film as the Structural and morphological analysis was carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurement and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The Optical characteristics were analyzed from the study of transmission and absorption spectrum data obtained by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The Result from XRD measurement, there were crystal system alterations. They were confirmed that SnO2 and SnO2 doped Aluminum have cubic structure (by material phase classification of Al2O4Sn) because of the substrate compositions contained Aluminum. The XRD pattern shows that grain size of thin film decreased just after the Aluminum dopant was added. EDX analysis confirms the presence of SnO2. The Optical characteristics were analyzed from the study of transmission and absorption spectrum data obtained by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The Aluminum was added by various concentrations (5, 10, and 15)%. Transmissions of visible light were better on the little concentrations of Al, but absorptions were lower too. The range of band gap energy value (3.52 – 3.47) eV was decreased by increasing the Aluminum concentration. It show that semiconductor range used touch Screen.

Sol–gel synthesis of Sn/Fe co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles: study of structural, optical and photocatalytic properties

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles co-doped with tin and iron cations were synthesized using a simple sol–gel method with titanium(IV) tetra isopropoxide, tin(II) chloride dihydrate and iron(III) chloride hexahydrate as precursor materials. Different samples of Sn and Fe co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (3, 5, 7 wt% Sn and 3, 5, 7 wt% Fe) were prepared. The effect of co-dopant on structural, optical, photocatalytic, and morphological properties of doped TiO2 nanoparticles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Surface chemical state of nanoparticle was thoroughly examined by atomic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. XRD results showed the formation of TiO2 anatase phase in all samples. UV–Vis spectra showed that Sn/Fe co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles showed a decrease in the band gap energy (Eg) relative to undoped TiO2 sample. Thus, co-doped samples showed enhanced absorption at visible region and exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue solution under visible irradiation. 5 wt% Sn + 5 wt% Fe sample showed better photocatalytic activity than others samples.

Thermal Calcination-Based Production of SnO₂ Nanopowder: An Analysis of SnO₂ Nanoparticle Characteristics and Antibacterial Activities.

SnO2 nanoparticle production using thermal treatment with tin(II) chloride dihydrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone capping agent precursor materials for calcination was investigated. Samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), diffuse UV-vis reflectance spectra, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and the electron spin resonance (ESR). XRD analysis found tetragonal crystalline structures in the SnO2 nanoparticles generated through calcination. EDX and FT-IR spectroscopy phase analysis verified the derivation of the Sn and O in the SnO2 nanoparticle samples from the precursor materials. An average nanoparticle size of 4–15.5 nm was achieved by increasing calcination temperature from 500 °C to 800 °C, as confirmed through TEM. The valence state and surface composition of the resulting nanoparticle were analyzed using XPS. Diffuse UV-vis reflectance spectra were used to evaluate the optical energy gap using the Kubelka-Munk equation. Greater calcination temperature resulted in the energy band gap falling from 3.90 eV to 3.64 eV. PL spectra indicated a positive relationship between particle size and photoluminescence. Magnetic features were investigated through ESR, which revealed the presence of unpaired electrons. The magnetic field resonance decreases along with an increase of the g-factor value as the calcination temperature increased from 500 °C to 800 °C. Finally, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Gram (–ve) and Bacillus subtilis UPMC 1175 Gram (+ve) were used for in vitro evaluation of the tin oxide nanoparticle’s antibacterial activity. This work indicated that the zone of inhibition of 22 mm has good antibacterial activity toward the Gram-positive B. subtilis UPMC 1175.