Timurid Period Research Articles

The Impact of Political and Cultural Alterations on Crown Designs in the Herat School Paintings of the Timurid Period

A crown or headwear was considered one of the most important parts of clothing in the past. More than any other article of clothing, it expressed one’s social position and status. As a symbol of royalty in Iran, the design of crowns evolved over different historical periods. At times, it was used as a symbol to show power and authority. At others, it was as a symbol of the tyranny of mighty kings, and sometimes a symbol of luxury and aristocratic life. The Timurid period, with all of its political and social turbulence, is considered one of the most brilliant periods of painting, where new details and subjects appeared. This article investigates the role of crowns and headdresses with a historical descriptive method based on the existing library sources. It shows how the design of the crown in the paintings of the Timurid period was mostly influenced by cultural and religious factors. Timurid artists of the Herat school did not stick to the historical facts. Instead they sought to present an ideal image of the king, following the standards of the era, displaying slight differences in each period and reign.

Джинны и дивы как «чужие»: демонизация образа врага в классической мусульманской традиции и ее истоки

The present paper analyzes the origins of certain motifs of demonizing the “other” in classical Islamic tradition. It reveals the main trends in the development of this mythologem based off of textual analysis. The material for the analysis is a body of Arabic and Persian texts of different genres: history (al-Tabari, al-Juwayni, Khvandamir, Sharaf al-Din Bidlisi), geography ('adja’ib), folklore (“The Thousand and One Nights”), epic poetry (Firdawsi, Nizami), and theological literature (Muhammad al-Tusi). Motifs such as the hero marching to a land infested by demonic enemies and demonizing black people date back to Indo-Iranian tradition. A powerful enemy is often associated with a demon. This comparison emphasizes his superhuman fighting qualities. The most representative case is the demonizing of formidable conquerors, such as the Mongols. Demonizing the enemy is particularly frequent in official chronicles from the Timurid period onward. Comparison with demons had become an important component of Muslim ethics by the 14th and 15th centuries. Demonizing the outsiders can actually be seen most clearly in the visual arts: from pre-Islamic monumental painting in Central Asia to book miniatures. The most illustrative example is the depiction of demons in the paintings of Siyah Qalam. The author declares no conflict of interests.

Telaah Arsitektur Eklektik pada Bangunan Masjid Haji Keuchiek Leumiek

Indonesia is a country where the majority of the population is Muslim, especially Aceh. So it is not surprising that you can find many mosques with magnificent architecture and a great historical background. With globalization, many new architectural styles have emerged, for example eclectic architecture which influences the exterior and interior shapes of mosques. The application of eclectic architecture in the design process by adopting elements that are considered the best originating from local and non-local architecture so as to produce a building model that has its own charm and characteristics. One element of foreign architecture that is now being adopted domestically is Middle Eastern architecture. This phenomenon made researchers interested in conducting research on one of the mosques that displays Middle Eastern accents on its building facade, namely the Haji Keuchiek Leumiek Mosque, Banda Aceh. This research aims to reveal the eclectic aspects of the Haji Keuchiek Leumiek Mosque building, as well as which facade elements adopt Middle Eastern architecture. The method used to obtain data in this research is a comparative-qualitative method. Data collection techniques are carried out through observing the location of the study object, conducting interviews and documenting it in photographs, then comparing it with expert theories to reach conclusions. The results of the analysis show that the Haji Keuchiek Leumiek Mosque was built with characteristics of eclecticism. Middle Eastern architecture and various regional ornamental arts combine to create unique design aspects of the mosque. Awan Meucanek, Bungoeng Meulu, Bungoeng Putik, Sulur Oen Teube, Awan, and Bungong Geulima are examples of local ornaments in mosque architecture. The findings show that when compared with the remains of Islamic dynasties, the architecture of this Middle Eastern mosque is not exactly the same. However, in general, the architectural design of this mosque is very similar to mosques built during the Fatimid and Timurid periods.

OLMASA MEKTUBUN... FAZLULLAH’IN TORUNUNUN ŞAHRUH DÖNEMİNDE YAŞADIKLARI

One of the most important documents in Hurufi history is a letter known as Saḥīfat al-Istikhlās sent by Amīr Ghiyāth al-Dīn to Mawlānā Ḥasan, a Hurufi darwish. Aḥmad-i Lur attempted to assasinate Shāhrukh, the ruler of the Timurid Empire, in 830/1427. Aḥmad-i Lur was killed on the spot and because of the lettrist books found in his room and the people he met, it was concluded that Aḥmad-i Lur was a Hurufi. Two years later Faḍlallah's grandson Amīr Nūr-Allah and Faḍlallah's caliph ʿAlī al-Aʿlā's nephew Amīr Ghiyāth al-Dīn, considered as the instigators of the assassination were arrested, interrogated, imprisoned and finally escaped from the dungeon. This letter which has a unique copy, describes all these processes in detail. In the letter, the views of the administrators and the scholars of the Timurid period towards Hurufis, and some relations of the Hurufis with Timurids and Qaraqoyunlus are clearly reflected. In addition, it shows that the Timurid rulers and administrators had had very limited knowledge regarding Hurufism. In addition to the historical records of this letter, in which the defendants describe a trial process in the Timurid Empire of the 15th century, it also provides some important information on Hurufi doctrine, such as the jurisprudential sect of Faḍlallah and his family, the difference between them and the followers of Vaḥdat al-Vujūd. This article first of all explains the historical background of assasination attempt and interrogation process. It tries as well to create a chronology relying on the data of the letter. The historical and doctrinal importance of this letter was analysed in detail in this article. Keywords: Hurufism, Saḥīfat al-Istikhlās, Amīr Nūr-Allah, Amīr Ghiyāth al-Dīn, Shāhrukh, Ulugh Bey.

Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan. Revised edition, written by Warwick BallThe archaeology of Afghanistan. From the earliest times to the Timurid Period, edited by Warwick Ball and Norman Hammond

"Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan. Revised edition , written by Warwick Ball The archaeology of Afghanistan. From the earliest times to the Timurid Period , edited by Warwick Ball and Norman Hammond" published on 06 Feb 2023 by Brill.

The Role of the Hafiz-I Abru’s Written Heritage in the Historiography of the Temurids Period

Historical works written in Movarounnahr and Khorasan in the 14th-15th centuries occupy a special place in Eastern historiography in terms of their writing style and scope of the topic. Because they were the basis for the development of the field of historiography and the emergence of new directions in it. The development of the field of historiography is primarily due to the patronage of Amir Temur and the Timurid princes, as well as the merits of the great historians who lived in that time. To date, there are a number of studies on the history of Amir Temur and the political and cultural life of the Timurid period, in particular, on the works of historians of this period. However, little attention was paid to the role of the scientific heritage of historians who lived dyuring this period in the development of the field of historiography. This article analyzes the role of the scientific heritage of one of the famous historians and geographers of the Middle Ages, Hafiz-i Abru, in the historiography of the Timurid era. For this, the contribution of the historian to the development of the cultural life of the Timurid period, especially in the field of historiography, in connection with the history of this period, will be highlighted. The significance of the scientific heritage of Hafiz-i Abru in the study of the history of Amir Temur and the Timurid period is discussed. The similarities and differences of the historian with other historians of his time are analyzed.

The Spiritual Heritage of The Philosopher Alisher Navoi in The Scientific Work of Oriental Scientist E. Bertels

Annotation: Annotation: this article depicts the formation of the oeuvres of the philosopher Alisher Navoi in the scientific work of Bertels. In his works, Bertels made a comparative analysis of gazelles, qasidas, quatrains, masnavids, and continents, written in Persian and Turkic languages. The article will talk about the fact that the formation of Navoi’s scientific creations is directly related to the Timurid period, not only encouraging poets who created in the Turkic language during the Timurid period but also about their fruitful work in this area. Alisher Navoi also talks about the fact that he lived before him and was inspired by them along with a deep analysis, studying the creativity of the creators of his time, which was one of the important factors in the formation of Navoi's works.

Sa’diy Sheroziy “Bo‘ston” asarining Kamoliddin Behzod ijodidagi talqini

This article reflects on the fact that the development of book art, which has come a long way of development in the Middle East and Movarounnakhr, is directly related to literature, the most perfect artistic and historical works are selected for the creation of ornamental manu-scripts, among which the works of Saadi Sherazi “Boston” and “Guliston” are one of the works that have been repeatedly addressed by calligraphers, the interpretation of the essence of Saadi’s poem “Boston”, the views of the works of Kamoliddin Bekhzad, the great artist of the Timurid period.

Timur ve İrfanın İki Yüzü: Timur’un Rum Diyarı Şeyhlerinden Otman Baba ve Şeyh Bedreddin ile Bağlantısı

Bu çalışma, Timur etrafındaki Otman Baba ve Şeyh Bedreddin isimli iki şeyhi konu edinmektedir. Günümüzde Otman Baba ve Şeyh Bedreddin’in isimleri kendilerine bağlı topluluklarca hala anılmaktadır. Otman Baba Velayetnamesinin verdiği bilgiye göre Timur ile Horasan’dan Rum diyarına gelmiştir. Şeyh Bedreddin ise Tebriz’de Timur ile görüşmüştür. Her iki şeyhin menakıbında, Timur’dan bahsedilmekte ve Timur ile ilişkileri hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Timur ve Yıldırım Beyazıd arasındaki Ankara Savaşı ile değerlendirilen siyasi ve askeri ilişki, tarafların kendi dünya görüşlerine göre belirlenmiş bir aktarıma sahiptir. Siyasi ve askeri aktarımın dışında Timur’un Anadolu’ya hareketinde yanında birçok âlim ve şeyh ile hareket ettiği ya da onun ile birçok âlim ve şeyhin görüştüğü kaynaklarda yer almaktadır. Bu husus alanın sorunlu kısmına işaret etmekte ve bu sorunun aşılmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Timur ile birlikte hareket eden ve yer değiştiren sosyal çevre ve yaşadıkları mekan, alanın daha geniş ve çerçeveli olduğuna dikkat çekebilecek bir örnek sunmaktadır. Buna göre Otman Baba ve Şeyh Bedreddin, Timur zamanında yaşamış ve Timur sonrasında birçok faaliyet yürütmüştür. Otman Baba Velayetnamesinin verdiği bilgiye göre Timur ile Horasan’dan gelmiş ve metindeki tek bir cümleyle Anadolu’nun Horasan ile ilişkisini sürdürdüğüne vurgu yapılmıştır. Otman Baba’nın seyahati ve güzergahı dikkate alınacak olursa Horasan irfanı Azerbaycan’da devam ettirilmiş ve Anadolu’ya ulaşmıştır. Bununla birlikte Timur dönemi ve sonrasında Horasan, Azerbaycan ve Anadolu’da ortaya çıkan sufi veya dini hareketler içerisinde Şeyh Bedreddin hareketi önemli bir yere sahiptir. Şeyh Bedreddin hareketi, siyasi ve idari düşünce ve anlayışın tartışıldığı ve farklı bir anlayışın icra edildiği yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Timur, Ankara Savaşı, Otman Baba, Şeyh Bedreddin, Rum Diyarı - Anadolu.

The role of Amir Alishir Newayee in creating the culture of the Timurid period in Herat

دورۀ تیموریان هرات، درخشان‌ترین دورۀ تمدُّنی سرزمین ماست و نقش امیرعلی‌شیر نوایی در ایجاد تمدُّن این دوره در تاریخ کشور ما قابل‌بحث است. تحقیق در این زمینه، ارزش‌مند است؛ چه راه را برای درک اسباب شکوفایی تمدنی این دوره باز می‌کند. این مقاله، به تبیین این امر پرداخته و در پی این بوده است تا چندوچون سهمِ امیر علی‌شیر نوایی در تمدُّن‌آفرینی دورۀ تیموریان را تبیین نماید و پاسخ دهد که: نقش امیر علی‌شیر در شکوفایی تمدن این دوره چه‌گونه بوده است؟ این پژوهش، که به روش تحلیلی – توصیفی و با استفاده از ابزار کتاب‌خانه‌یی انجام شده، می‌رساند که نوایی به حیث فردی صاحب اقتدار‌ در ابعاد حاکمیت و سیاست، آفرینش آثار علمی و ادبی، و احداث بناهای خیریه و عام‌المنفعه، توانسته است در تمدُّن این دوره، ارزنده‌ترین و جامع‌ترین سهم را ایفا نماید؛ چنان‌که کم‌تر وزیری در دوران وزارتش به چنین دست‌آوردهای تمدُّنی و فرهنگی دست یافته است. نوایی از مؤثرترین شخصیت‌هایی است که در ایجاد و شکوفایی تمدن دورۀ تیموریان نقش به‌سزایی را دارا بوده است.

A Palette for a Prince: The Colours in the Shahnamah for Muhammad Juki

AbstractThe Shahnamah (RAS 239) copied for the Timurid prince, Muhammad Juki (1402–1445) in Herat, has long been considered one of the finest surviving, illustrated Timurid manuscripts. It was presented to the RAS in 1834 by Lieutenant Colonel Doyle (1787–1848), but attracted little scholarly attention until Barbara Brend published her monograph in 2010. The manuscript contains 31 exquisite miniature paintings, two of which (fol. 430v and fol. 531r) were added later during the Mughal period (1526–1761). This article will examine the sumptuous, jewel-like colours employed to depict scenes from the epic and the metals, pigments, and dyes from which they were derived. Precious metals and organic colours made from plants such as indigo and lac extracted from female insects are examined in detail: the methods of their production and extraction, the techniques used for their application, their commercial value, and the prestige they afforded their patrons all contribute to an understanding of what constituted the miniature painters' palette in the Timurid period.

EYYÛBİLER, BAHRİ MEMLÛKLER VE TİMUR DÖNEMİNDE HASTALIK VE ÖLÜM NEDENİYLE SADAKA VERME GELENEĞİ

İslâmiyet yoksulu maddi bakımdan iyileştirmek adına bazı kurallar ve yenilikler getirmiştir. Türkler bu kuralları kısa sürede özümsemiştir. Zira öteden beri Türk sosyal yapısının doğasında yardımlaşmak ve paylaşmak gibi değerler mevcuttur. 
 İslam’ın yoksulluğa çözüm olarak getirdiği yeniliklerden biri sadakadır. Bu yenilik, Türk kültüründe mal ületmek kavramıyla örtüşmektedir. Kaşgarlı Mahmud ve Yusuf Has Hâcib yoksullara yapılan maddi yardımları bu tabirle ifade etmiş, sürekli cömertliğe vurgu yapmışlardır. Yusuf Has Hacib ayrıca, hastalıktan kurtulmak, kötü rüyaların etkisinden korunmak, Tanrı’nın rızasını kazanmak gibi bazı durumlar için sadaka verilmesini önermiştir. Dede Korkut hikâyelerinde sadaka geçmekte olup baş ve gözün kefareti ve dileklerin gerçekleşmesi için verilmektedir.
 Türk devlet adamları uygun gördükleri her vakit sadaka dağıtmaya özen göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte bu gelenek genelde, doğum ve sünnet gibi kutlamalarda, günahlardan arınmak ve korunmak için, kutsal aylarda, dinî bayramlarda ve günlerde, kabir ziyaretlerinde, matem vakitlerinde, hastalık ve şifa zamanlarında uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca bu son iki durumda kimi hükümdarlar köle ve cariyelerini özgür kılmış, vergileri kaldırmış veya düşürmüş, borçlunun borcunu ödemiş, mahkûmları serbest bırakmıştır. Müslüman Türk hanedan üyeleri ayrıca, Mekke ve Medine fakirlerine yüklü miktarlarda pek çok sadaka göndermiş, hac yollarının bakımı, hacıların güvenliği, hacılara erzak ve su teminini gönüllü olarak üstlenmiştir
 Müslüman Türk devlet adamları gelenekte sadakanın kişiyi hastalıklardan koruduğu ve belayı def ettiği inancından ötürü hastalık vakitlerinde bu âdeti yerine getirmiştir. Eyyûbî, Memlûk ve Timur dönemi bu geleneğin yürürlükte olduğu en canlı dönemlerdendir. Eyyûbi Devleti’nin kurucusu Selahaddin Eyyûbî, kardeşi el-Âdil, el-Melikü’z-Zâhir, Hama hâkimi el-Melik el-Mansur Nâsıreddin Muhammed, El-Melikü’l Muazzam Şerefüddîn Îsâ b. el-Âdil b. Eyyûb, el-Eşref Musa b. Âdil bu geleneği uygulayan Eyyubi hükümdarlarındandır. Memlûk sultanlarından Melikü’z-Zâhir Baybars, Kalavun ve Kalavun ailesi ve emirler bu geleneği muhafaza etmiştir. Memlûk sultanları iyileştiklerinde emirleri ve diğer devlet adamları tarafından tebrik edilmiş, Kahire’de ve Mısır’da şenlikler düzenlenmiş, hilatlar dağıtılmıştır. 
 Müslüman Türk devlet adamları ölünün ruhu için sadakalar dağıtmıştır. Memlûklerde dağıtılan sadaka dışında sadakadan sayılan, cenaze önüne halk tarafından yağmalanması için kefaretler hazırlanmıştır. Timur kendi aile fertlerinin mateminde yukarıdaki gelenekleri yerine getirmiştir. Timur, oğlu Cihangir’in, kızı Tagayşah Aka Beg’in, eşi Dilşad Aga’nın, ablası Kutluk Türkan’ın ve babasının hatunu Kadak Hatun’un yaslarını tutmuş ve ruhları için yoksulara yemekler vermiş, sadakalar vermiştir. Selçuklu sultanları ve İlhanlılar da matem sırasında bu geleneği tatbik etmiştir. Müslüman Türk devlet adamları ölüm yıl dönümü nedeniyle de aynı usulleri icra etmişlerdir. Timur’un ve Şehzade Muhammed Sultan’ın ölüm yıl dönemlerinde sadakalar dağıtılmıştır.
 Biz bu çalışmada Eyyubiler, Bahri Memlûkler ve Timur dönemi temelinde Türk hanedanlıklarında hastalık ve matem zamanlarında sadaka dağıtma geleneği konusunu değerlendireceğiz.

THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE SCHOLARS OF MAWARANNAHR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF KALAM IN THE TEMURID PERIOD

A distinctive feature of the development of Kalam science during the Timurid period is that, by this time, the number of sharhs and hashiyas on previous classical works was more than individual independent fundamental works on new topics. It can be specified that this work was written in the direction of Ahl as-Sunna, that is Maturidiyya or Ash’ariyya. It can be distinguished mainly by some of the characteristics that exist between the Maturidiyya and the Ash’ariyya. Although some sources describe these differences in different ways, from three to sixty, most researchers know that they are word-related differences. More than ten separate papers were also written explaining the differences. The article notes that the development of Kalam during the Timurid period was relatively stable and without abrupt changes and that 23 scholars of Mawarannahr were engaged in Kalam. They wrote works on Kalam, which consisted mainly of commentaries. It was a characteristic feature of this period.

TARIXIY HAQIQAT VA BADIIY TALQIN

There are various assessments, interpretations, and in many cases contradictory views and ideas about the image of Amir Temur, a multifaceted figure who played a significant role in the history of the peoples of the world. Such information is contained not only in historical works but also in the art of artistic expression. We decided to study only a part of the treasury of the universal temurnoma, covering a period of six centuries, that is, the level of artistic coverage of the Uzbek temurnoma in Uzbek literature of the independence period. The article reveals the issues of historical truth and artistic interpretation of Amir Temur’s Sakhibkiran of the Timurid period. The degree of reflection of the image of Amir Temur, the founder of the Timurid period, in the literature of the period of independence is described in the article. Accurately reflecting the life and history of Amir Temur, the role of this great man in the destinies of the peoples of Turanzamin, the Middle East and Europe is illustrated by the example of Buribai Akhmedov’s novel Amir Temur, in which an objective assessment is given.

Bâbürnâme’nin Edebî Tür Açısından Özellikleri

The most valuable representative of the Chagatai language, which developed as a continuation of the Khwarezm Turkish, which was formed in the Timurid period under the influence of Islamic civilization in the Greater Turkestan region, is the great writer and language scholar Alişir Nevâî. After that, different ideas and interpretations are presented on the literary genre features of the work of Zahirüddin Muhammed Bâbürşah, who contributed to the Chagatai language and literature. While it is com-pared with the works of some Western historical figures, others claim that it is a unique work. In this study, although it is natural for the literary genres based on narrative to form certain differences in style, form and content from the past to the present, in terms of their qualities, the pecu-liarities of the main elements in historical texts, memoirs, case narratives, and diary writings are mentioned.

Reading the Ascension (Meraj Nameh) writing of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) (Ilkhani and Timurid period) from the perspective of ancient Iranian mythology

Reading the Ascension (Meraj Nameh) writing of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) (Ilkhani and Timurid period) from the perspective of ancient Iranian mythology

Written and Pictorial Sources on the Architecture of Persia and Central Asia during the Era of Timur’s and Timurids’ Rule

The article is devoted to the study of the most valuable source at the culture and architecture of Persia and Central Asia during the reign of Timur (late 14th — early 15th centuries) — the diary of the Spanish ambassador to the court of Timur. At this stage in the development of researching on the Persian and Central Asian architecture of the Timurid period, along with the problem of “analysis” of monuments and artistic style, the problem of “synthesis” of image of these architecture is urgent. The authors of this article propose a methodology for restoring the general impression of this architecture, which can serve as a basis for the process of “synthesis”, based on the study of the contemporary written source of the early 15th century — the diary of the Spanish grandee Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who was part of the Spanish embassy, sent by the Castilian king Enrice III to the court of Timur at 1403–1406. Being an educated man and receptive to the new, Clavijo was able to isolate the characteristic features of the worldview of a man of the East, primarily an oriental despot, and the associated features of the art of the East. He and his colleagues in the embassy drew attention to the cunning, treachery, ingenuity, secrecy of the eastern rulers. The Spaniards were struck by the luxury, power and wealth of Timur’s state, which at that time was at the zenith of glory. The Spaniards, accustomed to the stability of architectural images in their native Spain, were amazed at the variability of the artistic images of the East. They drew attention to the love of the representatives of the peoples of the East for free draperies, giving themselves to the will of the wind, in the temporary architecture and in festive women’s clothes, that by their nature were well consistent with the decoration of architectural buildings. The Spanish envoys revealed that subservient to the first and most faithful fresh impression, tenaciously grasping the main difference between the architecture of Timur’s state and contemporary European architecture. This difference consisted in the desire to create an image that is changing, diverse, fluid, mobile, not instantly solved and full of mystery, but at the same time striking the imagination with its luxury and wealth and according to the understanding of their masters, customers and spectators. The conclusion about the specifics of Timurid architecture, made on the basis of a study of the diary of the Spanish ambassador, is supported by the authors of the article turning to the analysis of written and pictorial sources created by representatives of the studied culture itself.

Comparison of the Characteristics of Endowment-educational Complexes in Ilkhanid and Timurid Period of Iran

Comparison of the Characteristics of Endowment-educational Complexes in Ilkhanid and Timurid Period of Iran

ШАРҚДА БАНКРОТЛИК ЭЛЕМЕНТЛАРИНИ АКС ЭТТИРУВЧИ МАНБАЛАР ВА УЛАРНИНГ ҲУҚУҚИЙ ТАВСИФИ

This article analyzes the emergence and development of norms aimed at the legal regulation of bankruptcy in the Ancient East, studies their specifics, compares the bankruptcy processes in the East and the West. In particular, were analyzed the records given in ancient written sources, and questions about how debt relations were regulated, in which cases debt was collected, were highlighted in what order the entire tribe reacted to debt obligations in the doctrine of Zarathustra. Islamic law also reveals the procedure for fulfilling the claims of the debtor’s creditors, the withdrawal of the debtor’s identity and focusing on his property, the privileges granted to the debtor, and the content of many conditions and deductions related to bankruptcy. In addition, was studied the measure of state support for merchants and peasants in case of non-payments during the Timurid period. Based on the rules set out in historical sources, the norms of the past and present were compared with each other, respectively, proposals and conclusions were developed aimed at improving the current legislation. The legislation on bankruptcy after gaining independence is systematically analyzed, the processes of their adoption are divided into stages, are highlighted the positive and negative aspects of documents that have lost their force.

ЯНГИ ЎЗБЕКИСТОНДА АЁЛЛАР ИЖТИМОИЙ МАҚОМИНИНГ ТАРИХИЙ-ҲУҚУҚИЙ АСОСЛАРИ

The article considers an actual historical and legal task –understanding the problem of gender equality and identifying the main models of women's promotion to government and management bodies as an institution of political and legal science in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Itis argued that laws and legal norms can create a basis on which the policies necessary to achieve balanced political participation can be built. Women have an opportunity to improve their position in the case of a multi-party system, in which parties are interested in the votes of different groups and need new ideas for this, and also attract female candidates. Creating equal opportunities requires socially supportive networks, developing negotiation skills, training courses in management, improving budget analysis skills, acquiring knowledge and skills in politics and elections, as well as applying long-term strategies to attract the younger generation. For this, there is a rich history of Uzbekistan and a spiritual heritage, which the author draws conclusions based on historical and legal teachings about the need to provide an empirical justification for the gender perspective of women's political participation in government and administration, including a detailed description of all trends, trends and schools from antiquity, the Eastern Renaissance era, including the Timurid period to the present.