Time Perception Research Articles

Attention modulates subjective time perception across eye movements.

Prior research has established that actions, such as eye movements, influence time perception. However, the relationship between pre-saccadic attention, which is often associated with eye movement, and subjective time perception is not explored. Our study examines the impact of pre-saccadic attention on the subjective experience of time during eye movements, particularly focusing on its influence on subjective time perception at the saccade target. Participants were presented with two clocks featuring spinning hands, positioned at distinct locations corresponding to fixation and the saccade target. They were required to report the perceived time of these clocks across the eye movements, enabling us to measure and compare both the perceived and actual timing at these specific clock locations. In Experiment 1, we observed that participants tended to report the timing of their eyes' arrival at the target location as occurring slightly ahead of the actual time. In contrast, in Experiment 2, when participants divert their attention to the fixation clock prior to the imperative saccade, this perceptual bias diminishes. These results indicate that subjective time perception is strongly impacted by attentional conditions across the two experiments. Together, these findings offer further evidence for the notion that stable time perception during eye movements is not solely an inherent property of the eye movement system but also encompasses other cognitive mechanisms, such as attention. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: While we often remain unaware of the frequent saccades (rapid eye movements) we make, they have a profound impact on our perception of the world and the flow of time. Nevertheless, the connection between pre-saccadic attention, often associated with eye movements, and our subjective perception of time remains largely unexplored. In our research, we investigated the relationship between attention and our subjective experience of time. Our findings revealed the crucial role of attention, serving as a bridge between the physical movements of our eyes and our internal sense of temporal continuity. In essence, although previous studies have demonstrated the impact of eye movements on time perception, our current study emphasizes the critical influence of attention during the preparatory phase of saccades on the subjective experience of time during eye movements.

Audiomotor temporal recalibration modulates feeling of control: Exploration through an online experiment and Bayesian modeling.

This online experiment aimed to replicate Sugano's (2021) findings on how exposure to delayed auditory feedback affects feeling of control (agency). Participants first adapted by repeatedly reproducing a sequence of seven, eight or nine tones on a single trial basis while receiving either immediate (10ms) or delayed (110ms) auditory feedback on their keypresses. This exposure aimed to recalibrate their timing perception. Following adaptation, they reproduced the sequence again. However, the computer would assume control of the tone pips starting with the fourth pip from the participants with 50% probability, presenting them at a fixed interval (the average of the first three participant-initiated tones). Participants judged either whether their keypresses caused the tones (agency judgment: AJ) or if the tones felt synchronized with their keypresses (simultaneity judgment: SJ). Analyses revealed similar shifts in both judgments after exposure to delay, however, the AJ exhibited a greater shift compared to the SJ. In addition, the shift reflects a change in bias, not in sensitivity. The result aligns with Sugano's (2021) in-person study, suggesting online experiments can effectively explore agency.

Beta oscillations predict the envelope sharpness in a rhythmic beat sequence

Periodic sensory inputs entrain oscillatory brain activity, reflecting a neural mechanism that might be fundamental to temporal prediction and perception. Most environmental rhythms and patterns in human behavior, such as walking, dancing, and speech do not, however, display strict isochrony but are instead quasi-periodic. Research has shown that neural tracking of speech is driven by modulations of the amplitude envelope, especially via sharp acoustic edges, which serve as prominent temporal landmarks. In the same vein, research on rhythm processing in music supports the notion that perceptual timing precision varies systematically with the sharpness of acoustic onset edges, conceptualized in the beat bin hypothesis. Increased envelope sharpness induces increased precision in localizing a sound in time. Despite this tight relationship between envelope shape and temporal processing, it is currently unknown how the brain uses predictive information about envelope features to optimize temporal perception. With the current EEG study, we show that the predicted sharpness of the amplitude envelope is encoded by pre-target neural activity in the beta band (15–25 Hz), and has an impact on the temporal perception of target sounds. We used probabilistic sound cues in a timing judgment task to inform participants about the sharpness of the amplitude envelope of an upcoming target sound embedded in a beat sequence. The predictive information about the envelope shape modulated task performance and pre-target beta power. Interestingly, these conditional beta-power modulations correlated positively with behavioral performance in the timing judgment task and with perceptual temporal precision in a click-alignment task. This study provides new insight into the neural processes underlying prediction of the sharpness of the amplitude envelope during beat perception, which modulate the temporal perception of sounds. This finding could reflect a process that is involved in temporal prediction, exerting top-down control on neural entrainment via the prediction of acoustic edges in the auditory stream.

Sense of agency in gesture-based interactions: modulated by sensory modality but not feedback meaning

IntroductionGesture-based interactions provide control over a system without the need for physical contact. Mid-air haptic technology allows a user to not visually engage with the interface while receiving system information and is readily manipulable, which has positive implications for automotive environments. It is important, however, that the user still feels a sense of agency, which here refers to perceiving system changes as caused by their gesture.MethodsIn the current study, 36 participants engaged in an experimental time perception task with an automotive-themed infotainment menu, serving as an implicit quantitative measure of agency. This was supplemented with additional self-reported measures. They selected different icons via gesture poses, with sensory feedback either visually or haptically. In addition, (sensory) feedback was also the same for each icon, arbitrarily different or carried semantic information.ResultsMid-air haptics increased agency compared to visual, and this did not vary as a function of feedback meaning. Agency was also associated with general measures of trust and usability.DiscussionOur findings demonstrate positive implications for mid-air haptics in automotive contexts and highlight the general importance of user agency.

Fashion countdown to Halloween: a study of dress practices within American Halloween consumer culture

Purpose This study aims to explore the dress practices of American (US) consumers who wear Halloween fashion products to extend theories related to dress and appearance. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative, exploratory study using an online survey with open-ended and close-ended questions. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Findings Sixty-two survey responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results provided insight into social norms for wearing holiday fashion products and that consumer perceptions of the ideal timing for wearing Halloween fashion products may vary based on individuals’ enthusiasm for Halloween. Rather than the social and physical setting, timing restricted or increased the level at which wearers could express their enthusiasm for Halloween. Earlier in the year, respondents felt their freedom of expression was restricted, driving them to wear subtle Halloween fashion products. As Halloween day approached, respondents experienced more freedom in expressing their enthusiasm for the holiday by wearing clothing and accessories more explicitly related to Halloween. Research limitations/implications This study extends theory relating to dress and appearance as it acknowledges timing as an element of social context in which identities are established through appearance. Practical implications Retailers may consider selling Halloween fashion items that are small and/or less Halloween-specific, “spooky”, gothic earlier in the year. Originality/value This study is original in that it explores the timing in which consumers use holiday fashion products. Except for investigating consumer perceptions regarding the timing of retail promotions, researchers have seldom investigated timing as a consideration in constructing an individuals’ identity and appearance.

OBLOMOV DE IVAN GONCEAROV: O ANALIZĂ CRITICĂ A UNUI POSIBIL BILDUNGSROMAN

The novel Oblomov by Ivan Goncharov, published at a time when literature was concerned with the education and formation of the individual, challenges the conventional form of the bildungsroman by focusing on a character who appears to be static and does not develop in accordance with the typical trajectory of a coming-of-age narrative. In order to comprehend the rationale behind the inactivity of the eponymous character, as well as the phenomenon observed in Russian society and generically referred to as “Oblomovism”, we will analyze how the perception of time and space influences the formation of Oblomov's personality and differentiates him from his active and lively friend Stolz. The antithesis between the two characters represents a fundamental aspect of the novel, underscoring the contrast between two distinct mentalities shaped by opposing perceptions of time and space. Despite its deviations from the conventional structure of a “Bildungsroman”, the novel Oblomov incorporates sufficient elements of the genre to be regarded as an unconventional iteration of this literary type, particularly in its portrayal of the protagonist's unique relationship with time and space.

Effect of Temporal Modulation of Tactile Stimulus on Time Perception

Abstract Time perception varies across different sensory modalities, with previous research indicating that visual flicker can dilate perceived duration while auditory flutter can sometimes compress it. This study aimed to explore duration perception in the relatively understudied tactile modality and compare it with the visual modality. In Experiment 1A, we investigated the effect of temporal modulation on perceived duration using 1-s tactile flutter and visual flicker stimuli, either stationary or modulated at 6.5 Hz, 12.5 Hz, or 24.5 Hz. Participants reported which of two sequentially presented stimuli appeared longer in duration. Results demonstrated that both tactile flutter and visual flicker induced significant time distortions, with higher frequencies leading to greater duration dilation. Notably, the magnitudes of time distortion were significantly correlated between the two modalities. Experiment 1B assessed the roles of sensitivity and subjective saliency in these time distortions. Contrary to previous findings, saliency did not correlate with the observed time distortions in either modality, and sensitivity did not correlate with time distortions in the visual modality. These results suggest that, while tactile duration perception exhibits similarities to visual duration perception, the lack of correlation with saliency challenges the idea that time distortion is driven by subjective saliency.

No significant relationship found between spontaneous motor tempo, heartbeat, and individual alpha frequency: an analysis of internal tempos

Many theories of time perception propose the existence of an internal pacemaker, and studies across behavioral, physiological, and neuroscience fields have explored this concept. Specifically, Spontaneous Motor Tempo (SMT), the most comfortable and natural tapping tempo for each individual, is thought to reflect this internal pacemaker’s tempo. Changes in heart rate are also linked to time estimation, while Individual Alpha Frequency (IAF), the peak in the alpha range (8–13 Hz) observed in EEG, is reported to reflect the brain’s temporal processing. Despite the associations of SMT, heart rate, and IAF with intrinsic tempo, their interrelations remain unexplored. In this pre-registered study, we measured SMT, IAF, and heart rate in 32 healthy university students aged 18–21 and examined how these variables relate to each other. During the experiment, participants sat with their eyes closed for 5 min while we recorded their EEG and heart rate. They then tapped the space key with their index finger at their most comfortable tempo, which we used to determine SMT. Participants also completed a questionnaire about their age, chronotype, and musical experience. Our results showed no significant correlations among SMT, heart rate, and IAF. Regression analysis further confirmed that SMT is not influenced by heart rate or IAF. Therefore, no significant relationships among behavioral, physiological, and neuroscience-related tempo were uncovered. Our contribution lies in measuring SMT, heart rate, and IAF within the same experimental context. All procedures, including scripts used for the analyses, were pre-registered before data collection, and we report these null results to mitigate publication bias.

Vestibular stimulation and space-time interaction affect the perception of time during whole-body rotations.

Among the factors, such as emotions, that distort time perception, vestibular stimulation causes a contraction in subjective time. Unlike emotions, the intensity of vestibular stimulation can be easily and precisely modified, making it possible to study the quantitative relationship between stimulation and its effect on time perception. We hypothesized that the contraction of subjective time would increase with the vestibular stimulation magnitude. In the first experiment, participants sat on a rotatory chair and reproduced time intervals between the start and the end of whole-body passive rotations (40° or 80°; dynamic condition) or between two consecutive low-amplitude shakes (static condition). We also assessed reaction time under the same conditions to evaluate the attentional effect of the stimuli. As expected, duration reproduction in the 40° rotation was shorter than that observed in the static condition, but this effect was partly reversed for 80° rotations. In other words, vestibular stimulation shortens the perceived time interval, but this effect weakens with stronger stimulation. Attentional changes do not explain this unexpected result, as reaction time did not change between conditions. We hypothesized that the space-time interaction (i.e., spatially larger stimuli are perceived as lasting longer) could explain these findings. To assess this, in a second experiment participants were subjected to the same protocol but with three rotation amplitudes (30°, 60°, and 120°). The duration reproductions were systematically shorter for the lower amplitudes than for the higher amplitudes; so much so that for the highest amplitude (120°), the duration reproduction increased so that it did not differ from the static condition. Overall, the experiments show that whole-body rotation can contract subjective time, probably at the rather low level of the interval timing network, or dilate it, probably at a higher level via the space-time interaction.

Effects of short time -30° head-down tilt on time perception.

Exposure to microgravity induces abnormal experiences that may affect the perception of time. Head-down tilts (HDTs) are commonly used to investigate the effects of weightlessness. A -30° HDT is considered an appropriate model to simulate the acute phase of microgravity exposure. Temporal performance in a time reproduction task was assessed before and after 30 min of -30° HDT, using 800, 1,000, and 2,000 ms as standard intervals. Absolute error (AE), relative error (ratio), and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to quantify performance. Compared to baseline measures obtained prior to HDT, both the mean AE and the ratio were significantly increased after 30 min of -30° HDT at the 800 ms interval. A similar trend was observed at the 1,000 ms interval, but no significant effect was found at the 2,000 ms interval. No significant differences were observed in the CV before and after -30° HDT. Acute exposure to microgravity, simulated by the -30° HDT condition, primarily affects duration perception at sub-second intervals.

Exploring the Intersection of ADHD and Music: A Systematic Review.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, affecting both children and adults, which often leads to significant difficulties with attention, impulsivity, and working memory. These challenges can impact various cognitive and perceptual domains, including music perception and performance. Despite these difficulties, individuals with ADHD frequently engage with music, and previous research has shown that music listening can serve as a means of increasing stimulation and self-regulation. Moreover, music therapy has been explored as a potential treatment option for individuals with ADHD. As there is a lack of integrative reviews on the interaction between ADHD and music, the present review aimed to fill the gap in research. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PsychInfo (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science. A narrative synthesis was conducted on 20 eligible studies published between 1981 and 2023, involving 1170 participants, of whom 830 had ADHD or ADD. The review identified three main areas of research: (1) music performance and processing in individuals with ADHD, (2) the use of music listening as a source of stimulation for those with ADHD, and (3) music-based interventions aimed at mitigating ADHD symptoms. The analysis revealed that individuals with ADHD often experience unique challenges in musical tasks, particularly those related to timing, rhythm, and complex auditory stimuli perception, though these deficits did not extend to rhythmic improvisation and musical expression. Most studies indicated that music listening positively affects various domains for individuals with ADHD. Furthermore, most studies of music therapy found that it can generate significant benefits for individuals with ADHD. The strength of these findings, however, was limited by inconsistencies among the studies, such as variations in ADHD diagnosis, comorbidities, medication use, and gender. Despite these limitations, this review provides a valuable foundation for future research on the interaction between ADHD and music.

Time Perception Test in IntelliCage System for Preclinical Study: Linking Depression and Serotonergic Modulation.

Background/Objectives:: The link between serotonergic modulation and depression is under debate; however, serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are still the first-choice medicine in this condition. Disturbances in time perception are also reported in depression with one of the behavioral schedules used to study interval timing, differential-reinforcement-learning-of-low-rate, having been shown to have high predictive validity for an antidepressant effect. Here, we introduce an IntelliCage research protocol of an interval bisection task that allows more ecologically valid and less time-consuming rodent examination and provides an example of its use to confirm the previously reported acute effect of an SRI, clomipramine, on interval timing (increase in bisection point, D50). Methods: Wistar male rats (n = 25, five groups of 5-8) were trained in the IntelliCage to discriminate between short (1 s) and long (4 s) LED light stimuli by nose poking at the corresponding (left/right) side of the IntelliCage chamber to obtain a drink. When 80% of correct responses were reached, the intermediate durations of 1.7, 2.5, and 3.3 s were introduced. The number of left/right choices for each stimulus and interval timing parameters (bisection point, D50, and timing precision), derived from them, were compared after saline and clomipramine (7 mg/kg, i.p) intraperitoneal administration. Results: Rats successfully learned the task within about a week of training. The slightly increased D50 after clomipramine confirmed previous studies. Conclusions: The introduced protocol has potential to be applicable to preclinical research on depression and potentially other psychopathology, where time perception can be disturbed.

The influence of red and blue font color on intertemporal choice: the mediating roles of time perception and dimensional difference comparison

BackgroundIntertemporal choices are the process by which people make choices about losses or gains at different points in time (near or far). To explore the relationship between font color and intertemporal choice and to examine the serial mediation of time perception and intradimensional difference comparison on the association between font color and intertemporal choice on the basis of attribute-based choice models.MethodsWe randomly assigned subjects to the intertemporal choices questionnaire in a specific font color (blue vs. red) condition. The Intertemporal Choice Task, the Subjective Duration Judgment Task and the Intradimensional Difference Comparison Task were administered to a sample comprising 210 college students (103 males accounting for 49.05%). Multivariate analysis and latent variable analysis were used to explore the separate mediating roles of time perception and intradimensional difference comparison in the association between font color and intertemporal choice, and their serial mediation was also investigated. The bootstrap method was employed to test the significance of these mediating effects.ResultsCompared with red font, blue font can encourage students to choose more-farsighted intertemporal choices (i.e., LL). Students who use the blue font are more likely to have shorter durations and can choose the more farsighted intertemporal choice (i.e., LL) than those who use the red font. Students using blue fonts are more likely to perceive the difference between the two options chosen across time (∆payoff A, B) to be greater than the difference between the two options in the payoff dimension (∆time A, B), leading to farsighted choices compared with those using red fonts. Serial mediation was also found.ConclusionThe findings revealed why font color influences intertemporal choice. This study revealed the mediating role that time perception and intradimensional difference comparison play in the association between font color and intertemporal choice.

Delay techniques and delay technologies: Amazonian waters transindividuation records

This paper presents transindividuation records and observations, which the authors argue allow the perception of delay technologies. This study will present the ideas behind such descriptions and how they contribute to what can be considered a non-essentialist concept of relation. To navigate those ideas, the authors present three examples of transindividuation records documented during on-site research in the communities of Boca do Mamirauá, Caburini, Bom Jesus da Ponta da Castanha, São Francisco do Bauãna, Vila Sião, in Amazon, Brazil, during the period of eight months. This study demonstrates that the perception of time may change when we are in the presence of the waters of Amazon rivers. In relation to Amazon's waters, humans perceive a delay due to different orders of magnitude in nature, resulting in a specific mode of existence.

Time is Confidence: Monetary Incentives Metacognitive Profile on Duration Judgment.

The question we addressed in the current study is whether the mere prospect of monetary reward gain affects subjective time perception. To test this question, we collected trial-based confidence reports in a task where participants made categorical decisions about probe durations relative to the reference duration. When there was a potential to gain a monetary reward, the duration was perceived to be longer than in the neutral condition. Confidence, which reflects the perceived probability of being correct, was higher in the reward gain condition than in the neutral condition. We found that confidence influences the sense of time in different participants. Participants with high confidence reported perceiving the duration signaled by the monetary gain condition longer than participants with low confidence. Our results showed that only high confidence individuals overestimated the context of monetary gain. Finally, we found a negative relationship between confidence and time perception, and that confidence bias at the maximum uncertainty duration of 450 ms is predictive of time perception. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that subjective measures of the confidence profile caused an overestimation of time rather than the outcome valence of reward expectancy.

Overweight effects on metabolic rate, time perception, diseases, aging, and lifespan: A systematic review with meta-regression analysis

Overweight effects on metabolic rate, time perception, diseases, aging, and lifespan: A systematic review with meta-regression analysis

EMOTIONALLY MEANINGFUL GOALS IN LATE ADULTHOOD

Abstract Our perception of time greatly affects what kinds of goals we value and pursue. The socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 1992; Carstensen et al., 1999) posits that people rearrange their goals in response to a limited future time perspective as they become older. Rather than investing in a limited and uncertain future, older adults will value and prioritize present-oriented emotionally meaningful goals over future-oriented goals. The SST literature thrived in the past three decades and emotionally meaningful goals were operationalized in various ways under different contexts. To better understand the changes in motivation when future time perspective becomes limited, we reviewed the empirical articles that formulated hypotheses according to the SST framework published since 1992. We identified different types of emotionally meaningful goals in the literature. The most prevalent type of emotionally meaningful goal in the literature is the pro-hedonic goal (preference towards positivity over negativity). Other types of emotionally meaningful goals include the pro-closeness goal (preference towards emotional closeness in social relationships), the prosocial and generativity goal (increased motivation to contribute to others), the social goal (increased importance in the social domain), the emotional goal (increased importance in the emotional domain), the self-maintenance goal (increased motivation for the intrinsic and self-concordant goal) and the meaningfulness goal (increased importance in meaningfulness). The empirical evidence of each goal will be reviewed and their relations to SST and a limited future time perspective will be discussed.

Application of Multidomain Cognitive Training in a Tele-Neurorehabilitation Setting for Treatment of Post-Stroke Cognitive Disorders.

Cognitive dysfunctions are still very common in the chronic phase of stroke when patients are discharged from neurorehabilitation centers. Even individuals who appear to have made a full clinical recovery may exhibit new deficiencies at home. Here, we present evidence of a novel kind of therapy at home aimed at contrasting the heterogenic evolution of stroke patients using a multidomain cognitive approach. Eighteen ischemic stroke patients were assessed in a within-subject longitudinal design (age 62.33 ± 11.1 years; eight men). Patients underwent the Tele-NeuroRehabilitation (TNR) multidomain cognitive training treatment using the Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (VRRS) five times a week for 1 h sessions for four consecutive weeks. The protocol included the stimulation of specific cognitive functions, such as logical skills, praxis skills, attention, executive functions, memory, space time orientation and perception, and speech therapy. To determine neuropsychological changes, patients were evaluated before the sessions (T0), at the end of the sessions (T1), and after six months (T2). The multidomain cognitive training induced a significant improvement in the working memory and language abilities as well as depression symptoms and alleviated caregiver burden. Most of this cognitive enhancement persisted after six months (T2), with the exception of depression symptoms. Otherwise, a significant decline in attention abilities was reported, thus demonstrating a lack of effect in this function. Our results suggest that multidomain cognitive TNR is a suitable protocol for reducing some cognitive and behavioral alterations in patients with strokes, with a beneficial impact also on the caregivers' burden distress management. Further RCTs are warranted to validate this new kind of approach.

Специфика языковой репрезентации пространственно-временной категории в идиостиле Р. О. Батлера

The aim of the research is to reveal the specifics of language representation of the space-time category in R. O. Butler’s idiostyle. The article considers modern approaches to the study of fiction space and time, which are considered as basic textual categories providing a holistic perception of the text. The scientific novelty lies in revealing the specifics of the implementation of space-time relations in the work of the ergodic genre written in the “stream of consciousness” technique. This is the first time that R. Butler’s idiostyle is studied in this aspect. The results of the study have shown that a range of expressive means and devices representing space-time category is used. Among them are techniques of retardation and syntactic anticipation to create the effect of slow perception of time; a wide use of Historical Present to convey the feeling of the Past as if it were the Present; the usage of the lexical units with emotive connotation, rhetorical questions and exclamations and repetitions to convey emotional atmosphere of the described moments; non-linear narrative and limited time space description to create the effect of “reverse photography”; detailed portrait of the nearest items according to the law of aerial and spatial perspective; synthesis of the lexical units conveying visual, audio and tactile space perception.

ABOUT OF THE ANNEALING METHOD USING FOR THE TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM SOLUTION WITH THE FUZZY TIME PERCEPTION

Context. The article considers a technique for the use of fuzzy numbers and the annealing method for solving the traveling salesman problem, which is formulated as the problem of finding a route to visit a given number of cities without repetitions with a minimum duration of movement. The task of formalizing the algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem by the annealing method using fuzzy numbers for subjective time perception is posed. The use of fuzzy numbers to increase the accuracy to represent real-world circumstances is proposed. Objective. The goal of the work is to develop an algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem based on the implementation of the annealing method with fuzzy numbers representing the subjective time perception for traveling between the cities with the minimum perceived duration of movement along the route. Method. This paper proposes a method for solving the traveling salesman problem by the annealing method with fuzzy numbers for subjective time perception. A scheme for formalizing the procedure for solving the traveling salesman problem with the minimal perceived duration of movement along the route is described. A variant of the original traveling salesman problem is proposed, which consists in using fuzzy numbers to represent the uncertainty and subjective time perception in traveling between cities as opposed to regular crisp numbers to show regular distance and/or time of traveling. The results of the proposed algorithm for calculating solutions to the traveling salesman problem with minimization of the perceived duration of movement are presented, the obtained solutions are compared with the solutions found by other heuristic methods. Results. The method for solving the traveling salesman problem using the annealing method with fuzzy numbers for subjective time perception is developed. A variant of the original traveling salesman problem is proposed, which consists in using fuzzy numbers to represent the uncertainty and subjective time perception in traveling between cities as opposed to regular crisp numbers to show regular distance and/or time of traveling. The application of fuzzy numbers makes it possible to perform calculation over possibly uncertain or subjective data, making results more accurate in the case of realistic deviations from the expected mean values in distance coverage. The results of the proposed algorithm for calculating solutions to the traveling salesman problem with minimization of the perceived duration of movement are presented, the obtained solutions are compared with the solutions found by other heuristic methods. Conclusions. The paper considers a method for formalizing the algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem using fuzzy numbers for subjective time perception. The use of fuzzy numbers to increase the accuracy to represent real-world circumstances is proposed. The scheme for formalizing the procedure for solving the traveling salesman problem with the minimal perceived duration of movement along the route is described. A variant of the original traveling salesman problem is proposed, which consists in using fuzzy numbers to represent the uncertainty and subjective time perception in traveling between cities as opposed to regular crisp numbers to show regular distance and/or time of traveling.