Screen Time Research Articles

Association between the screen time spent watching short videos at bedtime and essential hypertension in young and middle-aged people: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundWatching short videos is an integral part of the daily lives of young and middle-aged people. Nevertheless, the correlation between the screen time spent watching short videos at bedtime and essential hypertension in young and middle-aged people remains unclear. We aimed to explore the correlation between the screen time spent watching short videos at bedtime and essential hypertension among young and middle-aged people and construct a nomogram prediction model for assessing the probability of developing essential hypertension for these age groups.MethodsThis study included 4318 young and middle-aged people who underwent medical examinations at Hengshui People’s Hospital between January 2023 and September 2023. The collected data, including self-reported screen time spent watching short videos at bedtime and general information, were partitioned into a training set and a test set, with the former being divided into hypertensive and non-hypertensive groups. R programming language was used for statistical analysis and processing.ResultsThe results of multifactorial logistic analysis showed that screen time of 0< time ≤ 1 h (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.022–6.082, P<0.05), 2< time ≤ 3 h (95% CI: 1.538–4.665, P<0.05), 3< time ≤ 4 h (95% CI: 5.327–16.691, P<0.05), and time>4 h (95% CI: 21.382–78.15, P<0.05) were independently associated with essential hypertension among young and middle-aged people. Sex, age, screen time, occupation, high-sodium diet, physical activity, sleep, overweight or obesity, diabetes or glucose tolerance abnormality, dyslipidaemia, hyperuricaemia, and family history of hypertension were screened to construct a nomogram prediction model. The model had an area under the curve of the participant’s work characteristics of 0.934 (95% CI: 0.925–0.943), along with a preferably fitted calibration curve. After model validation using the test dataset, the area under the working characteristic curve for participants was 0.911 (95% CI: 0.895–0.928), and it was a well-fitted calibration plot.ConclusionsThe screen time spent watching short videos at bedtime was significantly associated with essential hypertension in young and middle-aged people, and the nomogram was a good predictor of the risk of essential hypertension among young and middle-aged people.

Longitudinal associations between screen time and children's language, early educational skills, and peer social functioning.

Children's high and increasing levels of screen time are of growing concern to parents, health professionals, and researchers. With the growing availability and use of devices such as smartphones and tablets, it is important to understand the impact of children's screen use on development. Prospective longitudinal data from 6,281 children (48.3% female) in the Growing Up in New Zealand study were used to examine relations between the extent of screen exposure in early childhood (2-4.5 years) and later language development, early educational skills, and peer social functioning at ages 4.5 and 8 years. Higher levels of screen exposure were associated with lower levels of vocabulary, communication, writing, numeracy, and letter fluency and higher levels of peer problems. These associations were reduced after controlling for confounding family social background factors but remained significant. Results indicate that more than 1.5 hr of daily direct screen time at age 2 was associated with below average language and educational ability and above average levels of peer relationship problems at age 4.5. Exposure to more than 2.5 hr of daily direct screen time was associated with higher than average peer relationship problems at age 8. Findings indicate that high levels of screen exposure during early childhood are negatively associated with children's later language, educational, and social development. Such information is critical to help inform policy guidelines, health care, and parenting practices regarding the availability and children's use of screens in early childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Associations Between Movement Behaviors, Cognition, and Academic Achievement in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review summarizes the literature on the associations between movement behaviors (eg,sleep, sedentary behavior, and physical activity [PA]) and cognition, and academic achievement (AA) in children and adolescents. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception until October 2023. This systematic review included 24 reports, representing 48,558 youth aged 6-17.9years. Ten reports (46%) showed a high risk of bias, and overall quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. No reports assessed the associations between sleep and cognition; 1 cross-sectional report showed beneficial associations between sleep and AA. Sedentary behaviors showed null associations with AA in 43% of the reports; however, screen time was detrimentally associated with AA in all reports. Overall, 57% of the reports looking at the associations between PA and cognition showed beneficial associations; 53% showed beneficial associations between PA and AA; 56% of the randomized controlled trials showed beneficial impacts on cognition (3 out of 5) or on AA (2 out of 4). Overall, this systematic review showed evidence of beneficial associations between PA and cognition and AA, as well as detrimental effects of screen time. Due to the many inconsistent results found for sedentary behavior, together with scarce data on associations between sleep duration and cognition, and AA in children and adolescents, more research is needed so researchers can draw strong and evidence-based conclusions.

Screen Time and Arrested Social Development Across All Ages

Screen Time and Arrested Social Development Across All Ages

The overlap between type 1 diabetes and celiac disease in children and the role of tTG-IgA positivity in endoscopy decision.

Celiac Disease (CD)-related antibody positivity in children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) may fluctuate and become negative spontaneously. There are uncertainties about the optimal tTG-IgA titre and timing of endoscopy in the diagnosis of CD, and this study aimed to contribute to the debate on the tTGA-IgA threshold titre for endoscopy decisions in children with T1D. The data of 991 children with T1D who had undergone serologic evaluation for CD were analysed retrospectively. The tTG-IgA positivity rate and the upper limit of normal (ULN) tTG-IgA positivity were assessed. Participants were grouped according to the frequency, course and test results of tTG-IgA tests. Those with and without histopathologic diagnosis of CD by endoscopic biopsy were compared in terms of tTG-IgA screening time and tTG-IgA predictive values. In 10.2% (n:101) of all cases, tTG-IgA antibody was positive and endoscopic biopsy was performed in 68.3% (n:69) of these cases. Of all cases, 4.3% (n:43) were diagnosed with CD by endoscopic biopsy. A tTG-IgA titre of 7xULN and above was found to be the best predictive value for the diagnosis of CD with 79.1% sensitivity, 80.8% specificity 87.2% positive predictive value and 70% negative predictive value. Approximately 10% of antibody positive cases showed fluctuating and low titre positivity, and no CD was detected by endoscopic biopsy in the group with fluctuating antibody course. The results of our study suggest that endoscopy in children with tTG-IgA levels 7xULN or above may prevent both false positive results and missed cases.

Screen on = development off? A systematic scoping review and a developmental psychology perspective on the effects of screen time on early childhood development

Research on the associations between screen time and child development suggests that various forms of screen time might pose a risk for various aspects of child development. However, data on the impact of exposure to screen media on the development of children under 3 years of age is comparatively scarce. Although the evidence available on the topic is evolving rapidly, no review of existing literature has yet encompassed a comprehensive set of developmental outcomes with a focus in the first 3 years of life. To address this research gap, the present literature review focused on the influences of screen time on various developmental outcomes of children aged zero to 36 months. These outcomes were sleep-related parameters, physical health, cognition, learning efficiency, language, motor skills, socio-emotional skills, social interaction, and overall development. To this end, ten databases were searched systematically, and 158 studies that were published between the launch of the iPhone in early 2007 until 2024 were included. Only studies that reported specific results for the age range of zero to 36 months were examined, including longitudinal studies with samples of children aged zero to 36 months at the first wave of assessment. For most outcomes, a comparable amount of undesirable and non-significant associations was found with children's screen time, while few desirable associations were reported. In line with the notion of resilience, these results indicate that characteristics of the child, the context, and/or the content moderate the associations between screen time and child development in early childhood, thus contributing to mitigating the potential of displacement of learning opportunities or even creating new learning opportunities. More studies with designs that can examine the causal effect of screen time on child development and that explicitly address the role of child, content, and context variables are needed.

The impacts of lockdown restrictions on children's and adolescents' physical activity levels and sedentary behaviour including gender differences: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The 2019 COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has caused a global public health emergency. In addition to preventing the spread of the disease, restrictions such as school closures may reduce children and adolescents' opportunities for physical activity and increase the prevalence of sedentary behaviour. However, the current evidence regarding the effects of COVID-19 on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents is insufficiently clear. A total of five databases were searched. In addition, grey literature, reference list and registries were also checked. A total of 26 studies were included in the systematic review. Total physical activity, moderate to vigorous physical activity, sedentary and ST were analysed separately using random effects models. Additionally, this study also used meta-analysis to investigate the differences between boys and girls, objective measures and subjective measures, cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies. Results: The results of the meta-analysis showed that children and adolescents had a significant decrease in total physical activity (SMD= -0.76, 95% CI= -1.46 to -0.06, I2= 99.5%), moderate to vigorous physical activity (SMD= -0.36, 95% CI= -0.6 to -0.11, I2= 94.7%), sedentary behaviour (SMD= 1.44, 95% CI= 0.31 to 2.56, I2= 98.6%), and a significant increase in screen time (SMD= 0.75, 95% CI= 0.49 to 1.02, I2= 97.3%). Meta-analysis results showed a significant decline in moderate to vigorous physical activity in boys, but no change was found in girls. However, results from the systematic review suggested that girls are more likely to develop more screen time than boys. Children and adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behaviour are negatively impacted by restrictions associated with Covid-19. In addition, girls' screen time is more likely to increase than boys'.

EXPLORING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACT OF EXCESSIVE SCREEN TIME ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF YOUTH OF HYDERABAD, SINDH

Background: The growing popularity of electronic devices in entertainment and education has encouraged young adults, especially adolescents, to spend more time in front of screens. There are growing incidences of anxiety, depression, and suicidal attempts among them. In 1990, 170 million people were suffering from depression, which rose to 270 million in 2019, accounting for a 64% rise in the prevalence of the disease. Aims &amp; Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate link between increasing anxiety and depression among young adults and their duration of screen time exposure. Material &amp; Method: The current study was a survey-based study that was carried out at the Sindh University of Jamshoro from March 2024 to April 2024 (2 months) after obtaining ethical approval from the Physiology Department via latter no Physiol/77. The sample size was 550 participants in the 15- to 19-year-old age group. After written consent, a comprehensive and modified DASS 21 questionnaire was distributed among the participants, who were the students of Sindh University Jamshoro. Results: The result shows increase in screen time contributes more to the incidence of anxiety and depression (P value 0.02, df: 2, x2 = 7.5), while excessive screen exposure at night is more contributory to anxiety and depression than daytime (df = 2, x2 = 6.9, P value = 0.03). Conclusion: It was concluded that there is a definite link between excessive screen exposure and an increased ratio of anxiety and depression among adolescents.

Patterns of Screen Time From Ages 2 to 6-7 Years in South Brazil: A Prospective Study.

Screen use has become nearly universal, especially in children. Therefore, it is important not only to comprehend its effects on health but also to understand its patterns of use. We aim to describe screen use patterns among children assessed at 2, 4, and 6-7 years, based on device, period of the day, and child/family characteristics. Longitudinal study, with participants of the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort, a population-based study including all living newborns in the city of Pelotas between 1 January and 31 December 2015. Child/family characteristics used in the study were sex, skin color, family income, and maternal education. Screen time at 2 years was evaluated by TV time. At age 4, TV time and other screens (computer and videogames) was assesed. At 6-7 years, screen use was collected for each device (TV, smartphone, tablet/iPad, computer, and videogames). At 2, 4, and 6-7 years, 1420, 3963, and 3857 had valid screen time data, respectively. Mean total screen time ranged from ~ 2.5 h per day at age 2 to ~ 5.5 h per day at age 6-7. At 2 years, no difference in screen time was found according to child/family characteristics. In general, boys presented higher screen time values at 4 and 6-7 years. No differences for ethnicity were observed. For family income and maternal education, the extreme groups presented higher use. Higher values of screen time were also observed during the evening and for children who did not attend school nor had home activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results suggest that children are exceeding current screen time guidelines, with different patterns of use according to child/family characteristics. The high use of screens and more concentrated use during the evenings raise concern considering its possible negative effects on health.

Associations of screen time with symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression in adolescents.

To examine the associations between self-reported screen time and symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression in adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 982 adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years, enrolled in public schools in Jacarezinho (PR), Brazil. Screen time was assessed by the question "Considering a typical day, how much time do you spend watching TV, playing videogame, using computer or smartphone?" The DASS-21 questionnaire (short form) was used to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Crude and adjusted analyses (age, sex, and maternal level of education) between screen time and mental disorders symptoms were performed using general linear regression models, with Poisson distribution, with significance level at p<0.05. Higher depressive symptoms were observed in adolescents who reported screen time of 4-6 hours/day (PR 1.35, 95%CI 1.13-1.61) and ≥6 hours/day (PR 1.88, 95%CI 1.62-2.19), compared with their pairs with <2 hours/day. The same was observed for anxiety symptoms with screen time of 4-6 hours/day (PR 1.23, 95%CI 1.04-1.46) and ≥6 hours/day (PR 1.50, 95%CI 1.28-1.77); and stress, with 4-6 hours/day (PR 1.25, 95%CI 1.08-1.44) and ≥6 hours/day (PR 1.49, 95%CI 1.30-1.71), also compared with their pairs with <2 hours/day. Screen time was positively associated with depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in adolescents. Special attention should be given to those who spend more than four hours a day in front of a screen.

The effects of increased screen time on post-surgical pain and pain memory among children with sleep-disordered breathing.

Adenotonsillectomy procedures can provide effective relief to children affected by sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), but the post-adenotonsillectomy pain management remains challenging, and the most effective approach to managing postoperative pain in these cases remains uncertain. The use of electronic media as a form of distraction therapy aimed at mitigating postoperative pain in children, it is unknown whether increases in screen time can effectively reduce persistent postoperative pain intensity or the incidence of negatively biased pain memories. A total of 107 SDB children undergoing adenotonsillectomy were enrolled and divided into two groups. Children in the intervention group were allowed to increase their screen time, while screen time was restricted for children in the control group. Child-reported pain intensity and negatively biased pain memories, pain-related fear were analyzed. The results indicated that no significant differences in initial postoperative pain intensity or fear were observed among groups. However, children in the intervention group did exhibit significantly reduced remembered Day 1 postoperative pain intensity (ηp2=0.043, p=0.035), memory of worst pain intensity (ηp2=0.047, p=0.027), and memory of worst pain-related fear (ηp2=0.042, p=0.036) as compared to controls. Subgroup analyses based on age and gender indicated that males and school-aged children presented with lower scores for negatively biased pain memories. Our study exhibited the association between screen time and post-surgical pain intensity and negatively biased pain memories, These findings suggest that increasing screen time represents an effective approach to the postoperative management of negatively biased pain memories in certain subsets of children with SDB.

Implementation of a Screen Time Agreement for School Aged Children in a Federally Qualified Health Center: An Evidence-Based Quality Improvement Project

In this evidence-based quality-improvement project, screen time education and agreement were implemented at a Federally Qualified Health Center targeting the pediatric population. The initiative aimed to reduce excessive screen time among children and promote adherence to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Through education and signed agreements between health care providers, children, and their families, the project successfully decreased screen time. Postimplementation data showed a trend of reduced screen use, with more than half of children meeting American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, suggesting that education and structured agreements can be part of an effective approach to promoting healthier screen habits in pediatric patients.

Pay Attention to Hypertension (PAtH): Findings from a cardiovascular health promotion intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities participating in Special Olympics programming.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects adults globally. People with intellectual disabilities (PWID) may be at higher risk of CVD and associated risk factors (e.g. obesity, hypertension, and diabetes). We developed Pay Attention to Hypertension (PAtH), a cardiovascular health promotion intervention, and tested its impact on changes in blood pressure (BP), lifestyle behaviours and health-related empowerment among PWID. PAtH was developed with a Special Olympics community organisation that supports PWID in developing self-confidence and social skills through participation in sports. The 6-month intervention consisted of 1-h individualised virtual sessions delivered monthly by nursing students/novice nurses. Sessions covered specific themes, including monitoring BP, adopting healthy lifestyles and managing stress, and were individually tailored to the capacities and needs of participants. A single group pre-post-intervention design was used to assess the intervention's effects among participants who completed the intervention and data collection. Data included baseline and follow-up BP measurements from 7-day logbooks and questionnaires assessing lifestyle behaviours [physical activity (PA), screen time and diet], and health-related empowerment. Seventy-four participants were included in the analyses. Between baseline and follow-up, there were no changes in systolic and diastolic BP, PA or leisure screen time. The proportion of participants who reported adding salt when cooking decreased from baseline to follow-up (19.7% vs. 12.7%, P=0.034), and we found improvements for several items measuring health-related empowerment (P≤0.003). Improvements in health-related empowerment were found following PAtH. More intensive interventions may be needed to result in changes in lifestyle behaviours and BP. The integration of adapted cardiovascular health promotion initiatives within well-established community organisations such as Special Olympics is a promising avenue to contribute to cardiovascular health promotion among PWID.

Feasibility of MAGIC pure tone screening in children aged 3 to 6 years

Objective:To explore the feasibility of the multiple-choice auditory graphical interactive check（MAGIC） screening module in childhood hearing screening in children aged 3 to 6 years. Methods:A hearing screening was conducted on 366 children（732 ears） aged between 3 and 6 years. The screening methods included MAGIC, DPOAE, and acoustic immittance.The cooperation, screening time, pass rate, and correlation of the three screening methods were compared. Results:There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of cooperation among the three screeningmethods（P=0.004）.The MAGIC pure tone screening method was 98.6%, the screening DPOAE was 99.5%,and the acoustic immittance screening was 100%. For the screening duration, the MAGIC pure tone screening method was（116.3±59.1）s, the screening DPOAE was（27.2±19.7）s, and the acoustic impedance screening was（24.6±14.6）s. There was a significant statistical significance differences among the three or two groups（P<0.01）. The passing rates of MAGIC pure tone screening,screening DPOAE and acoustic immittance screening were 64.7%, 65.4%, and 69.3%, respectively, and there was no significant statistical difference among the three or two groups（P>0.05）. There was no significant difference between MAGIC pure tone screening method and screening DPOAE（P=0.827>0.05）, and acoustic impedance（P=0.653>0.05）, while the difference between screening DPOAE and acoustic impedance was statistically significant（P<0.01）. Conclusion:MAGIC pure sound screening method has good feasibility, can comprehensively reflect the hearing level of screened children, and can be promoted for hearing screening in children aged between 3 and 6 years.

Leisure-Time Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Biological Aging: Evidence From Genetic Correlation and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are associated with higher risks of age-related morbidity and mortality. However, whether they causally contribute to accelerating biological aging has not been fully elucidated. Utilizing the largest available genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data, we implemented a comprehensive analytical framework to investigate the associations between genetically predicted moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity (MVPA), leisure screen time (LST), and four epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) measures: HannumAgeAccel, intrinsic HorvathAgeAccel, PhenoAgeAccel, and GrimAgeAccel. Shared genetic backgrounds across these traits were quantified through genetic correlation analysis. Overall and independent associations were assessed through univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR). A recently developed tissue-partitioned MR approach was further adopted to explore potential tissue-specific pathways that contribute to the observed associations. Among the four EAA measures investigated, consistent results were identified for PhenoAgeAccel and GrimAgeAccel. These two measures were negatively genetically correlated with MVPA (rg = -0.18 to -0.29) and positively genetically correlated with LST (rg = 0.22-0.37). Univariable MR yielded a robust effect of genetically predicted LST on GrimAgeAccel (βIVW = 0.69, p = 1.10 × 10-7), while genetically predicted MVPA (βIVW = -1.02, p = 1.50 × 10-2) and LST (βIVW = 0.37, p = 1.90 × 10-2) showed marginal effects on PhenoAgeAccel. Multivariable MR suggested an independent association between genetically predicted LST and GrimAgeAccel after accounting for MVPA and other important confounders. Tissue-partitioned MR suggested skeletal muscle tissue associated variants to be predominantly responsible for driving the effect of LST on GrimAgeAccel. Findings support sedentary lifestyles as a modifiable risk factor in accelerating epigenetic aging, emphasizing the need for preventive strategies to reduce sedentary screen time for healthy aging.

Sleep quality and mental health among medical students in Imphal, Manipur: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Sleep and mental health are deeply interlinked, with poor sleep quality, a common issue among medical students, having a profound impact on their mental well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in a tertiary care hospital in Imphal, Manipur. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and Pearson correlation test were applied, and P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 425 respondents took part in the study, including 268 undergraduate and 157 postgraduate students. Most participants, 236 (55.5%) had poor sleep quality. Among the participants, 168 (39.5%) had depression, 167 (39.3%) had anxiety, and 95 (22.4%) had stress. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with academic year among undergraduate students (P = 0.005), increased total screentime per day (P = 0.024), and increased screentime before sleep (P = 0.007). Depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly associated with younger age (P = 0.001), the undergraduate course being pursued (P = 0.001, 0.003, and 0.001), and increased screen time before sleep (P = 0.021, 0.046, and 0.039). Depression, anxiety and stress scores had a significant positive correlation with the global PSQI score. Conclusion: More than half of the participants experienced poor sleep quality, with four out of ten experiencing depression or anxiety, and two out of ten experiencing stress. Hence, medical institutes must implement sleep hygiene education and screen time reduction initiatives to enhance students’ sleep quality and overall well-being.

Brazilian children's quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of contextual factors and dimensions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the contextual factors associated with the quality of life (QOL) of Brazilian children aged 0-12 years during the strict period of social isolation. This observational cross-sectional study was conducted between July and September 2020 using an online questionnaire on QOL-related family factors and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL™). Results were analyzed by multinomial logistic regression analysis. The sample had 849 children, mostly from the South Region of Brazil (75%), white (83%), with typical development (79%), sedentary (68%), using screen (85%) for >3 h/day (44%). Their mothers were their main caregivers (90%). The following variables were significantly associated with high scores of QOL: typical health status (OR 2.38; 95%CI 1.60-3.55; screen time ≤2 h/day (OR 1.62; 95%CI 1.17-2.24); social distancing considered as "easy" (OR 1.67; 95%CI 1.20-2.32), and stimulation of the child by the family (OR 1.93; 95%CI 1.08-3.45). This study indicates that the family context can influence children's QOL, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and home environment reorganization.

Is COVID-19 infection during pregnancy a risk for congenital hearing loss?

Infections during pregnancy can increase the risk of congenital hearing loss. This population-based study investigated the effect of birthing parent COVID-19 infection during pregnancy on risk of congenital hearing loss in infants. Records of infants born in 2022 were reviewed via a retrospective clinical audit of a universal state-wide newborn hearing screening program in Victoria, Australia. The number and timing of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy were collected via self-report at the time of the hearing screen. Infant records (n=75,330) were divided into birthing parent infection group (n=25,547, 33.9%), and non-infection group (n=49,783, 66.1%). Group differences in screen and diagnostic audiology results were estimated by general linear regression models with a binomial distribution. Birthing parent and infant characteristics were similar across groups. Comparable proportions of infants obtained a refer result on their newborn hearing screen, requiring referral to diagnostic audiology (infection group: 1.4%, 95%CI 1.2-1.5 versus non-infection group: 1.3%, 95%CI 1.2-1.4). The proportion of infants diagnosed with any type and degree of hearing loss was also similar (infection group: 0.6%, 95%CI 0.5-0.7 versus non-infection group: 0.6%, 95%CI 0.6-0.7). This epidemiological study is the largest to date and demonstrates that infants whose birthing parent reported COVID-19 infection during pregnancy were not at increased risk of obtaining a refer result on their newborn hearing screen, nor at increased risk of congenital hearing loss. Specific protocols or guidelines to manage the newborn hearing screening pathway of infants born to a parent with COVID-19 during pregnancy are not supported by this study's findings.

Associations of lifestyle behaviors with mental health in a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 152,860 Brazilian students.

To evaluate the association between modifiable lifestyle behaviors and mental health indicators in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2019 National Survey of School Health including 152,860 students. The lifestyle behaviors and mental health indicators were obtained from a self-reported questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between lifestyle behaviors and mental health indicators. Infrequent healthy eating (OR 1.22; 95%CI 1.14-1.31), being inactive (OR 1.82; 95%CI 1.65-2.01), smoking (OR 1.24; 95%CI 1.10-1.40), and irregular school attendance (OR 1.31; 95%CI 1.22-1.40) were associated with not having close friends. Additionally, not having close friends was also associated with unhealthy eating (OR 0.86; 95%CI 0.81-0.92) and alcohol consumption (OR 0.81; 95%CI 0.75-0.87). Infrequent healthy eating (OR 1.29; 95%CI 1.24-1.33), frequent unhealthy eating (OR 1.39; 95%CI 1.35-1.43), being inactive (OR 1.12; 95%CI 1.07-1.18), excessive screen time and sitting (OR 1.10; 95%CI 1.07-1.14 and OR 1.68; 95%CI 1.63-1.73, respectively), smoking (OR 1.26; 95%CI 1.19-1.34), alcohol (OR 1.33; 95%CI 1.28-1.37), drugs (OR 1.13; 95%CI 1.05-1.22), and irregular school attendance (OR 1.53; 95%CI 1.48-1.59) were associated with worse self-rated mental health. Various lifestyle behaviors are associated with different indicators of mental health.

The association between screen time trajectories and the comorbidity of depression and anxiety

The association between screen time trajectories and the comorbidity of depression and anxiety