Generation Time Research Articles

Lethal and sublethal concentrations spirodiclofen stress may increase the adaptation of Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae).

Panonychus citri is one of the most destructive pests in citrus orchards, exhibiting varying degrees of tolerance to numerous insecticides, such as spirodiclofen. To effectively manage pests, this study explores the response of P. citri to spirodiclofen stress from the perspectives of life history, enzymatic parameters, and reproduction. The effects of two concentrations (LC30 and LC50) of spirodiclofen on the biological parameters of P. citri were evaluated by the life table method. The results showed that the development duration, fecundity, oviposition days, and lifespan were shortened, though the pre-oviposition period of two treatments was prolonged in comparison with the control. A significant decrease was recorded in the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the two treatments. Nevertheless, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the rate of increase (λ) were not significantly affected in the LC30 treatment, whereas they declined in the LC50 treatment. The enzyme activity assay resulted in higher activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and carboxylesterase (CarE), among the treatments than the control. In contrast, the treatments recorded lower cytochromeP450 (CYP450) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities than the control. Furthermore, the study detected that relative mRNA expression of Vitellogenin (Vg) and Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) for two treatments were lower than the control. In summary, two concentrations of spirodiclofen inhibited progeny growth and fecundity of P. citri. Additionally, the results of this study may support further research on tolerance of P. citri in response to spirodiclofen stress.

Organic geochemical characterization and hydrocarbon generation modeling of Paleozoic-Paleogene shales, Wadi Sirhan basin, south-eastern Jordan

The Wadi Sirhan Basin in Jordan originated from the Arabian Platform and served as a stable shelf during the Paleozoic era. The Lower Paleozoic-Eocene sequence in the Wadi Sirhan Basin contains numerous shales, found, in ascending order the Upper Ordovician Dubeidib, Lower Silurian Mudawwara, Maastrichtian Ghareb, Paleocene Taqiyeh, and Eocene Sara fms. These strata warrant investigation of their source-rock potential and hydrocarbon generation modeling, to precisely elucidate the timing of petroleum generation. To achieve this, datasets were utilized from various analytical approaches, including Rock-Eval pyrolysis, visual kerogen analysis, pyrolysis-GC, and lipid biomarker geochemistry. The aim of this study is to assess these source rocks regarding organic matter quantity and quality, paleoenvironmental implications, thermal maturity, and petroleum generation depth/time. The Lower Paleozoic Dubeidib and Mudawwara shales are identified as effective source rocks, containing kerogen types II, II-III, and III. A high proportion of well-preserved, weakly fluorescent amorphous organic matter suggests an origin from marine plankton-derived alginite in an oxygen-deficient setting. These formations reached the peak oil window during the Devonian (∼405-380 Ma) and Carboniferous (∼320-300 Ma). The Dubeidib Fm experienced late-stage oil generation during the Early Triassic (∼255-250 Ma), with a transformation ratio (TR) of 68%. The Ghareb Fm predominantly contains type II kerogen, while the Taqiyeh and Sara fms mainly contain type I kerogen with minor type II kerogen. Thermal maturity assessments using integrated parameters indicate that the Dubeidib and Mudawwara shales have entered the main phase of hydrocarbon generation, while the Ghareb, Taqiyeh, and Sara shales remain immature. Furthermore, analysis of biomarker ratios reveals the dominance of marine over terrestrial organic matter in the studied strata. These clay-rich sediments were deposited under reducing conditions, which further facilitated the rearrangement of steranes into diasteranes. The modeled TRs indicate the generation and subsequent expulsion of hydrocarbons, but the absence of suitable reservoirs and/or improper trapping system, owing to the major Hercynian unconformity, led to an incomplete petroleum system in the basin. Additional investigation is required to evaluate the potential of the Early Paleozoic shales as subsurface unconventional resources, considering parameters such as brittleness index and hydraulic fracturing. This study holds important implications for future hydrocarbon exploration and development in the Wadi Sirhan Basin. The insights gained from such investigations could help mitigate the risk of petroleum exploration failures in the Wadi Sirhan Basin, guiding future exploration and development efforts towards promising approaches.

CRISPR/Cas9 and Anther Culture for Precision Double Haploid Line Production in Controlled Environments

ABSTRACTThe development of mapping populations and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis face constraints, in crops exhibiting male sterility and self‐incompatibility under field conditions. Addressing these challenges requires the integration of advanced techniques, including the temporal alteration or excision of centromere histone H3 (CENH3) protein and the use of gene editing tools such as MATRILINEAL (MTL) knockout. Specifically, this can be achieved through Cas9/gRNA‐mediated mutagenesis or Cas9/gRNA‐driven promoter expression systems. These technologies offer efficient means to advance mapping populations and QTL analysis in male sterile and self‐incompatible crops within controlled ecosystems. The doubled haploid (DH) mapping population, traditionally requiring 3 years of generation time via anther culture method, can now be expedited to 2–3 years of generation time using gene editing techniques within controlled environmental systems. Notably, DH mapping populations can be efficiently generated in various crops, including rice, wheat, maize, barley and oats by leveraging gene editing tools. Among these tools, the novel approach of CENH3 protein temporal alteration/excision emerges as highly efficient compared to MTL knockout using Cas9/gRNA‐mediated mutation or Cas9/gRNA promoter expression. However, further investigation is warranted to optimise the regeneration of double haploid populations and enhance QTL analysis in male sterile and self‐incompatible crops under controlled systems.

Sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on biological characteristics and the expression of vitellogenin (SgVg) and its receptor in Sclerodermusguani

Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a commonly used insecticide for controlling agricultural and forest pests. To facilitate its rational use in integrated pest management (IPM), the sublethal effects of EMB on the development and reproduction of Scleroderma guani were evaluated. Sublethal doses of EMB (LD10 and LD30) significantly reduced the longevity and fecundity of F0 females. In the F1 generation, sublethal doses significantly reduced larval development duration and male longevity but significantly extended female longevity. Additionally, the LD30 treatment significantly decreased the number of laid eggs in F1 females by 20.72% compared with the control group. The net reproductive rate (R0) was significantly declined by the LD30 treatment compared with the control group (CK). Furthermore, the mean generation time (T) was significantly extended in both LD10 and LD30 treatment groups. Compared to the control group, the expression of SgVg and SgVgR genes in the LD10 and LD30 groups was significantly lower, which may be a crucial factor for the reduced fecundity of the females. These results indicate that sublethal doses of EMB significantly reduced adult longevity and fecundity of S. guani. The findings are practical for developing IPM strategies for forestry pests using S. guani and EMB.

Bluefin tuna sperm production is hastened by surrogacy in small Euthynnus

Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) remains heavily depleted due to overexploitation. Aquaculture and stock enhancement based on artificial seedlings could be effective solutions to this problem. However, widespread adoption of seedling production is limited because spawning in captivity of bluefin tuna, a large pelagic top predator, requires much space, time, cost, and labour. To downsize and shorten their generation time, here, we show that xenogeneic germ cell transplantation enables a surrogate production of functional bluefin tuna sperm in hybrid little tuna (genus: Euthynnus), which attain sexual maturity at a smaller body size and shorter time. Intraperitonially transplanted bluefin tuna germ cells migrate towards and are incorporated into the gonads of little tuna larvae. These recipients produce functional donor-derived bluefin tuna sperm at a mere 8 months of age and 1 kg of body size. This result represents an advance toward compact, low-cost, and time-efficient seedling production that will improve the efficiency of bluefin tuna aquaculture.

AI-optimized elliptic curve with Certificate-Less Digital Signature for zero trust maritime security

The proliferation of sensory applications has led to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), which extends connectivity beyond traditional computing platforms and connects all kinds of everyday objects. Marine Ad Hoc Networks are expected to be an essential part of this connected world, forming the Internet of Marine Things (IoMaT). However, marine IoT systems are often highly distributed, and spread across large sparse areas which makes it challenging to implement and manage centralized security measures. Despite some ongoing efforts to establish network connectivity in such environment, securing these networks remains an unreached goal. The use of Certificate-Less Digital Signatures (CLDS) with Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) shows great promise in providing secure communication in these networks and achieving zero trust IoMaT security. By eliminating the need for certificates and associated key management infrastructure, CLDS simplifies the key management process. ECC also enables secure communication with smaller key sizes and faster processing times, which is crucial for resource-limited IoMaT devices. In this paper, we introduce CLDS using ECC as a means of securing IoT networks in a marine environment, creating a zero trust security framework for Internet of Marine Things (IoMaT). To increase security and robustness of the framework, we optimize the ECC parameters using two vital artificial intelligence algorithms, namely Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Evaluation results demonstrate a reduction in ECC parameter generation time by over 40% with GA optimization and 20% with PSO optimization. Additionally, the computational cost and memory usage for major ECC attacks increased significantly by up to 40% and 67% for Rho attacks, 34% and 53% for brute-force attacks, and 30% and 67% for improved hybrid attacks, respectively.

Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Opportunities for Woody Landscape Plant Genetic Resources

Genetic resources are the foundation of American agriculture’s ongoing success—the diversity, security, health, and genetic integrity of these resources must be safeguarded. However, in contrast to other crops, protecting, managing, and using collections of woody landscape plant genetic resources present significant challenges. These include conservation of at-risk populations that have high genetic diversity, evaluation of taxa with an unknown potential to invade, and management of large specimens that have long generation times and often recalcitrant or difficult-to-store seeds. The wide diversity of taxa and the limited number of specialist curators and scholars present further challenges. Thus, effective collection, preservation, evaluation, and distribution of woody landscape plant germplasm require substantial and specialized resources. The most fundamental challenge is simple: too many built landscapes have low taxonomic diversity and are often dominated by a single taxon, or monoculture. In turn, these taxonomically and genetically depauperate landscapes are vulnerable to a host of biotic and abiotic threats and are less likely to provide ecosystem and societal services for which they were designed. To develop more resilient landscapes, there is an urgent need to expand taxonomic diversity, which requires the horticultural community to effectively acquire, curate, evaluate, distribute, and use diverse woody landscape plant genetic resources. The role of the US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) Woody Landscape Plant Crop Germplasm Committee (WLPCGC) is to identify vulnerabilities and threats that compromise WLP crops in the United States and make recommendations for prioritization of germplasm acquisition, evaluation, research, and management priorities through regular interaction with stakeholders. Due to the breadth of genera and shifting plant genetic resource needs of the nursery industry, it is impractical to list specific threatened or priority genera in a broadly applicable crop vulnerability statement. Instead, the WLPCGC has identified themes of threats and vulnerabilities providing a foundation upon which to support prioritization as threats to specific genera emerge.

Life, Death and Energy: What Does Nature Select?

Evolutionary biology is poised for a third major synthesis. The first presented Darwin's evidence from natural history. The second incorporated genetic mechanisms. The third will be based on energy and biophysical processes. It should include the equal fitness paradigm (EFP), which quantifies how organisms convert biomass into surviving offspring. Natural selection tends to maximise energetic fitness, , where is mass-specific rate of cohort biomass production, is generation time, is fraction of cohort production that is passed to surviving offspring, and is energy density of biomas. At steady state, parents replace themselves with offspring of equal mass-specific energy content, ≈ 22.4 kJ/g, and biomass, ≈ 1 g/g. The EFP highlights: (i) the energetic basis of survival and reproduction; (ii) how natural selection acts directly on the parameters of ; (iii) why there is no inherent intrinsic fitness advantage for higher metabolic power, ontogenetic or population growth rate, fecundity, longevity, or resource use efficiency; and (iv) the role of energy in animals with a variety of life histories. Underlying the spectacular diversity of living things is pervasive similarity in how energy is acquired from the environment and used to leave descendants offspring in future generations.

Plant Factory Speed Breeding Significantly Shortens Rice Generation Time and Enhances Metabolic Diversity

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays a pivotal role in global food security, yet its breeding is constrained by its long generation time and seasonality. To enhance rice breeding efficiency and meet future food demands, we have developed a vertical hydroponic breeding system integrated with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lighting in a closed plant factory (PF), which significantly accelerates rice growth and generation advancement. The results show that indica rice can be harvested as early as after 63 days of cultivation, a 50% reduction compared with field cultivation, enabling the annual harvesting of 5–6 generations within the PF. A hyperspectral imaging system (HSI) and attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy were further employed to characterize the chemical composition of the PF- and field-cultivated rice. Metabolomics analysis with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that, compared with the field-cultivated rice, the PF-cultivated rice exhibited an up-regulation of total phenolic acids along with 68 non-volatile and 19 volatile metabolites, such as isovitexin, succinic acid, and methylillicinone F. Overall, this study reveals the unique metabolic profile of PF-cultivated rice and highlights the potential of PFs to accelerate the breeding of crops such as rice, offering an innovative agricultural strategy to support food security in the face of global population growth and climate change.

Epidemiologic Quantities for Monkeypox Virus Clade I from Historical Data with Implications for Current Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

We used published data from outbreak investigations of monkeypox virus clade I in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to estimate the distributions of critical epidemiological parameters. We estimated a mean incubation period of 9.9 days (95% credible interval [CrI] 8.5-11.5 days) and a mean generation time of 17.2 days (95% CrI 14.1-20.9 days) or 11.3 days (95% CrI 9.4-14.0 days), depending on the considered dataset. Presymptomatic transmission was limited. Those estimates suggest generally slower transmission dynamics in clade I than in clade IIb. The time-varying reproduction number for clade I in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was estimated to be below the epidemic threshold in the first half of 2024. However, in the South Kivu Province, where the newly identified subclade Ib has been associated with sustained human-to-human transmission, we estimated an effective reproduction number above the epidemic threshold (95% CrI 0.96-1.27).

Biological and population parameters of Telenomus remus and Trichogramma atopovirilia as biological control agents for Spodoptera frugiperda

Maize production faces a significant threat from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) worldwide; historically, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley has served as the primary augmentative egg parasitoid for its biological control. However, since 2004, Telenomus remus Nixon has emerged as a viable global alternative. On a regional scale, in Mexico, Trichogramma atopovirilia (Oatman & Platner) was theorized to outperform T. pretiosum, proving superior in both laboratory and field conditions in 2020. To further the field efficacy of the augmentative use of parasitoids as biological agents of S. frugiperda, we conducted comparisons of biological and population parameters under laboratory-controlled conditions to determine whether T. remus would be more effective than T. atopovirilia, the best Trichogramma parasitoid in Mexico for S. frugiperda. We found that the former parasitoid had statistically significant longer female and male longevity, as well as a higher proportion of female offspring, and greater numerical values in net reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase, but no differences were found in the number of days required for both parasitoids to develop from egg to female or egg to male, as well as in the mean generation time and doubling time. Under the conditions of these trials, T. remus had a 47.02% greater intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and may thus be a more effective biological control agent for S. frugiperda than T. atopovirilia. However, these biological and population parameter comparisons are the first execution worldwide; further studies are needed to validate these promising T. remus results.

A method for optimizing the capacity allocation of a photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage system in an abandoned coal mine

The enormous potential of the photovoltaic (PV) sector has aided in the faster attainment of China's “dual-carbon” aim. However, due to a scarcity of land resources and intermittent fluctuations in solar energy, it has been difficult to build large-scale PV bases, and existing PV systems also suffer from unstable power generation and seasonal fluctuations and are unable to be directly connected to the grid for use. However, abandoned mines with huge surface collapse zones and a large underground mining area offer a potential possibility for constructing photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage (PV-PHS) systems and limiting PV variations. Based on the abandoned mine pumbed hydro storage (AMPHS) potential assessment model and the optimized discrete wavelet decomposition algorithm, this study proposes a dynamic cycle optimization method for the PHS regulation capacity in an abandoned mine PV-PHS hybrid system. This approach is able to determine the optimal regulation capacity of AMPHS on a daily scale while limiting the volatility of the PV-PHS hybrid system. The method was applied to an abandoned mine PV-PHS hybrid system in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province, and the optimal regulation capacity of the AMPHS was determined to be 88 MWh and 100 % elimination of PV generation volatility was achieved. This also reduces the economic cost by roughly 1.94 × 108 CNY. In addition, it is possible to store an average of 2.32 % of the PV power generated and to extend the power generation time by approximately 2.5 h per day. This research is critical for boosting the resource use of abandoned mines, and establishing the comprehensive usage model of new energy and abandoned mine resources.

PTTS: Zero-knowledge proof-based private token transfer system on Ethereum blockchain and its network flow based balance range privacy attack analysis

Blockchains are decentralized and immutable databases that are shared among the nodes of the network. Although blockchains have attracted a great scale of attention in the recent years by disrupting the traditional financial systems, the transaction privacy is still a challenging issue that needs to be addressed and analysed. We propose a Private Token Transfer System (PTTS) for the Ethereum public blockchain in the first part of this paper. For the proposed framework, zero-knowledge based protocol has been designed using Zokrates and integrated into our private token smart contract. With the help of web user interface designed, the end users can interact with the smart contract without any third-party setup. In the second part of the paper, we provide security and privacy analysis including the replay attack and the balance range privacy attack which has been modeled as a network flow problem. It is shown that in case some balance ranges are deliberately leaked out to particular organizations or adversarial entities, it is possible to extract meaningful information about the user balances by employing minimum cost flow network algorithms that have polynomial complexity. The experimental study reports the Ethereum gas consumption and proof generation times for the proposed framework. It also reports network solution times and goodness rates for a subset of addresses under the balance range privacy attack with respect to number of addresses, number of transactions and ratio of leaked transfer transaction amounts.

A stochastic model for the bacterial growth exhibiting staged growth, desynchronization, saturation and persistence

We consider a model of population growth based on the stochastic variation of the population size-controlled duplication of bacterial cells. It is shown that the proper choice of the control function allows for reproducing a variety of regimes: a logistic growth with saturation, a hindered growth typical for persistent bacterial systems, and a linear population growth detected for some mycobacterial populations. When supplied with the rectangular function having the width equal to the generation time, this approach represents the solution generalizing Rubinow’s age-maturity model reproducing systems with desynchronisation and saturation. The model’s plausibility is confirmed by the direct comparison with real data for the growth of M. tuberculosis populations obtained with the BACTEC MGIT system under different conditions of growth synchronisation.

Fitness and Survival of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera Frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize in West Java, Indonesia

An important pest of maize is a new invasive species called Spodoptera frugiperda, also known as the fall armyworm (FAW), causing a considerable economic impact in Indonesia since 2019. This insect has a large host range, a quick generation time at the right temperature, a high rate of reproduction, and a high dispersal capacity. In population ecology and pest management, fitness and survival are crucial. This research was aimed to determine some biological aspects and demographic statistics of three FAW populations (lowland, midland, and highland) in a laboratory setting with 25 ± 2 °C, 75 ± 5% relative humidity, and a 12:12 (L:D) hour photoperiod. Findings indicated no variation in the length of the FAW life stage or its reproductive capacity. Nonetheless, notable variations were noted in the average fecundity of females, with FAW of the highland population laying the most eggs (1242.1 eggs). FAW had the shortest mean generation time (T), the highest intrinsic rate of increase (rm), the finite rate of increase (λ), and the highest net reproductive rate (R0) of the highland population. Overall FAW collected from highland, midland, and lowland can adapt well when brought to a laboratory with a constant temperature at 25 ± 2 °C without detriment to the parameters of the life table. The knowledge gained from this study is crucial for managing FAW because it improves comprehension of its life cycle and adaptability to various altitudes, enabling us to take appropriate action to stop its spread.

Susceptibility of Capsicum varieties to Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infestation for production optimization.

Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major threat to the production and marketing of pepper (Capsicum spp.) in Ghana. To reduce the damage of the pest on pepper farming, it is important to find appropriate control methods, which may include the use of resistant host plants. This study investigated the relative susceptibility of 6 pepper varieties commonly cultivated in Ghana: Legon 18, Bird's eye, Scotch bonnet, Cayenne, KA2, and sweet pepper (Yolo wonder+ variety). Choice and no-choice ovipositional preference tests were conducted and the population growth rate of T. leucotreta was determined by establishing life table parameters including the net reproductive rates (R0), the mean generation time (G), intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), the population doubling time (T), and the finite rate of increase (λ). In the no-choice test, females exhibited oviposition preference for sweet pepper (12.08 eggs/fruit), while Bird's eye was the least preferred (5.00 eggs/fruit). The same results were observed in the choice test. However, the population growth rate of T. leucotreta was highest on the Scotch bonnet and Cayenne, with rm of 0.124 and 0.127, respectively, while the Bird's eye and sweet pepper recorded the least rm of 0.116. Thus, the tested varieties had varying levels of susceptibility to T. leucotreta infestation. Bird's eye was the least susceptible variety, while Cayenne and Scotch bonnet were the most susceptible varieties. These findings could direct farmers on the choices of pepper varieties for cultivation and proffer potential opportunities to breed new varieties resistant to T. leucotreta infestation.

Testing Time Optimization Method for IEEE 802.15.4z Ultra-wideband Integrated Circuits

IEEE 802.15.4z-compliant ultra-wideband (UWB) devices are becoming ever more popular in contemporary radio engineering systems. Such systems are capable of precisely measuring distances (with their accuracy expressed in centimeters), are immune to interference, offer low latency and transmit data in an energy-efficient manner. Widespread adoption of UWB technology has triggered significant demand for testing integrated circuits these systems rely on, prompting the development of new testing methods to meet the ever increasing requirements in terms of testing speed and reliability. The same applies to sensitivity tests, in the course of which up to 2000 different packets may be received. The process of generating and analyzing such a large number of packets is time consuming. Furthermore, if multiple devices need to be tested simultaneously, the duration of the test will be multiplied accordingly. In such a context, the article investigates the lead time required to generate 2000 UWB packets using conventional methods and proposes a novel approach to significantly reduce packet generation time and improve testing efficiency.

Length-based assessment of penaeid shrimp fishery stocks along the north-eastern Arabian Sea

Penaeid shrimps are a key resource in marine fisheries and are of great ecological and economic importance. The north-west (NW) coast of India contributes significantly (~30%) to the penaeid shrimp landings in India. Four species of penaeid shrimps, namelyParapenaeopsis stylifera, Solenocera crassicornis, Metapenaeus affinis, and M. monoceros, were assessed using Length-based spawning potential ratio (SPR) based on the length frequency data collected during 2017-21, from commercial trawlers operating in the depth range of 20-100 m along the north-west coast of India bordering the north-eastern Arabian Sea. The current status (2021) of P. stylifera, S. crassicornis and M. affinis was found to be healthy, with a spawning potential ratio of ≥ 0.40. For M. monoceros, the SPR was slightly below 0.40 (0.34-35), however, considering the fast growth and short generation time for the resources, the stock status can be considered fair. Significant reduction in fishing pressure (F/M < 1.0) and increase in SPR (>0.40) during COVID-19 affected years (2020-21) were evident. The reduction in fishing hours during the pandemic has allowed the resource to regain the target reference point (TRP) for SPR. Declining catches over the past decade for the group are not due to resource depletion but for the shift in species preference and the diversification of trawls in the region, with bottom trawling giving way to pelagic trawling. Keywords: Sustainability, Spawning potential ratio, COVID-19, Penaeid shrimps

Generation characteristics of internal solitary waves in the Northern Andaman sea based on MODIS observations and numerical simulations

The generation characteristics of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the northern Andaman Sea are studied using remote sensing data and numerical simulations. The dataset comprises 230 images taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2020 to 2023, which reveal two distinct propagation directions of ISWs: southeastward (type-SE) and southwestward (type-SW). Generation hotspots are identified at the southern sill of the Preparis South Channel for type-SE ISWs and over the eastern shelf break for type-SW ISWs. Here, ISWs are intermittently generated, resulting in wave-free spatial gaps. The observed gaps motivate the hypothesis that ISWs are phase-locked with semidiurnal tides, resulting in specific generation time windows around slack tides. This study also reveals that the generation of ISWs is closely related to tidal ranges, with larger tidal ranges leading to more frequent ISWs. Specifically, type-SE and type-SW ISWs are detected only when the tidal range exceeds 1.3 m and 1.4 m, respectively. Numerical simulations with the MIT general circulation model further show that both types of ISWs are generated by nonlinear steepening of internal tides. The influence of background currents on ISW generation is also examined, which supports the proposed generation time window hypothesis. These findings highlight spatial gaps are attributable to the synergistic effects of MODIS observation times and intermittent generation of ISWs.

Resistance Realized Heritability and Fitness Cost of Cyproflanilide in Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The rice stem borer (RSB) Chilo suppressalis is a devastating rice pest with resistance to a number of insecticides. Recently, the new meta-diamide insecticide cyproflanilide has been considered an effective insecticide to control RSB. However, its resistance risk has not been reported. In the present study, we aimed to assess the resistance risk and evaluate the fitness cost after the RSB was exposed to cyproflanilide. After five generations of selection, the resistance level of RSB increased by 1.5-fold. When h2 was 0.125, a 10-fold resistance increase in the LD50 values was expected in fourteen and thirty-one generations at the selection intensity of 90% and 50%, respectively. The selected population (RSB-SEL) had significant differences in the developmental duration of eggs, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 6th instar larvae, and female pupae compared to the unselected population (RSB-UNSEL). Besides, the adult longevity was shortened, and the average pupal weight of males, the emergence rate, the sex ratio, the oviposition, the mean fecundity, and the full life cycle rate were decreased in RSB-SEL. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the net reproductive rate (R0), and the finite rate of increase (λ) of RSB-SEL were significantly lower than those of RSB-UNSEL, while the mean generation time (T) of RSB-SEL was significantly longer than that of RSB-UNSEL. Based on the results of the prediction of the generations required for a 10-fold resistance increase in the LD50, a potential risk of resistance development exists in RSB after continuous and excessive use of cyproflanilide. These results will be useful in designing the dose of cyproflanilide to control C. suppressalis in field.