Time Of Settlement Research Articles

Formation of Immigrant Neighbourhoods in Sweden: a Case-Study of Rinkeby, Stockholm

The article describes the pattern of the formation of immigrant neighbourhoods in Sweden based on the neighbourhood of Rinkeby in Stockholm as an example. The research involves an analysis of related published studies and empirical data, which made it possible to analyse the urban history of Stockholm and synthesise the causes, premises and the timeline of Rinkeby’s development, including the Million Homes Programme and the consequences of the state housing policies on the neighbourhood. The article considers the infrastructural features of the neighbourhood nowadays, including the immigrant-oriented facilities and institutions and the prevalence of non-profit municipal rental housing, as well as the demographic characteristics of its inhabitants, including the classification of the population by the time of settlement in the neighbourhood. Finally, the article explores possible reasons for Swedes to avoid settlement in Rinkeby, such as low prestige, high percentage of immigrants in the population, high crime rate etc., as well as possible causes for further attractiveness of Rinkeby for immigrants, including shorter housing queues, immigrant infrastructure and culture in the neighbourhood

Ocean acidification induces carry-over effects on the larval settlement of the New Zealand abalone, Haliotis iris

Abstract Larval settlement is a key process in the lifecycle of benthic marine organisms; however, little is known on how it could change in reduced seawater pH and carbonate saturation states under future ocean acidification (OA). This is important, as settlement ensures species occur in optimal environments and, for commercially important species such as abalone, reduced settlement could decrease future population success. We investigated how OA could affect settlement success in the New Zealand abalone Haliotis iris by examining: (1) direct effects of seawater at ambient (pHT 8.05) and reduced pHT (7.65) at the time of settlement, (2) indirect effects of settlement substrates (crustose coralline algae, CCA) preconditioned at ambient and reduced pHT for 171 days, and (3) carry-over effects, by examining settlement in larvae reared to competency at ambient and reduced pHT (7.80). We found no effects of seawater pH or CCA incubation on larval settlement success. OA-induced carry-over effects were evident, with lower settlement in larvae reared at reduced pH. Understanding the mechanisms behind these responses is key to fully comprehend the extent to which OA will affect marine organisms and the industries that rely on them.

Evaluation of beneficial of polyacrylamide use dewatering of dredged sludge obtained from golden horn

This study proposes a methodology to prevent excessive and misuse of polymers in dewatering applications. In this study, to determine the optimum conditions some measurement were performed such as zeta potential measurements to arrange the pH of the slurry, flocculation tests to reduce turbidity and settlement time, particle size distribution analysis to enhance floc size, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis to limit the level of trace elements that can be discharged into the sea. For the study area, Golden Horn located in Istanbul of which contaminated sea bottom sediments are dredged periodically was selected. 11 anionic and 2 cationic varieties of polyacrylamides were used considering the zeta potential observations on the slurries arranged at pH = 3–9. Anionic polymers performed better than cationic ones at the intended dosage. 30 ppm concentration of AA4 polymer enhanced the mean floc size D50= 0.06–0.12 mm, and increased the settlement rate up to 4.4 cm/min, so 121 NTU turbidity (99.7% yield) was achieved. The remaining water was polymer-free and was suitable for discharge to the marine environment. So, further investigations on polymer selection will be optimized dewatering process and lead to environmental sustainability and economic savings.

Environmental Changes Caused by the Clonal Invasive Plant Solidago canadensis

Invasive plant species pose a threat to the diversity of natural habitats. The extent of the changes depends, among others, on soil properties, settlement time and the degree of coverage of sites by an invasive species. The objective of this study was to determine changes in the habitats of Solidago canadensis at two localities in Poland that differ in soil fertility and acidity. The content of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as pH were analysed from soil samples collected from the sites invaded by S. canadensis and from the control sites. The composition and species richness of vascular plant communities at the same sites were also determined. The analyses revealed an increase in the soil organic carbon content and in the C/N ratio at the sites invaded by S. canadensis. The presence of S. canadensis also reduced the number of vascular plant species, mainly annuals and perennials. Thus, an increase in S. canadensis cover results in soil degradation and habitat homogenization.

Low Voltage Battery Management System with Internal Adaptive Charger and Fuzzy Logic Controller

Lithium ion (Li-Ion) and lithium polymer (Li-Po) batteries need to be used within certain voltage/current limits. Failure to observe these limits may result in damage to the battery. In this work, we propose a low voltage battery management system (LV-BMS) that balances the processes of the battery cells in the battery pack and the activating-deactivating of cells by guaranteeing that the operation is within these limits. The system operates autonomously and provides energy from the internal battery. It has a modular structure and the software is designed to control the charging and discharging of eight battery cells at most. A STM32F103 microcontroller is used for system control. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to set the discharge voltage limit to prevent damage to the battery cells, shorten the settlement time and create a specialized design for charge control. The proposed structure enables solar panel or power supplies with different voltage values between 5 V and 8 V to be used for charging. The experimental results show there was a 42% increase in usage time and the voltage difference between the batteries was limited to a maximum of 65 mV. Moreover, the charge current settles at about 20 ms, which is a much faster response when compared to a PID controller.

The post-installation consolidation settlement of jack-up spudcan foundations in clayey seabed soils

The post-installation consolidation settlement of spudcan foundations is an issue of concern for the offshore jack-up industry, especially when jack-up rigs operate for long periods. Although there are field records of excessive spudcan settlement during the rig operation, there are no guidelines available for operators to assess and project the consolidation settlement development. This paper reports a study dedicated to this specific subject. The spudcan installation and consolidation under operational load were continually modelled using an effective-stress large deformation finite element technique. The feasibility and reliability of the numerical calculation were first verified by comparison with centrifuge experiments. Parametric studies were then undertaken for spudcans under various soil, loading, embedment and geometrical conditions, so as to identify appropriate forms of dimensionless settlement and time which can unify the settlement time histories of different scenarios. Particular attention was paid to the development of the dimensionless time, which can reflect the drainage effect of the seabed and hence the influence of embedment depth. The unified settlement development curve may be helpful for operators to assess the consolidation degree, project the final settlement and even back-calculate the operative coefficient of consolidation.

Hydraulic conductivity of naturally sedimented and reconstituted clays interpreted from consolidation tests

The hydraulic conductivity of naturally sedimented and reconstituted clays is often interpreted using the settlement–time curves measured from consolidation tests. Understanding the accuracy of the interpreted hydraulic conductivity is essential in geological and geotechnical engineering. To the best knowledge of the authors, such a work has been little reported up to now. This study aims at investigating the errors of the interpreted hydraulic conductivity via the comparison between the interpreted values and the measurements. The ratios of the interpreted values of hydraulic conductivity over the measurements are examined based on the data from the consolidation–hydraulic conductivity tests performed in this study in conjunction with those published by our research team. The investigated clays cover wide geological origins and depositional states. The geological origins and depositional states are linked with the errors of the interpreted hydraulic conductivity for understanding the roles of these factors in the uncertainty of the interpreted hydraulic conductivity. The causes responsible for the discrepancy in hydraulic conductivity between the interpretations and the measurements are identified. The probability distribution of the errors of the interpreted hydraulic conductivity is also investigated.

Sea urchin larvae show resilience to ocean acidification at the time of settlement and metamorphosis

Extensive research has shown that the early life stages of marine organisms are sensitive to ocean acidification (OA). Less is known, however, on whether larval settlement and metamorphosis may be affected, or by which mechanisms. These are key processes in the life cycle of most marine benthic organisms, since they mark the transition between the free swimming larval stage to benthic life. We investigated whether OA could affect the larval settlement success of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus, a key coastal species with ecological, economic and cultural importance in New Zealand. We performed four settlement experiments to test whether reduced seawater pH (ranging from 8.1 to 7.0, at an interval of ~0.2 pH units) alters larval settlement and metamorphosis success. Our results show that settlement success was not significantly reduced when the larvae were exposed to a range of reduced seawater pH treatments (8.1–7.0) at time of settlement (on direct effects). Similarly, when presented with crustose coralline algae (CCA) pre-conditioned in seawater pH of either pH 8.1 or 7.7 for 28 days, larval settlement success remained unaltered (on indirect effects). We conclude that competent larvae in this species are resilient to OA at time of settlement. Further research on a range of taxa that vary in settlement selectivity and behaviour is needed in order to fully understand the effects of OA on the life cycle of marine invertebrates and the consequences it might have for future coastal marine ecosystems.

Analytical solution for nonlinear consolidation of combined electroosmosis-vacuum-surcharge preloading

Abstract In this study, analytical solutions of the consolidation of vertical drains combined with electroosmosis-vacuum-surcharge preloading are derived considering void ratio-dependent compressibility, hydraulic permeability and permeability of electroosmosis. In addition, radial and vertical flow, changes of the hydraulic and electroosmosis permeabilities in the smear zone, and time‐dependent surcharge preloading are also considered. The solution is verified by comparing it with experimental result and numerical solution in the previous literature. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of considering nonlinearity, smear zone, and non-synchronous change of hydraulic and electroosmosis permeability in void ratio. The result indicates that the average negative pore water pressure under combined electroosmosis-vacuum-surcharge preloading is larger with the consideration of nonlinear change of the soil parameters, and the consolidation rate is also faster. The presence of a smear zone decreases the consolidation rate and increases the final settlement. A slower consolidation rate is obtained for the smear zone with the large radius and the less permeable. The consolidation rate, final settlement and negative pore water pressure increase for the soils with the large value of electroosmosis permeability index. In addition, the decrease of the vertical hydraulic permeability will increase the final settlement and consolidation time.

Slope Hazard Monitoring Using High-Resolution Satellite Remote Sensing: Lessons Learned from a Case Study

In this study, a highway slope monitoring project for a section of US highway I-77 in Virginia was carried out with the InSAR technique. This paper attempts to provide insights into the complete and practical solution for the monitoring project, including two parts: what to consider for selecting the optimal satellites and configurations for the given area of interest (AoI) and budget; and how to best process the selected data for the monitoring purposes. To answer the first question, the simulated geometric distortion map, cumulative change detection map, intensity map, interferograms and coherence maps from all available historical datasets were generated. The satellite configuration that gives the best coherence and least geometric distortion with the given budget was selected for the monitoring project. For this project, it was the X-band COSMO stripmap with 3 m resolution and eight-days revisit time. To answer the second question, a multi-temporal InSAR (MTInSAR) was applied to retrieve the settlement time series of the slopes along the highway. Several special techniques were applied to increase the level of confidence, i.e., dividing AoI into smaller and independent areas, using a non-linear approach, etc. Finally, fieldwork was carried out for the interpretation and validation of the results. The AoI was overall stable, though some local changes were detected by the SAR signal which were validated by the fieldwork.

Site investigation and performance of radial deep consolidation grouting in soft soil

This paper presents the site investigation and ground stiffening carried out in an 8 m thick, soft soil deposit located in the western zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The stiffening was achieved through the use of pre-fabricated vertical drains and radial deep consolidation grouting, a form of compaction grouting. In this study, the results of the site investigation, comprising laboratory and in situ tests, are presented and discussed. Soft soil parameters were used to compute the settlement–time curve considering vertical drains without grout injection. This was compared with the settlement–time field curve after grouting, obtained using data from settlement plates monitored for a period of 147 d. Comparison of the two sets of data enabled an improvement factor to be determined, thus quantifying the efficiency of the grouting. Field measurements, provided by settlement plates, were extrapolated to a long-term condition. Also, the final settlement after grouting treatment was evaluated.

Prediction Analysis for Building Deformation Based on Multiple Linear Regression Model

The settlement deformation of high-rise buildings is related to many factors, which are mainly about floor load and time. Based on the measured data of building settlement deformation in 16 periods, in this paper, the number of floors and accumulated settlement time are selected as the independent variables, and the accumulated settlement is used as the dependent variable. The data in the previous 11 periods are used as the modeling sequence to establish a multiple linear regression model and predict the deformation in the last 5 periods. The results show that if there is no fluctuation in the original sequence, the fitting and prediction results are good and meet the actual engineering requirements. It is of practical value and significance for the prediction of building deformation.

MENINJAU KEMBALI PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA KONSUMEN DI INDONESIA : ASPEK KELEMBAGAAN DALAM RANGKA TERCAPAINYA KEPASTIAN HUKUM

<p>Due to the upward trends of business transaction both in conventional and online basis, it is deemed necessary to find an effective ways to settle disputes in the event of a losses to the consumers.In general, consumer disputesinvolve small amount of lossand complaint filed by the consumers for material compensation. In Indonesia, consumer disputeresolutionis carried out not only by the Consumer Dispute SettlementBody (BPSK)but also throughthecourts. Recently,there are manynewly-established consumer disputesettlement institutions.A quick, simple,<br />and low-cost consumer dispute mechanism isneeded to cope with Indonesian economic growth by accelerating the time of a dispute settlement (time efficiency). The purpose of this research is find out how consumer disputes are resolved in Indonesia and legal discource in the frame work oft he consumer’s disputere solution which have lawcertainty.it can be concluded that the plurality<br />of consumer disputesettlement in Indonesia has ledtoconvoluted mechanisms and procedures in settling disputes. Dispute settlement through Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen/Consumers Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) is not final and binding. Through this article, it is recommended<br />to utilise Small Claims Procedures that combines informal and formal mechanisms in order to achieve legal certainty in the settlement of consumer disputes in Indonesia.</p>

The Social Metabolism of Quiet Sustainability in the Faroe Islands

This paper investigates the interrelations between social metabolism and socio-ecological sustainability in the Faroe Islands in a long-term perspective. It traces the trajectory and changes in socio-metabolic configurations from the time of settlement until today and shows how social metabolism has increased to very high per capita levels during the past century. The analysis departs from the recognition that a decrease in social metabolism, i.e., a net reduction in throughput of natural resources in human economies, is necessary in order to curb the impending ecological crisis. It is argued that parallel to the growth oriented formal Faroese economy, economic food-provisioning practices rooted in the traditional, and ecologically sustainable, land management system continue to be practiced by Faroese people. These practices can be conceptualized as practices of so-called “quiet sustainability” and their contribution is estimated in bio-physical metrics of weight. The analysis shows that practices of “quiet sustainability” contribute significant quantities of certain food items to the local population thereby enhancing food security and food sovereignty. Moreover, these practices are an integral element in the biocultural diversity, which has constituted the Faroe Islands for close to two millennia. Therefore, they should be considered real alternatives to import-based consumption and taken into account in sustainability discourse and policy to a higher degree than is currently the case.

Risk-sensitive foraging does not explain condition-dependent choices in settling reef fish larvae.

The transition from the planktonic larval to the benthic adult stage in reef fishes is perilous, and involves decisions about habitat selection and group membership. These decisions are consequential because they are essentially permanent (many fish rarely leave their initial settlement habitat, at least for the first several days or weeks). In one common Caribbean reef fish, the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), settling larvae either join groups or remain solitary. Grouped fish have lower mortality rates but slightly slower growth rates, and fish that are smaller at the time of settlement are less likely to join groups. We hypothesized that the decision of smaller (i.e., lower condition) fish to remain solitary could be explained by risk-sensitive foraging: with less competition, solitary fish may have higher variance in foraging success, so that there is a chance of a high payoff (outweighing the increased mortality risk) despite the lack of a large difference in the average outcome. We tested this by comparing the mean, standard deviation, and maximum number of (a) prey items in stomach contents and (b) post-settlement growth rates (from otolith measurements) of solitary and grouped fish during two settlement pulses on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. However, we did not find evidence to support our hypothesis, nor any evidence to support the earlier finding that fish in groups have lower average growth rates. Thus we must consider alternative explanations for the tendency of smaller fish to remain solitary, such as the likely costs of searching for and joining groups at the time of settlement. This study reinforces the value of larval and juvenile fish as a testbed for behavioral decisionmaking, because their recent growth history is recorded in their otoliths.

Islandzka gospodarka w okresie Wolnej Wspólnoty

W artykule omowiono islandzką gospodarke w okresie od zasiedlenia wyspy az po kres funkcjonowania tzw. Wolnej Wspolnoty (ok. 930–1264). Dzieki analizie treści staroislandzkich źrodel narracyjnych i prawnych oraz wynikow badan archeologicznych odtworzono strategie adaptacyjne osadnikow do warunkow naturalnych wyspy, zrekonstruowano średniowieczną islandzką strukture spoleczną, z uwzglednieniem relacji pracowniczych, zarysowano gospodarke hodowlaną oraz wewnetrzny i zewnetrzny obieg towarowo-pieniezny.

Поселения амнинского культурного типа в контексте раннего неолита севера Западной Сибири

Purpose. The Stone Age settlement of Amnya I in North-Western Siberia represents the northernmost hunter-gatherer-fisher fort in Eurasia. Dating back to the beginning of the 6th millennium BC, this unique site enables the study of key innovations of the Neolithization process in the taiga zone, such as defensive structures, early pottery, and an increase in polished tools including arrowheads. Results. The Amnya cultural type also includes the nearby Kirip-Vis-Yugan-2 settlement, which shows close similarities with Amnya I in material culture however lacks fortifications. To follow up open questions, work on Amnya type sites was resumed in 2019. Plans of the sites, their layout and stratigraphy were clarified, and first palaeo-environmental data was received. Radiocarbon dating of stratified contexts at Amnya I confirmed its Early Neolithic age. The settlement of Amnya II located just 50 m east of the fortifications was also dated. Originally attributed to later, Eneolithic times, the two new AMS dates date back to the beginning of the 6th millennium BC, indicating that Amnya I and II existed broadly contemporaneously. Palaeoenvironmental studies based on drillings in the adjacent peat bog show that at the time of settlement at Amnya I and II open water existed on the south of the hill fort, and the Amnya River was flowing on the north side. Thus, this place was comfortable for living and provided good conditions for fishing. Botanical macro-remains from cultural layers at Amnya I show that during the existence of the settlement, along with pine, deciduous trees – birch and alder, have grown in the area of the site, indicating a warmer climate, compared to current conditions. Conclusion. The studied archaeological settlements show the case of Neolithic innovations which testify to formation of special social structures and, most likely, appearance of the new population in the taiga zone of Western Siberia at the turn of 7th – 6th millennium BC.

A history of human quarantine in Australia: settlement to 1980

Quarantine has been widely used for infection control in Australia since the time of settlement by Europeans. The history of human quarantine stations in Australia is discussed briefly here.

Non-Linear Control Strategies for Attitude Maneuvers in a CubeSat with Three Reaction Wheels

Development of nanosatellites with CubeSat stan-dard allow students and professionals to get involved into the aerospace technology. In nanosatellites, attitude plays an im-portant role since they can be affected by various disturbances such as gravity gradient and solar radiation. These disturbances generate a torque in the system that must be corrected in order to maintain the CubeSat behavior. In this article, the kinematic and dynamic equations applied to a CubeSat with three reaction wheels are presented. In order to provide a solution to the atti-tude maneuvering problem, three robust control laws developed by Boskovic, Dando, and Chen are presented and evaluated. Furthermore, these laws are compared with a feedback control law developed by Schaub and modified to use Quaternions. The simulated system was subjected to disturbances caused by a Gravity Gradient Torque and misalignments in the reaction wheels. The effectiveness of each law is determined using the Average of Square of the Commanded Control Torque (ASCCT), the Error Euler Angle Integration (EULERINT), the settlement time, the estimated computational cost (O), and the steady-state error (ess).

Stability Control of Staged Filling Construction on Soft Subsoil Using Hyperbolic Settlement Prediction Method: A Case Study of a Tidal Flat in China

An improved method, which combines in situ measured settlement data, hyperbolic method, and deep lateral displacement rate, is presented in this study to predict the consolidation and stability of the ground, which can be used in conducting staged filling construction on soft subsoil. A case history of a highway embankment construction in a tidal flat with thick mucky clay is studied in Xia Pu, China. Preloading with the prefabricated vertical drain method is adopted to accelerate the consolidation of a subgrade. The field behavior of soft ground under filling load is observed through in situ monitoring sensors in four typical sections. The final ground settlement in each stage is determined using the field monitoring data based on the hyperbolic settlement prediction method. For each stage of graded filling load, the ground settlement with a strain consolidation degree of 95% is defined as the standard settlement, and the corresponding settlement time is set as the standard settlement time. The preloading period is estimated according to the standard settlement time. The deep lateral displacement rate of the ground is monitored to control the stability of the foundation and recommended to guide the embankment construction. Results indicate that the presented method can predict the preloading time of graded filling, reduce the frequency of observation, and ensure the consolidation and stability of the ground.